Composite materials have gained traction in the world today and are becoming of common use in industrial and specialized applications in general due to their flexible nature that involves mixing through layers or matrixes the components of various substances and therefore, a percentage of each substance’s physical properties. In recent years there has been an increasing concern for industries to use cost effective reinforcement for metal materials like aluminum which is abundant cheap, with various desirable properties like its lightness, but lacks the strength for various applications – ceramic materials such as SiC and aluminum oxide are used generally for reinforcing the aluminum MMC. There is a good probability, backed up by tests for certain materials, that reinforcing metals with composites can increase failure displacement, fatigue life, ultimate failure load and energy absorption capacity, amongst many others by substantial amounts.
This document discusses metal matrix composites (MMCs), which are composite materials with at least two constituent parts including a metal. MMCs can be classified based on their composition and reinforcement materials. Common reinforcement materials include silicon carbide, titanium carbide, and carbon nanotubes. Production methods for MMCs include stir casting and powder metallurgy. MMCs exhibit improved properties over unreinforced metals like high strength and stiffness. Applications of MMCs span aerospace, automotive, and other industries. The document outlines advantages like heat resistance and disadvantages like higher cost compared to unreinforced metals.
This document is a term project on shape memory alloys (SMAs) by Suresh Daravath at South Dakota State University. It provides an outline and overview of SMAs, including their history, types, characteristics, properties, applications, and future potential. SMAs are smart materials that can return to their original shape after being deformed by heat. They have properties like superelasticity and allow large recoverable strains. Common applications of SMAs include use in aircraft, automobiles, robotics, civil structures, and medical devices like stents. The future of SMAs is promising as research continues on innovative applications in fields like engineering.
Advanced Manufacturing Processes PDF Full book by badebhauEr. Bade Bhausaheb
This document provides a syllabus for an advanced manufacturing processes course. The syllabus covers 6 units: 1) metal forming processes, 2) advanced welding, casting and forging, 3) advanced material processing techniques, 4) micro machining processes, 5) additive manufacturing processes, and 6) measurement techniques for micro machining. Some key processes discussed include roll forming, hydroforming, electromagnetic forming, friction stir welding, vacuum die casting, and additive manufacturing methods like powder bed fusion. Contact information is also provided.
The document provides information on composites manufacturing technology. It begins with an introduction to composites, their components, characteristics, and classifications. It then discusses various manufacturing processes for composites like hand layup, vacuum bagging, compression molding, and filament winding. The document also includes a case study on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, highlighting how composites improved its performance and the challenges faced during production. It concludes with advantages and applications of composites in industries like aerospace as well as future developments in nanocomposites and biomedical applications.
Composite material
A composite material is a material that is produced from two or more constituent materials. These constituent materials have notably dissimilar chemical or physical properties and are merged to create a material with properties, unlike the individual elements.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
COMPONENTS
NEED OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
FABRICATION METHODS
PROPERTIES
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITES
NATURAL FIBRES
APPLICATIONS
ARTIFICIALLY MADE COMPOSITES
PARTICLE REINFORCED COMPOSITES
FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES
STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES
REFERENCES
The document discusses the classification of composite materials based on the geometry of reinforcement. It defines composites as materials made from two or more constituent materials that produce different properties than the individual components. Composites are classified based on the matrix material, such as polymer, metal, ceramic, or carbon/carbon, and also based on the geometry of reinforcement, including particulate, whisker/flake, or fiber reinforcement. Fiber reinforced composites use fibers as the reinforcement to enhance the strength and properties of the matrix material. Different types of reinforced composites are then discussed, such as filled, whiskers, flakes, and particulate reinforced composites.
This document discusses metal matrix composites (MMCs), which are composite materials with at least two constituent parts including a metal. MMCs can be classified based on their composition and reinforcement materials. Common reinforcement materials include silicon carbide, titanium carbide, and carbon nanotubes. Production methods for MMCs include stir casting and powder metallurgy. MMCs exhibit improved properties over unreinforced metals like high strength and stiffness. Applications of MMCs span aerospace, automotive, and other industries. The document outlines advantages like heat resistance and disadvantages like higher cost compared to unreinforced metals.
This document is a term project on shape memory alloys (SMAs) by Suresh Daravath at South Dakota State University. It provides an outline and overview of SMAs, including their history, types, characteristics, properties, applications, and future potential. SMAs are smart materials that can return to their original shape after being deformed by heat. They have properties like superelasticity and allow large recoverable strains. Common applications of SMAs include use in aircraft, automobiles, robotics, civil structures, and medical devices like stents. The future of SMAs is promising as research continues on innovative applications in fields like engineering.
Advanced Manufacturing Processes PDF Full book by badebhauEr. Bade Bhausaheb
This document provides a syllabus for an advanced manufacturing processes course. The syllabus covers 6 units: 1) metal forming processes, 2) advanced welding, casting and forging, 3) advanced material processing techniques, 4) micro machining processes, 5) additive manufacturing processes, and 6) measurement techniques for micro machining. Some key processes discussed include roll forming, hydroforming, electromagnetic forming, friction stir welding, vacuum die casting, and additive manufacturing methods like powder bed fusion. Contact information is also provided.
