Originating from the lakes of Eastern, Central and Western Africa, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was first introduced to developing countries as a cheap, easy way for subsistence farmers to provide their families with enough protein. With improved production techniques and methods of controlling its flavour, the fish became more of a mainstream product. Communities of migrants from these countries then created a market for tilapia in the developed nations they had moved to, and finally a taste for the fish spread amongst the locals.
A bureau de change? What's that got to do with the price of fish? Quite a lot, actually. Well over two thirds of the world's farmed common carp is produced in China. As a result, it is believed that the strength of the Chinese yuan can have a significant effect on the market price of this fish worldwide.
Due to their nutritional properties, several species of macroalgae have been used as dietary supplements for shrimps and other marine species. Since macroalgae represent a natural source of nutrients in the shrimp’s natural environment, attempts have been done to co-culture macroalgae and shrimps.
Back in the 13th century, maybe even earlier, it has been recorded that when people travelled in Europe they were often given dried seaweed on arrival at their destination to nourish them after their tiring efforts.
Indian aquaculture status and strategies for future development; p e vijay an...emmi28
India no doubt stands second in the world aquaculture production but it has a long way to go in order to sustain it and improve efficiency and productivity. It has seen some interesting changes but needs to adopt a more aggressive strategy to address future development. Fish consumption for some reason is less popular and this needs to be stepped up. Dr. Vijay states that USSEC and the programs that it has run for the improvement of the fish feed industry have brought in good dividends for the industry. The changing culture, modernization and demand for convenience/health products ( especially fish) will be high if presented to customers in an impressive manner. Tapping all lag points are certainly opportunities and some one must take note of these and convert them to business successes.
A bureau de change? What's that got to do with the price of fish? Quite a lot, actually. Well over two thirds of the world's farmed common carp is produced in China. As a result, it is believed that the strength of the Chinese yuan can have a significant effect on the market price of this fish worldwide.
Due to their nutritional properties, several species of macroalgae have been used as dietary supplements for shrimps and other marine species. Since macroalgae represent a natural source of nutrients in the shrimp’s natural environment, attempts have been done to co-culture macroalgae and shrimps.
Back in the 13th century, maybe even earlier, it has been recorded that when people travelled in Europe they were often given dried seaweed on arrival at their destination to nourish them after their tiring efforts.
Indian aquaculture status and strategies for future development; p e vijay an...emmi28
India no doubt stands second in the world aquaculture production but it has a long way to go in order to sustain it and improve efficiency and productivity. It has seen some interesting changes but needs to adopt a more aggressive strategy to address future development. Fish consumption for some reason is less popular and this needs to be stepped up. Dr. Vijay states that USSEC and the programs that it has run for the improvement of the fish feed industry have brought in good dividends for the industry. The changing culture, modernization and demand for convenience/health products ( especially fish) will be high if presented to customers in an impressive manner. Tapping all lag points are certainly opportunities and some one must take note of these and convert them to business successes.
In order to help readers, understand the current research situation of Myxocyprinus Asiaticus in China, the author collated the research on the resource status, reproductive development, artificial breeding, nutrition research and disease of the Myxocyprinus Asiaticus. In the future, we should increase the number of populations, strengthen the protection of wild resources, research on artificial breeding, popularization of breeding technology and genetic research.
REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON FISHERIES AND MARINE GENETIC RESOURCES AND THEIR AMELIOR...apaari
REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON FISHERIES AND MARINE GENETIC RESOURCES AND THEIR AMELIORATION COUNTRY STATUS REPORT – INDIA BY Kuldeep K. Lal & J K Jena Presented during the Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources and their Amelioration, 10-12 July 2019, Location: Colombo, Sri Lanka
The development of aquafeed production is followed by the growing interest in raw materials which are to be interesting, attractive and valuable, not only in terms of their properties. There is no doubt that algae are one of them. Feeds with the addition of algae are perceived as premium products. This can result from the fact that algae evoke certain associations with healthy food for humans. Animal food with algae must then trigger the same positive associations. Moreover, specially processed algae or feeds with the addition of algae offered by the producers allowed for keeping popular algae-eating freshwater and marine fish.
An introductory session to agricultural entrepreneurship will feature successful agripreneurs/industry leaders talking about how they achieved their dreams. Lessons on entrepreneurship, skills and qualities that an entrepreneur should have and the support system required for entrepreneurship will be the take home lessons from this session.
A comprehensive study on the suitability of these species for value addition has to be carried out to propose optimized utilization protocols. Functional fish products will be in much demand in future; the challenge will be to retain the functional benefits of fish & shellfish meat by way of adopting product specific processing protocols or alternate delivery systems for sensitive components. These issues offer ample scope for Innovation coupled with entrepreneurial skills for the creation of wealth and employment in fisheries sector.
In order to help readers, understand the current research situation of Myxocyprinus Asiaticus in China, the author collated the research on the resource status, reproductive development, artificial breeding, nutrition research and disease of the Myxocyprinus Asiaticus. In the future, we should increase the number of populations, strengthen the protection of wild resources, research on artificial breeding, popularization of breeding technology and genetic research.
REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON FISHERIES AND MARINE GENETIC RESOURCES AND THEIR AMELIOR...apaari
REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON FISHERIES AND MARINE GENETIC RESOURCES AND THEIR AMELIORATION COUNTRY STATUS REPORT – INDIA BY Kuldeep K. Lal & J K Jena Presented during the Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources and their Amelioration, 10-12 July 2019, Location: Colombo, Sri Lanka
The development of aquafeed production is followed by the growing interest in raw materials which are to be interesting, attractive and valuable, not only in terms of their properties. There is no doubt that algae are one of them. Feeds with the addition of algae are perceived as premium products. This can result from the fact that algae evoke certain associations with healthy food for humans. Animal food with algae must then trigger the same positive associations. Moreover, specially processed algae or feeds with the addition of algae offered by the producers allowed for keeping popular algae-eating freshwater and marine fish.
An introductory session to agricultural entrepreneurship will feature successful agripreneurs/industry leaders talking about how they achieved their dreams. Lessons on entrepreneurship, skills and qualities that an entrepreneur should have and the support system required for entrepreneurship will be the take home lessons from this session.
A comprehensive study on the suitability of these species for value addition has to be carried out to propose optimized utilization protocols. Functional fish products will be in much demand in future; the challenge will be to retain the functional benefits of fish & shellfish meat by way of adopting product specific processing protocols or alternate delivery systems for sensitive components. These issues offer ample scope for Innovation coupled with entrepreneurial skills for the creation of wealth and employment in fisheries sector.
Climate smart Aquaculture of GIFT Tilapia for nutritional security and liveli...B. BHASKAR
Genetically improved farmed Tilapia, climate smart Aquaculture, Different farming systems for GIFT Tilapia farming, Fish pond, Biofloc farming technology (BFT), Cage culture, Recirculatory Aquaculture system (RAS), STC
Catfishes are the second major group of freshwater fishes. India, being a mega-diverse country, harbors 197 species of catfish. Catfishes, owing to their unique taste, are considered a delicacy for the fish consumers, but production of different indigenous catfishes through aquaculture is unexplored in India, although aquaculture contribution of some of the catfish varieties like Ictalurus, Silurus and Clarias spp. has been exemplary in the World scenario.