The document provides information on composites manufacturing technology. It begins with an introduction to composites, their components, characteristics, and classifications. It then discusses various manufacturing processes for composites like hand layup, vacuum bagging, compression molding, and filament winding. The document also includes a case study on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, highlighting how composites improved its performance and the challenges faced during production. It concludes with advantages and applications of composites in industries like aerospace as well as future developments in nanocomposites and biomedical applications.
Composite material
A composite material is a material that is produced from two or more constituent materials. These constituent materials have notably dissimilar chemical or physical properties and are merged to create a material with properties, unlike the individual elements.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
COMPONENTS
NEED OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
FABRICATION METHODS
PROPERTIES
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITES
NATURAL FIBRES
APPLICATIONS
ARTIFICIALLY MADE COMPOSITES
PARTICLE REINFORCED COMPOSITES
FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES
STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES
REFERENCES
The document discusses the classification of composite materials based on the geometry of reinforcement. It defines composites as materials made from two or more constituent materials that produce different properties than the individual components. Composites are classified based on the matrix material, such as polymer, metal, ceramic, or carbon/carbon, and also based on the geometry of reinforcement, including particulate, whisker/flake, or fiber reinforcement. Fiber reinforced composites use fibers as the reinforcement to enhance the strength and properties of the matrix material. Different types of reinforced composites are then discussed, such as filled, whiskers, flakes, and particulate reinforced composites.
The document discusses ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), including the materials and processing methods used to produce them. It describes common matrix materials like Al2O3 and SiC and reinforcements like fibers and whiskers. Popular fabrication techniques are outlined, such as chemical vapor infiltration, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, melt infiltration, and slurry infiltration. The mechanical properties of CMCs are summarized, focusing on fracture toughness which is improved through mechanisms like crack deflection and fiber pull-out. Specific CMC systems analyzed include SiC-SiC, ZrB2-SiC, TiB2-SiC, and Al2O3-SiC composites.
This experiment involves the microscopic study of the structural characteristics of metals and alloys. A metallurgical microscope is used which differs from biological microscopes in that it uses reflected light to illuminate opaque metallographic samples. The working principle involves reflecting a beam of light from a light source off the sample surface through the objective lens and eyepiece to view the microstructure at magnifications up to 2000X, revealing information about grain size, phases, inclusions, and effects of heat treatment.
Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix to form a ceramic fiber reinforced ceramic material. They improve the strength and toughness of brittle ceramics. CMCs can be reinforced with either short or continuous fibers. Continuous fiber CMCs provide the best strengthening effect and produce stronger bonding between the fiber and matrix, improving toughness. They exhibit high mechanical strength even at high temperatures, high thermal shock resistance, stiffness, toughness, and thermal and corrosion resistance. CMCs are commonly fabricated using infiltration methods to introduce a ceramic matrix into a fiber preform.
Advanced welding ,casting , forming processes PDF by badebhau4@gmail.comEr. Bade Bhausaheb
The document discusses advanced manufacturing processes including friction stir welding, advanced die casting, and tooling. It provides details on friction stir welding such as how it works as a solid-state welding process without reaching melting point. It also discusses advantages like producing high quality welds with fewer defects compared to traditional welding. The document then covers various types of tooling used for sheet metal pressing, molding, jigs/fixtures, and their applications in press working processes like blanking, piercing, bending, drawing, and others.
This document discusses the course MDPN452 Mechanics of Composite Materials, taught by Dr. Mohammad Tawfik. It covers topics related to micromechanics of composites including the relationship between composite and constituent material properties, designing composites to achieve desired stiffness and strength, assumptions of micromechanics models, approaches to determining elastic properties like stiffness and Poisson's ratio, and models for predicting strength in tension and compression. Students are assigned homework to research models of tensile and compressive failure in composites and compare them to experimental data.
The document discusses several metal casting and molding processes including magnetic mould casting, centrifugal casting, and metal injection molding. Magnetic mould casting uses electromagnetism to form a mould out of steel shots for casting metals. Centrifugal casting involves pouring molten metal into a rotating mould to produce axisymmetric parts like pipes and cylinders. Metal injection molding mixes metal powder with a binder to create a feedstock that is molded and then undergoes debinding and sintering to produce high-strength metal parts.
The document summarizes dual phase steels, which have a microstructure consisting of about 75-85% ferrite and the remainder being a mixture of martensite, bainite, and retained austenite. It discusses the historical development of dual phase steels in the 1960s and their improved formability compared to other high strength steels. The document then summarizes different processing methods for producing dual phase steels, including continuous annealing, as-rolled, and batch annealing processes. It provides details on heating temperatures, times, cooling rates and nominal compositions used in different studies.
Ultrasonic welding uses high-frequency sound waves to melt and bond materials like plastics and thin metals together without needing bolts, solder, or adhesives. The sound waves generate heat through friction to join the materials in under 3 seconds. It allows for precise welding of very thin materials with minimal surface deformation or defects. However, it is best for thin materials and may not be economical for all applications.
This document summarizes super alloys, including their properties, applications, classifications, microstructure, and heat treatment. Super alloys exhibit high strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance at high temperatures due to strengthening from solid solution strengthening and precipitation hardening. They are classified based on their primary metal (nickel, iron, cobalt) and are used in applications such as jet engines and gas turbines due to their high temperature capabilities. Their microstructure includes a gamma matrix and gamma prime precipitates that increase strength. Heat treatments are used to control the precipitates and carbides for optimal properties.