Rotifers are popularly called as wheel animalcules. They are an important group of live food organisms for use in aqua hatcheries. Brachionus, which is the most known form of all rotifers, serve as an ideal starter diet for early larval stages of many fish and prawn species in marine as well as freshwater. Species of the genus Brachionus (Brachionidae: Rotifera) are well represented in different water bodies worldwide (Pejler, 1977). Depending on the mouth size of the cultured organisms, small (50 to 110 micron length) or large (100 to 200 micron length) rotifers are used. There are about 2,500 species of rotifers have been known from global freshwater, brackish water, and seawater. B. plicatilis is the species used most commonly to feed fish larvae in hatcheries around the world. It is a euryhaline species, small and slow swimming, with good nutritional value. It is well suited to mass culture because it is prolific and tolerates a wide variety of environmental conditions. The rotifer, B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis, have been indispensable as a live food for mass larval rearing of many aquatic organisms (Maruyama et al., 1997). By way of significant developments in larval rearing technology of fishes, demand for the rotifer is further increasing.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
Possible Alternative Uses Of Underutilized Fish And Marine Genetic Resources ...apaari
Possible Alternative Uses Of Underutilized Fish And Marine Genetic Resources (FMGR) by Chamari Dissanayake (PhD), University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka, Presented during the Regional Workshop on Underutilized Fish and Marine Genetic Resources and their Amelioration, 10-12 July 2019, Location: Colombo, Sri Lanka
Ornamental Fishes by Shivani Verma, Rajasthan, Indiashivani verma
I am Fisheries Science student (College of Fisheries, Udaipur, Rajasthan).It's my report of In-plant industrial training programme at "Under the sun aquarium gallery, Udaipur". Ornamental fishes form an important commercial component of aquaculture, providing for aesthetic requirement. Ornamental fishes are such a vast and important industry has a potential to contribute to sustainable development of aquatic resources.India has a great potentials in Ornamental fish production due to the presence of rich biodiversity of species, favourable climatic conditions. Kerela, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal mainly practice ornamental fish farming in India.
The Growth of Microalgae in Shrimp Hatchery: Impact of Environment on Nutriti...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
These topic contains global scenario of aquaculture, demand consumption scenario and present status of aquaculture in India. These presentation also contain constraints, future prospects and challenges in aquaculture. Different aquaculture practices throughout the world.
In aquaculture production India is the second largest country in the world after China. The terrestrial and aquatic animal farming sectors are rapidly expanding and intensifying in the country. Aquaculture, which counts for almost two thirds of fish production in India, has shown significant growth in the last two decades and has transformed itself into an industry contributing substantially to food production.
Exotic fishes belonging by nature or origin to another part of the world or brought in from abroad or foreign.
Exotic species are non-indigenous.
Aliens
Introduced in new area
Non-native
Different continent
Outside historic geographical range
Different ecosystem
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The use of feed in recirculating aquaculture systems...International Aquafeed
One of the greatest operating costs in aquaculture is the use of commercial feed pellets, which can comprise of up to 50-60 percent of total expense in some farms.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
The Salmonidae family, collectively known as Salmonids, comprises of salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings, but it is the trout and Atlantic salmon, of the genus Salmo, which gives the family their name. A slender teleost fish, they can range in size between just 13 cm to a whopping 2 m in length. With a single row of sharp teeth, Salmonids are predators, choosing to feed on smaller fish, aquatic insects and small crustaceans. Despite spawning in fresh water Salmonids are mostly anadromous, spending their lives at sea, choosing only to return to rivers to reproduce.
Innovation nation - How new developments in aquaculture are boosting the Scot...International Aquafeed
With an estimated market value of over £1.8 billion and Scottish salmon exports alone reaching over £500 million, Scotland’s aquaculture sector is fast becoming a core pillar for the future growth of the Scottish economy. However, with such a steep increase in the demand for fish products, there is a real need for innovation within the sector to stay ahead of the curve and provide a sustainable supply of healthy protein; not only for the present but for the future of a market that appears set to keep growing. Ahead of Aquaculture UK, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), Heather Jones, shares some of the organisation’s forays into finfish research projects and the ways in which is working with both industry and academia to enhance the whole of the Scottish aquaculture sector.
The Asian catfish Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is recognised as a leading aquaculture food fish on world markets. The commercial culture of Pangasius was developed in the mid 1990’s in Vietnam and quickly expanded to production levels of nearly one million tons per year. Other countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and India have adapted Pangasius as part of their aquaculture production. Pangasius can be successfully cultured in most tropical regions of the world however countries in the Western Hemisphere have been slow to embrace Pangasius aquaculture, in part, due to the lack of practical knowledge of the species food requirements during the larval and fry stages.
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
In the past 50 years, the global demand for fish products has doubled, and more than 45 percent of the world’s seafood today now comes not from wild catches, but from either land-based or offshore fish farms. To meet this rising demand for seafood worldwide, more fish have to be raised in fish farms, and aquaculture is an essential link in the agricultural chain.
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
Mexico, with a population of 122 million is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. The country is known for its Pacific and Gulf of Mexico beaches and its diverse landscape of mountains, deserts and jungles. Ancient ruins such as Teotihuacan (Aztec), Chichen Itza (Mayan) and Spanish colonial-era towns are scattered throughout the country.
The quality and digestibility of proteins is one of the most important issues in shrimp nutrition. Marine proteins (mainly fish meal) can only be partially replaced by standard vegetable proteins like soybean meal.
KRILL OIL: Phospholipids that make a difference to filet quality and quantityInternational Aquafeed
The nutritional quality of larvae diets affects fishes’ fillet quality and quantity. Studies show that phospholipids increase fish larvae growth and development; so phospholipids are an essential component of the early weaning diet.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Brewers’ yeast and derived products have been successfully used in animal nutrition, including aquafeeds, for several decades now. Leiber GmbH, with two production sites in Germany and further facilities in Poland and Russia, have manufactured brewers’ yeast products for more than 60 years.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming...International Aquafeed
The main purpose of a feed barge is to provide an efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming operations. The second purpose is to provide a safe worksite for operators.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting systems for ear...International Aquafeed
Over recent times we have noticed an increasing amount of media coverage and industry chatter regarding the role of light in aquaculture. Most of this has been in relation to the use of low-energy technology to reduce costs, and in this area almost all the talk is about LED
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
It is often thought that vacuum coating was firs t invented in Norway. The idea might have been Norwegian, but the technology was developed in the Netherlands. It has been 25 years now since Dinnissen, together with aquafeed producer Skretting, invented the firs t vacuum coater.
The Pegasus® Vacuum Coater is intended for everyone who wishes to manufacture pelleted and extruded products in accordance with mos t modern production specifications.
It allows you to create a vacuum environment for your production process and to deal effectively with a very wide range of future challenges.
International Aquafeed spoke to Peter Raeven, Account Manager for Dinnissen, about the previous 25 years of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater as well as any future plans that Dinnissen might have for their now well es tablished brand.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
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Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
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Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
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1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
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1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
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1. 40 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | July-August 2015
EXPERT T●PIC
Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look
at a particular species and how its feed is managed.
TILAPIA
EXPERT TOPIC
2. 1Tilapia: adaptable
from fingerling to fillet
O
riginating from the lakes of
Eastern, Central and Western
Africa, the Nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) was first
introduced to developing countries as a
cheap, easy way for subsistence farmers to
provide their families with enough protein.
With improved production techniques and
methods of controlling its flavour, the fish
became more of a mainstream product.
Communities of migrants from these coun-
tries then created a market for tilapia in the
developed nations they had moved to, and
finally a taste for the fish spread amongst
the locals.
With a mild, unintrusive flavour, Nile
tilapia lends itself readily to a wide range of
dishes and cuisines. It’s pretty adaptable from
the farmer’s point of view, too. Omnivorous
yet predominantly vegetarian, tilapia grow
quickly on a diet lower in protein and higher
in carbohydrates than that required by many
carnivorous farmed species. They are also
relatively resistant to disease and poor water
quality, and they breed easily.
Keeping mixed-gender groups in ponds
can result in lots of stunted offspring compet-
ing for food and space. There are two main
ways to fix this. You could try sex-reversal.
Administering hormones in their feed at an
early stage ensures the fish all grow up as
males. This has an added benefit, owing to
the fact that males of this species grow twice
as fast as females.
Alternatively, you could continue to raise
them in mixed-gender groups, but in cages.
Nile tilapia needs a bowl-like depression in
a sandy substrate in which to fertilise their
eggs and from which to gather them up in
their mouths to brood them. In a cage, even
if any eggs do get fertilised, they will simply
fall through the mesh and be lost. Being
both easier and cheaper than sex-reversal,
the cage method is employed across China,
Indonesia and much of Central and South
America.