This document contains assignments for testing of materials course units 1 through 5. It includes questions related to the importance of material selection and testing, different types of material tests, mechanical tests, non-destructive tests, material characterization tests, and other tests such as thermal analysis and spectroscopy. Students are asked to explain topics like stages of test development, properties from bending tests, principles of hardness tests, and workings of various microscopy, spectroscopy, and thermal analysis techniques. They are also asked to discuss advantages, limitations and applications of different material tests.
The document discusses several types of engineering ceramics including alumina, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, partially stabilized zirconia, and sialon. It describes their key properties such as hardness, heat resistance, strength, and applications in areas like abrasives, cutting tools, bearings, and high temperature components. Ceramics are brittle but can withstand high temperatures and harsh environments better than metals or polymers.
Unit-II Mechanical Testing
Subject Name: OML751 Testing of Materials
Topics: Various Mechanical Tests [Hardness, Tensile, Impact, Bend, Shear, Creep & Fatigue]
B.E. Mechanical Engineering
Final Year, VII Semester, Open Elective Subject
[As per Anna University R-2017]
this presentation is about ultrasonic welding ,it shows what is ultra sonic welding and how does it work with some applications .
I am a student at port said university ,faculty of engineering ,production and mechanical design department .
Nickel-based superalloys have good strength and oxidation resistance at high temperatures up to 550°C. They are heat resistant, strong, and corrosion and oxidation resistant at temperatures from 760-980°C. There are three types: nickel base, nickel-iron base, and cobalt base. The microstructure contains a γ (gamma) phase matrix and γ' (gamma prime) precipitate phase which are face centered cubic. Various carbide phases form on grain boundaries. Alloying elements like chromium, aluminum, and titanium provide solid solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening through the γ' phase. Superalloys are used in gas turbine engines, rockets, nuclear reactors, and other high-temperature applications.
The document presents a study on fabricating and characterizing an aluminum metal matrix composite reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The objectives are to fabricate the Al-SiC MMC, characterize its tensile strength and hardness properties, and determine optimal machining parameters for good surface finish. It discusses the composite materials, matrix, reinforcement, classification of composites, and metal matrix composites. It also details the properties of aluminum, silicon carbide, and aluminum silicon carbide composites. Methods of fabricating Al-SiC MMC including stir casting and characteristics like tensile testing, hardness testing, and machining tests are explained. Relevant literature on improving mechanical properties of Al-SiC composites is reviewed.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). CMCs consist of a ceramic matrix with reinforcements. They offer advantages over monolithic ceramics like higher toughness, strength, and fatigue resistance. Some key applications of CMCs mentioned are in cutting tools, aerospace components, jet engines, burners, and turbine blades, as they can withstand high temperatures and offer corrosion resistance. The document discusses properties, advantages, disadvantages and applications of CMCs.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering Pem(ເປ່ມ) PHAKVISETH
This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It discusses key topics such as the structure, properties, and processing of materials, as well as how these factors influence a material's performance. The document also classifies common material types such as metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Emerging areas like smart materials and nanotechnology are introduced. Examples of materials used in applications like automotive, electronics, construction, and aerospace industries are provided to illustrate the relationship between materials selection and engineering design.
Titanium is named after the Titans, the
powerful sons of the earth in Greek mythology.
• Titanium is the forth abundant metal on
earth crust (~ 0.86%) after aluminium, iron and
magnesium.
Titans
homepage.mac.com
Rutile (TiO2)
mineral.galleries.com
Ilmenite (FeTiO3)
• Not found in its free, pure metal form in
nature but as oxides, i.e., ilmenite (FeTiO3)
and rutile (TiO2).
• Found only in small amount in Thailand...
The fabrication methodology of a composite part depends mainly on three factors:
(i) the characteristics of matrices and reinforcements,
(ii) the shapes, sizes and engineering details of products, and
(iii) end uses.
The composite products are too many and cover a very wide domain of applications ranging from an engine valve to an aircraft wing.
The fabrication technique varies from one product to the other.
IRJET- Evaluation of Mechanical and Wear Properties of Aluminium /Al2O3 Compo...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on evaluating the mechanical and wear properties of an aluminium-alumina composite material for use as an automobile brake rotor. The composite is fabricated through stir casting with 10%, 15%, and 20% alumina by weight added to an aluminium 6082 alloy matrix. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness are found to increase with the addition of alumina. Wear rate is also found to decrease when alumina is added. The composite materials will be tested under different loads and sliding velocities to study their tribological properties and potential for use as a lighter weight alternative to cast iron brake rotors.
This document presents a project on aluminum metal matrix composites. It discusses why composite materials were chosen as the major project topic due to their properties like high strength and stiffness. It then provides an overview of applications of composites in various industries. The document outlines the plan of presentation which includes introducing metal matrix composites and aluminum MMCs as well as discussing the materials, manufacturing process, and conclusions from previous work.
The document discusses ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), including the materials and processing methods used to produce them. It describes common matrix materials like Al2O3 and SiC and reinforcements like fibers and whiskers. Popular fabrication techniques are outlined, such as chemical vapor infiltration, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, melt infiltration, and slurry infiltration. The mechanical properties of CMCs are summarized, focusing on fracture toughness which is improved through mechanisms like crack deflection and fiber pull-out. Specific CMC systems analyzed include SiC-SiC, ZrB2-SiC, TiB2-SiC, and Al2O3-SiC composites.