Source: FAO
July-August 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 41
EXPERT T●PIC
3
2 Tilapia survey
demonstrates GAA’s
commitment to
responsible aquaculture
S
ince its inception in 1997, The
Global Aquaculture Alliance’s phi-
losophy has been to proactively
identify the challenges facing aqua-
culture and to implement practical solutions
that lead to continual improvements over
time.
One such challenge is the use of antibiot-
ics in aquaculture. Restrictions on antibiotic
use are addressed in great detail in both the
Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP) finfish and
crustacean farm standards and BAP seafood
processing plant standards.
On June 2, GAA further demonstrated
its commitment to responsible aquaculture
by publishing a survey to gather first-hand
information on the use of antibiotics in tilapia
farming, the results of which will educate the
evolving Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP)
program.
An invitation to take the 11-question
survey was delivered to about 125 repre-
sentatives of BAP-certified tilapia farms and
processing plants located in China, Columbia,
Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Indonesia, Mexico, Thailand and Vietnam.
This survey primarily concerns the use
of antimicrobials listed by the World Health
Organisation (WHO) as critical to human
health. Some of these substances are permit-
ted for veterinary use. But there are concerns
that overuse could potentially, by spreading
resistance, reduce the effectiveness of human
antimicrobial therapy. Thus, subject to the
survey results, GAA will seek by year’s end
to modify the tilapia-specific section of the
BAP finfish and crustacean farm standards to
exclude the use of antimicrobials listed by the
WHO as critical to human health.
Some experts feel that antimicrobials listed
by the WHO as critical to human health
should be excluded from use in tilapia farm-
ing. Other experts feel that these antibiotics
are critical tools for disease treatment and
animal welfare. BAP-certified tilapia farms and
processing plants are encouraged to take the
survey, which is anonymous.
3. Tilapia
production in India:
present status and prospects
by Dr B Laxmappa, Fisheries Development Officer, Department
of Fisheries, India
T
ilapia are now the world’s second most popular group of
farmed fish after carp. Worldwide production exceeded
3.9 million tonnes in 2012 according to FAO and demand
continues at a steady pace. Geographically Tilapias are the
most widespread species for aquaculture production in the world.
Tilapia, a native to Africa and Middle East has emerged as one of
the most internationally traded food fishes in the World. Around
20 countries are farming Tilapia, with China, Egypt, Indonesian
Philippines, Thailand and Brazil taking the lead.
Tilapia belongs to the family Cichlidae under order Perciformes
and has recently been classified into three genera, based on parental
incubation of eggs. The species of the genera Sarotherodon and
Oreochromis are mouth brooders, while Tilapia incubate eggs in a
‘nest’ built on the bottom of a lake or pond. There are about 70
species of Tilapia, of which eight species are used in aquaculture
worldwide (Table: 1). One of the eight cultured species is Nile Tilapia,
a relatively large cichlid fish introduced to several countries outside its
natural range e.g. Brazil, Australia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and India.
Present status
India is a vast country in terms of natural resources and considered
one of the most biodiverse countries in the world. The Indian mainland
is drained by 15 major, 45 medium and over 120 minor rivers, besides
numerous ephemeral streams. The diverse river systems in India har-
bour one of the richest fish germplasm resources in the world. Official
records show that O. mossambicus was first introduced to India from Sri
Lanka in 1952 and thereafter stocked in several reservoirs in southern
India for production enhancement.
O. niloticus was introduced to India in late 1987. The aquaculture of
O. niloticus expanded in the southern region of the country, especially
by private entrepreneurs. In 1995, Vorion Chemicals Ltd. Chennai
claimed high production of hybrid red Tilapia, popularly known as
golden Tilapia. However, production collapsed for unknown reasons.
Culture of O. niloticus is now gearing up, particularly in Andhra Pradesh,
Orissa and West Bengal, and the fish is now distributed to many states
particularly the coastal areas.
Cultivated Tilapia are typically hybrids between O. niloticus and
other closely related species native to Africa. O. niloticus are one of
the easiest and most profitable fish to farm, in part because they are
omnivorous and can be fed a diet derived exclusively from plants. O.
niloticus and other fish that feed on vegetable materials offer a much
more ecologically sound and environmentally friendly means of provid-
ing humankind with an abundance of nutritious and delicious fish. There
have been frequent escapes of Tilapia from aquaculture facilities due to
recurring floods or inadvertent releases. Tilapia now forms a part of the
fish fauna in the Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Yamuna and Ganga Rivers.