This experiment involves the microscopic study of the structural characteristics of metals and alloys. A metallurgical microscope is used which differs from biological microscopes in that it uses reflected light to illuminate opaque metallographic samples. The working principle involves reflecting a beam of light from a light source off the sample surface through the objective lens and eyepiece to view the microstructure at magnifications up to 2000X, revealing information about grain size, phases, inclusions, and effects of heat treatment.
Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix to form a ceramic fiber reinforced ceramic material. They improve the strength and toughness of brittle ceramics. CMCs can be reinforced with either short or continuous fibers. Continuous fiber CMCs provide the best strengthening effect and produce stronger bonding between the fiber and matrix, improving toughness. They exhibit high mechanical strength even at high temperatures, high thermal shock resistance, stiffness, toughness, and thermal and corrosion resistance. CMCs are commonly fabricated using infiltration methods to introduce a ceramic matrix into a fiber preform.
Advanced welding ,casting , forming processes PDF by badebhau4@gmail.comEr. Bade Bhausaheb
The document discusses advanced manufacturing processes including friction stir welding, advanced die casting, and tooling. It provides details on friction stir welding such as how it works as a solid-state welding process without reaching melting point. It also discusses advantages like producing high quality welds with fewer defects compared to traditional welding. The document then covers various types of tooling used for sheet metal pressing, molding, jigs/fixtures, and their applications in press working processes like blanking, piercing, bending, drawing, and others.
This document discusses the course MDPN452 Mechanics of Composite Materials, taught by Dr. Mohammad Tawfik. It covers topics related to micromechanics of composites including the relationship between composite and constituent material properties, designing composites to achieve desired stiffness and strength, assumptions of micromechanics models, approaches to determining elastic properties like stiffness and Poisson's ratio, and models for predicting strength in tension and compression. Students are assigned homework to research models of tensile and compressive failure in composites and compare them to experimental data.
The document discusses several metal casting and molding processes including magnetic mould casting, centrifugal casting, and metal injection molding. Magnetic mould casting uses electromagnetism to form a mould out of steel shots for casting metals. Centrifugal casting involves pouring molten metal into a rotating mould to produce axisymmetric parts like pipes and cylinders. Metal injection molding mixes metal powder with a binder to create a feedstock that is molded and then undergoes debinding and sintering to produce high-strength metal parts.
The document summarizes dual phase steels, which have a microstructure consisting of about 75-85% ferrite and the remainder being a mixture of martensite, bainite, and retained austenite. It discusses the historical development of dual phase steels in the 1960s and their improved formability compared to other high strength steels. The document then summarizes different processing methods for producing dual phase steels, including continuous annealing, as-rolled, and batch annealing processes. It provides details on heating temperatures, times, cooling rates and nominal compositions used in different studies.
Ultrasonic welding uses high-frequency sound waves to melt and bond materials like plastics and thin metals together without needing bolts, solder, or adhesives. The sound waves generate heat through friction to join the materials in under 3 seconds. It allows for precise welding of very thin materials with minimal surface deformation or defects. However, it is best for thin materials and may not be economical for all applications.
This document summarizes super alloys, including their properties, applications, classifications, microstructure, and heat treatment. Super alloys exhibit high strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance at high temperatures due to strengthening from solid solution strengthening and precipitation hardening. They are classified based on their primary metal (nickel, iron, cobalt) and are used in applications such as jet engines and gas turbines due to their high temperature capabilities. Their microstructure includes a gamma matrix and gamma prime precipitates that increase strength. Heat treatments are used to control the precipitates and carbides for optimal properties.
This document contains assignments for testing of materials course units 1 through 5. It includes questions related to the importance of material selection and testing, different types of material tests, mechanical tests, non-destructive tests, material characterization tests, and other tests such as thermal analysis and spectroscopy. Students are asked to explain topics like stages of test development, properties from bending tests, principles of hardness tests, and workings of various microscopy, spectroscopy, and thermal analysis techniques. They are also asked to discuss advantages, limitations and applications of different material tests.
The document discusses several types of engineering ceramics including alumina, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, partially stabilized zirconia, and sialon. It describes their key properties such as hardness, heat resistance, strength, and applications in areas like abrasives, cutting tools, bearings, and high temperature components. Ceramics are brittle but can withstand high temperatures and harsh environments better than metals or polymers.
Unit-II Mechanical Testing
Subject Name: OML751 Testing of Materials
Topics: Various Mechanical Tests [Hardness, Tensile, Impact, Bend, Shear, Creep & Fatigue]
B.E. Mechanical Engineering
Final Year, VII Semester, Open Elective Subject
[As per Anna University R-2017]
this presentation is about ultrasonic welding ,it shows what is ultra sonic welding and how does it work with some applications .
I am a student at port said university ,faculty of engineering ,production and mechanical design department .
Nickel-based superalloys have good strength and oxidation resistance at high temperatures up to 550°C. They are heat resistant, strong, and corrosion and oxidation resistant at temperatures from 760-980°C. There are three types: nickel base, nickel-iron base, and cobalt base. The microstructure contains a γ (gamma) phase matrix and γ' (gamma prime) precipitate phase which are face centered cubic. Various carbide phases form on grain boundaries. Alloying elements like chromium, aluminum, and titanium provide solid solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening through the γ' phase. Superalloys are used in gas turbine engines, rockets, nuclear reactors, and other high-temperature applications.