Presently in many rivers particularly the Ganga River and Krishna
River system, the proportion of Tilapia production is about 10-48
percent of the total fish species. However, Tilapia holds vast promise
to become an important species for aquaculture in India, considering
the demand for more fish. There are many unpublished data about
the availability of Tilapia in tanks, reservoirs and rivers in many states in
India. In the Kolkata Wetlands, some farmers are producing mono-sex
Tilapia on a commercial scale in waste-water. In Andhra Pradesh Tilapia
culture is practised in an area of around 1000 acres.
As the demand for fish increases, diversification of species in aqua-
42 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | July-August 2015
3EXPERT T●PIC
4. culture by including more species for increasing production levels has
become necessary. Introduction of Tilapia in Indian culture systems is
advantageous because it represents a lower level in the food chain, and
thus its culture will be economical and eco-friendly. Mono-sex culture
of Tilapia is advantageous because of faster growth and the larger and
more uniform size of males.
Government support
Tilapia is farmed widely in the whole of Asia, with the exception
of India. The Government of India has allowed Tilapia farming recently
but with specific guidelines. Farms have to obtain a permit/license from
the Government to carry out the farming. Farming is allowed only with
mono-sex male Nile Tilapia or its hybrids. Cage culture is permitted
in reservoirs where there is an established stock of Tilapia. In cages,
use of floating feeds with a minimum protein content of 25 percent is
encouraged. The guidelines also specify bio-security measures to pre-
vent escapees. In the case of hatcheries and nurseries, permits are also
required and they may only use brood stock from approved foreign
and Indian companies.
In India, O. mossambicus has been widely cultured in states including
Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha for the last 30 years. The Marine
Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) has chalked out a
plan to culture O. niloticus in Kerala and Andhra Pradesh.
The Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA), the Research
and Development arm of the MPEDA, Government of India also
organised a one-day international seminar on Tilapia Aquaculture and
Trade, the ‘India Tilapia Summit 2014’ in December 2014 in Andhra
Pradesh to popularise and promote Tilapia culture in the country.
Prospects
India has enormous potential for aquaculture of Tilapia. Numerous
freshwater and brackish water ponds, lakes and reservoirs suitable for
Tilapia culture are available in the country. The Rajiv Gandhi Centre for
Aquaculture (RGCA) in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh started producing
seedstocks of this variety three years ago based on technology adopted
from the World Fish Centre in Malaysia. The centre already has a stock
of around one million seed and is capable of meeting demand from
other states. O. niloticus is in high demand not only on the local market
but also in the US and the European Union.
The development of Genetically Improved Tilapia (GIFT) technol-
ogy is based on traditional selective breeding and is meant to improve
commercially important traits of tropical farmed fish, which is a major
milestone in the history of Tilapia aquaculture. The Kerala and Andhra
Pradesh governments recently issued directives allowing the farming
of O. niloticus.
To encourage entrepreneurs, the National Development Board
(NFDB) is also providing financial subsidies for Tilapia culture in the
country. For species diversity, Tilapia is one of the most suitable alterna-
tive species for Indian aquaculture. In future Tilapia will be the cheapest
protein food source in India even for people below the poverty line.
References available on request
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Table 1: World-wide aquaculture tilapia species
Sl.
No.
Common name Scientific name
1 Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1757)
2 Mozambique tilapia O. mossambicus (Peters 1852)
3 Blue tilapia O. aureus (Steindachner 1864)
4 Zanzibar tilapia O. hornorum (Trewavas 1966)
5 Gallilee tilapia Sarotherodon galilaeus (Hasselquist 1757)
6 Black-chinned tilapia S.melanotheron (Ruppel 1852)
7 Redbreast tilapia Tilapia rendalii (Boulenger 1896)
8 Red-belly tilapia T. zillii (Ge vais 1848)
July-August 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 43
EXPERT T●PIC