The document presents a study on fabricating and characterizing an aluminum metal matrix composite reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The objectives are to fabricate the Al-SiC MMC, characterize its tensile strength and hardness properties, and determine optimal machining parameters for good surface finish. It discusses the composite materials, matrix, reinforcement, classification of composites, and metal matrix composites. It also details the properties of aluminum, silicon carbide, and aluminum silicon carbide composites. Methods of fabricating Al-SiC MMC including stir casting and characteristics like tensile testing, hardness testing, and machining tests are explained. Relevant literature on improving mechanical properties of Al-SiC composites is reviewed.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). CMCs consist of a ceramic matrix with reinforcements. They offer advantages over monolithic ceramics like higher toughness, strength, and fatigue resistance. Some key applications of CMCs mentioned are in cutting tools, aerospace components, jet engines, burners, and turbine blades, as they can withstand high temperatures and offer corrosion resistance. The document discusses properties, advantages, disadvantages and applications of CMCs.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering Pem(ເປ່ມ) PHAKVISETH
This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It discusses key topics such as the structure, properties, and processing of materials, as well as how these factors influence a material's performance. The document also classifies common material types such as metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites. Emerging areas like smart materials and nanotechnology are introduced. Examples of materials used in applications like automotive, electronics, construction, and aerospace industries are provided to illustrate the relationship between materials selection and engineering design.
Titanium is named after the Titans, the
powerful sons of the earth in Greek mythology.
• Titanium is the forth abundant metal on
earth crust (~ 0.86%) after aluminium, iron and
magnesium.
Titans
homepage.mac.com
Rutile (TiO2)
mineral.galleries.com
Ilmenite (FeTiO3)
• Not found in its free, pure metal form in
nature but as oxides, i.e., ilmenite (FeTiO3)
and rutile (TiO2).
• Found only in small amount in Thailand...
The fabrication methodology of a composite part depends mainly on three factors:
(i) the characteristics of matrices and reinforcements,
(ii) the shapes, sizes and engineering details of products, and
(iii) end uses.
The composite products are too many and cover a very wide domain of applications ranging from an engine valve to an aircraft wing.
The fabrication technique varies from one product to the other.
IRJET- Evaluation of Mechanical and Wear Properties of Aluminium /Al2O3 Compo...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on evaluating the mechanical and wear properties of an aluminium-alumina composite material for use as an automobile brake rotor. The composite is fabricated through stir casting with 10%, 15%, and 20% alumina by weight added to an aluminium 6082 alloy matrix. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness are found to increase with the addition of alumina. Wear rate is also found to decrease when alumina is added. The composite materials will be tested under different loads and sliding velocities to study their tribological properties and potential for use as a lighter weight alternative to cast iron brake rotors.
This document presents a project on aluminum metal matrix composites. It discusses why composite materials were chosen as the major project topic due to their properties like high strength and stiffness. It then provides an overview of applications of composites in various industries. The document outlines the plan of presentation which includes introducing metal matrix composites and aluminum MMCs as well as discussing the materials, manufacturing process, and conclusions from previous work.
ALUMINIUM METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE BY STIR CASTING METHODSNEERAJKUMAR1898
This document provides an introduction and literature review on graphite-based aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs). It discusses how AMMCs overcome limitations of conventional materials by combining high strength, stiffness, and low density. The document reviews various fabrication techniques for AMMCs and their applications in industries like aerospace and automotive. It summarizes past research that studied mechanical properties of different AMMC compositions and processing methods.
This document summarizes research on metal casting and metal matrix composites. It provides an overview of different materials, focusing on aluminum and aluminum alloys. It discusses the properties and processing methods of metal matrix composites, including fabrication techniques like powder metallurgy, diffusion bonding, and liquid-state processes. Applications are reviewed across industries like aerospace, automotive, electrical, and more. The document concludes that metal matrix composites offer improved properties and are being increasingly used in high performance applications.
Advanced research progresses in aluminium metal matrix composites an overview8019383943
This document provides an overview of advanced research on aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs). It discusses that AMMCs offer improved mechanical and tribological properties over conventional metals and are well-suited for applications in automotive, aerospace, and defense industries due to properties like high strength and wear resistance. Common reinforcement materials used in AMMCs include SiC, Al2O3, TiB2, and B4C. Stir casting is a commonly used fabrication method that allows for a uniform dispersion of reinforcements in the aluminum alloy matrix. However, limitations include non-homogeneous particle distribution and wettability issues during casting.
Fabrication and Wear Behavior of Particulate Reinforced Metal Matrix Composit...IOSRJMCE
The composites refer to the material consisting of two or more individual constituents, in that the reinforcing particulates are embedded to the base matrix to form composite materials by improving the mechanical and tribological properties. Different types of composite materials are available and these are increasing because of their good enhanced properties, among these Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) finds its applications in various aspects like aerospace, automotive, defense, and marine etc. These improved properties are obtained from different form of particulates which are different in their aspect ratio are mixed with base material to provide good bonding and strength between them. To obtain these enhanced properties different manufacturing techniques are followed to prepare the composites. This paper presents an overview of types of composites, different fabrication techniques available to prepare the composites and also wear behavior of particulates reinforced MMC’s by studying different types of wear mechanism.
Modeling and Characterization of Metal Matrix Composite Aluminum Graphite Com...ijtsrd
The emergence of metal matrix composites is partly a consequence of an improved understanding of their potentials and limitations based on their science of process, principles of physical metallurgy and interfacial chemistry. They can be produced by conventional casting techniques. The reinforcing material such as particulates of graphite can be added into the melt of any metal during its stirring. The resultant mixture is then cast into a permanent mould. This technique was used to produce aluminum graphite composite containing different percentage concentrations of graphite ranging from zero to twenty 0 20 wt . To solve the problem of making the molten aluminum alloy wetting the graphite, a special chemical activation was carried out. The accent is on mechanical performance, describing how the presence of reinforcement in a metallic matrix influences its mechanical and physical properties. This composite shows a decrease in wear rate due to the presence of graphite fiber in the composite. Nwosu Moses C | Ettah B. O | Eze S. K | Okolie G. C "Modeling and Characterization of Metal Matrix Composite: Aluminum-Graphite Composite" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/33412/modeling-and-characterization-of-metal-matrix-composite-aluminumgraphite-composite/nwosu-moses-c
This document reviews research on aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with particulate materials. Stir casting is identified as the most common and cost-effective fabrication method. Studies have found that decreasing particle size and increasing the percentage of reinforcement leads to increases in hardness and tensile strength of the composites. Specifically, aluminum composites reinforced with 15% volume fraction of TiB2 particles showed over two times increase in tensile and yield strengths but 68% decrease in ductility compared to the aluminum alloy matrix. Adding 4% copper to the aluminum matrix along with 10% volume fraction of TiB2 reinforcement further improved tensile and yield strengths by factors of 2.5 and 2.8 respectively while maintaining higher ductility.
a review performance study of electrochemical machining on metalNEERAJKUMAR1898
1) The document discusses aluminum matrix composites (AMCs), which have promising properties for industrial applications but are challenging to machine.
2) Electrochemical micromachining (EMM) is presented as a potential machining method for AMCs as it provides good surface finish, avoids tool wear and thermal damage, and can machine complex shapes in hard materials.
3) The document reviews literature on AMCs fabricated through stir casting, as well as experimental studies on EMM processes for micro-machining composites.
Experimental evaluations and performance of the aluminum silicon carbide par...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study on aluminum-silicon carbide particle metal matrix composites. Ring-shaped composites were fabricated using solid-state processing with varying sintering temperatures and times. The composites were subjected to thermal shock at +800C and -800C, and their radial crushing strength was tested. Micrographs of the fractured surfaces were analyzed. Thermal shock from sub-ambient temperatures was found to be more damaging than from elevated temperatures. Failure from elevated temperatures was dominated by cavity formation at interfaces, while sub-ambient temperatures caused more interfacial and matrix damage. The study evaluated the effect of reinforcement particles on the mechanical properties of the composites.
Experimental evaluations and performance of the aluminum silicon carbide par...IAEME Publication
Stresses induced due to thermal mismatch between the metal matrix and the ceramic reinforcement in metal matrix composite may impart plastic deformation to the matrix there by
resulting in a reduction of the residual stresses. Thermal mismatch strains also may quite often crack
the matrix resulting in a relaxation of the residual stresses. The interface in MMCs is a porous, noncrystalline portion in comparison with the matrix or the reinforcement (metal matrix and ceramic reinforcement in this case).
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
This document evaluates the mechanical properties of aluminum 2024-based hybrid metal composites. It discusses how aluminum 2024 alloy is commonly used in aircraft structures due to its high strength and fatigue resistance. The document then describes creating aluminum 2024-based composites reinforced with E-glass fibers and fly ash using stir casting. Tensile and compression tests were performed on the composite materials and aluminum 2024 alloy to compare their mechanical properties. The results showed that the composite materials achieved better tensile and compression strength compared to aluminum 2024 alloy alone.
A Review on Mechanical and Wear Behaviour of Aluminium Metal Matrix CompositesIRJET Journal
This document reviews the mechanical and wear behavior of aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs). It discusses various fabrication techniques for AMMCs, with stir casting being the most commonly used due to its low cost and simplicity. The document evaluates literature on the mechanical properties and wear resistance of different AMMC materials and compositions fabricated by various methods. In general, adding ceramic reinforcements like silicon carbide and aluminum oxide improves the hardness and wear resistance of aluminum composites compared to the unreinforced alloy.
Wear Analysis of Al7068 Metal Matrix Composite Reinforced with Silicon NitrideIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the wear performance of an aluminum alloy (Al7068) reinforced with silicon nitride at varying percentages. The composite material was fabricated using stir casting and tested using pin-on-disk wear analysis. The study found that adding silicon nitride improved the hardness and wear resistance of the aluminum alloy base material. Specifically, higher percentages of silicon nitride reinforcement resulted in less wear and better performance in applications involving friction and sliding contact. The composite material showed potential for use in automobile, aerospace, and marine applications requiring durability and strength.
Effect of Nano-Magnesium Oxide and Graphite Particles on Mechanical Propertie...Premier Publishers
The main objective of this present work is to determine the densification, hardness and impact strength behavior on LM09 alloy reinforced with graphite and magnesium oxide nano-particles. LM09 is lighter metal as compared to other engineering metals/alloys except magnesium and beryllium. In this research stir casting process was used to fabricate hybrid LM09 nano-composite. The composites were prepared by varying the proportion of reinforcements such as 1.2 wt.% graphite (constant) and 1.5-3.5 wt. % magnesium oxide. Densities of alloy and nano-composites were determined by using the rule of mixture and Archimedes principles. Composite with 1.2 wt. % graphite and 2.5 wt. % magnesium oxide have 95.75% of relative density. Theoretical and actual densities are closer so that the cast composites were produced with less porosity. The mechanical properties of nano-composite such as hardness and impact strength was measured and clearly show that the LM09 alloy is enhanced through the reinforcement of nano-particles. Hybrid nano-composite reinforced with 2.5 wt. % magnesium oxide dominates the hardness as compared to other composites (1.5 and 3.5 wt. % magnesium oxide) The increase in reinforcement particles enhances the impact strength proportionally. The present finding concludes that LM09 hybrid composite having 1.2 wt. % graphite and 2.5 wt. % magnesium oxide can be used for engineering applications.
ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL AND MICRO STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF AL BASED METAL MATRI...IAEME Publication
In recent years Metal matrix composites have been considered as one of the most important materials which offer excellent wear resistance and stiffness, low weight, economic and high
strength to weight ratio. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with ball milled nano particles ,also called metal matrix –nano composite, are spreading rapidly in worldwide due to their various demands in the field of engineering and science like automobiles, aerospace, energy, defence,materials, electronics and bio technology.
MANUFACTURING AND FORCE DETERMINATION OF COMPOSITE DISC BRAKEIAEME Publication
This paper deals with design and analysis of disc brake rotor using composite material. Thecomposite material used is Aluminum Metallic Medium Composite it is a the combination of
aluminum and silicon carbide length ways With a small percentage of other materials likemagnesium, aluminum oxide, graphite .These additional materials are added in accurate quantity
to increase the chemical, mechanical and thermal properties ofmaterial. The manufacturing
process is carried ready in organized location. Magnitude die casting process is used tomanufacture the disc brake using the composite material. In this paper the composite disc brakeismodeled in CATIA .The forces acting on the disc brake model are calculated using ADAMSsoftware.
IRJET- Investigating Numerical and Experimental Analysis on Convection Heat T...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an investigation into the fabrication and analysis of an aluminum metal matrix composite reinforced with iron oxide. Aluminum 7075 was used as the base metal matrix, and iron oxide (magnetite) was added as reinforcement in proportions of 2%, 6%, and 10% by weight. The composites were fabricated using liquid metallurgy and stir casting. Tests were conducted to analyze the convection heat transfer properties of the composites using a pin-fin apparatus and compared to numerical analysis using ANSYS software. The composites have potential applications in aeronautics, automotive, and other industries due to their improved properties over the base aluminum alloy.
Similar to MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN METAL (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
2. O. S. I. Fayomi, K.O. Babaremu and I.G. Akande
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 10 editor@iaeme.com
various other materials and an aggregate of their properties. The possibilities of traditional
materials such as metals and their alloys have been absolutely overused to a point where we
know that their already familiar properties will be inadequate for most modern techniques,
and therefore high performance through high material characteristics [18][31].
Most metal compounds have limitations that make them unsuitable for use in the modern
technological era we are in right now [29][32]. Therefore, composites - which are materials
created from the “fusion” of multiple components or constituent materials with varying
beneficial properties either chemical or mechanical, or both, which are combined to develop a
material with varying characteristics from the base components – are the materials of choice
because of the extensive number of combinations that can be done to provide suitable material
[24].
Composites have varying physical properties and therefore, different mechanical
behaviors in a system, but due to the general tendency for research to be done on increasing
strength and reducing the weight of the material, we are given a rough estimate on how
composites in metals behave mechanically when they are acted on [9]. To understand
composite behavior, we have to understand composites: They are composed mainly of a
matrix i.e. a continuous phase (e.g. metals), which is armored with a reinforcement i.e.
secondary phase (e.g. ceramics), which is usually the discontinuous phase [18]. Matrices
make use of different phases of the metal and reinforcement to strengthen it [28]. This
phasing can come in various shapes, layers, patterning, concentration and orientation, that
influence the movement of the material particles and hence, its physical properties.
The composite of focus for this paper would be those of Metal Matrix Composites
(MMCs), as this is a review of the behaviors of the reinforcement (composite) in the metal
matrix. MMCs were separated into four main parts, which are: particulate reinforced MMCs,
continuous fiber (sheet) – reinforced MMCs, laminated MMCs and short fiber – reinforced
MMCs [11]. Each MMC type will have its own mechanical properties due to the physical
arrangement of phases that will influence greatly the bonding and shape of materials between
one another [12].
2. FINDINGS
2.1. Common Applications of Composite Materials
As we have seen, composites are able to exhibit a variation of properties due to their differing
structures in combinations of reinforcements and metal matrices. These composite materials
have multiple uses in various industries that have helped to move the industry forward and
have become the stable material when it comes to that aspect every single time. Examples of
various materials and their impacts in their respective industries are:
2.1.1. Applications of MMCs in Space
Space is an extreme environment that needs metals with extreme properties to handle the
harsh realities. Extremely close to the earth’s atmosphere, various natural phenomena occur
that can annihilate normal organic materials and cause deterioration of non-reinforced based
metals we have discovered here on earth. Effects like ionizing radiation, thermal radiation,
plasma, x-rays, high temperature entry and debris [22]. An example is the ISS which is
predicted to undergo almost 200 thousand thermal cycles from positive and negative 125
degrees Celsius.
The initial successful deployment of a continuous-fiber reinforce metal matrix composite
has been the application of B/Al tubular struts which have been applied in the landing gear
drag link in the space shuttle orbiter and as members around the section for mid-fuselage, this
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design allowed weight saving of up to 45% over the original aluminum design, with added
benefits of structural strength [22][11].
Antennas are of very important use when communicating over large distances, especially
a distance like that of space to earth where unmanned vehicles need to be controlled with
precision to have any effort of having successful missions. Gr/Al composite has been used as
a high-gain antenna boom for the one of the largest space telescopes: The Hubble space
telescope which was launched in 1990 and still remains in operation. This composite was
made through diffusion bonded sheets of P100 graphite fibers in aluminum 6061. The boom
is 3.6 meters long and is able to offer a desired stiffness that allows for space maneuvers and
functional wave-guiding, with low CTE while maintaining the position of the antenna
[12][22].
2.1.2. Applications of MMCs in Automobiles
Alloys like aluminum possess good properties like its lightweight and other mechanical
properties that make them attractive candidates for use in the automobile industry but are held
back due to their short comings - poor resistance to seizure and galling (Prasad & Asthana,
2004). Reinforcement of this metal and its alloys with secondary phases like ceramic
particles, whiskers and fibers result in MMCs. Tribological considerations involved,
aluminum alloys were always weak to the effects of friction and touching mechanical parts.
Singh & Singh, 2018, describes the use of a metal matrix of aluminum and 25% boron
carbide to form a composite by stir casting as a replacement for the material used as that
moment which was EN45 steel for leaf springs. This replacement gives less weight and
density, but more strength to the system enabling faster, fuel efficient and energy saving
vehicles. Also, Composite Castings LLC has developed a new four-cylinder engine using
lightweight carbon fiber. Matti Holtzberg who is president and founder of the company led
the design of the V4 engine. The reinforcement was Tenax-brand carbon fiber with base
epoxy resin, this new mix is to create an engine 45-50% lighter than a conventional aluminum
block.
2.2. Composite
A composite material can be descried as a material which outcomes are more preferable than
those with individual properties. Every material has its individual different chemical, physical
and mechanical properties [19]. The advantage of these composite materials are high quality
and solidness, low density when compared with mass materials, it creates weight reduction in
completed part. A composite is a multiphase material that consists of matrix and
reinforcement. There are various matrix types, they can be metal matrices with a base material
of metal, ceramic matrices with a base material of ceramic materials like clay, and polymer
matrices that consist of plastics and the likes Composite give a new pathway to define and
create new materials that are influential to the growth of our industries and therefore humanity
[30].
A composite material is composed of mainly a matrix, for this case, a metal such as
aluminum, the metal is armored with reinforcement such as fly-ash or aloe-vera. Then we
explain the components:
2.3. Matrix (metal matrix)
The function of the matrix is to transmit the load onto the reinforcement so bearing the load
does not rely only on the matrix. In this case, matrixes are the main metals involved, and used
as the base material for work. For the composite to work, the matrix has to be in good
bonding with the reinforcement or the load does not get transmitted properly, these properties
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usually include,” perfect wettability” and light weight [18] The matrix is usually monolithic
and thereby continuous: meaning there is a way through the matrix to any point in the
material. Common metals used as matrixes include aluminum, magnesium and titanium due
to their lightness which provides proper support for the reinforcement; Cobalt and cobalt-
nickel or titanium boride are used for high temperature applications. Other materials used as a
metal matrix include beryllium, Iron, Nickel and silver. Matrix is the major constituent in
composites which help to hold the reinforcement and to control the inter-laminar structure at
elevated temperature [6].
2.4. Reinforcement
The reinforcement, i.e. the reinforcement phase transmits most of the eternal loads, with its
tensile behavior originating from a bulk of things (mostly geometric properties) it is expected
to have high strength and a modulus of elasticity,” E”, which should be one order higher than
that of the matrix [18]. Reinforcements are a sort of additive that drastically change the
physical properties of the materials they reinforce because of their particle behavior.
2.5. Mechanical Behaviors (physical properties)
Mechanical properties or physical properties of a material are the properties of a material - in
this case a metal - that determines the reaction of that material to mechanical/physical
stresses. These mechanical properties are of upmost importance when determining the
material to be used to accomplish a task in a design. The common properties which are
ductility, hardness, malleability, tensile strength (yield strength, ultimate tensile strength),
elastic modulus and any other important measurement of its physical properties that can lead
to various mechanical behaviors are determined in order to make material selection easier and
gain useful knowledge on materials [10].
3. REVIEW EXTRACT FROM PREVIOUS RESEARCHES
There has been a focus in the area of research in creating lighter but stronger materials that
can be made as cheaper replacements to existing materials in the industry, for this to be done,
suitable methods of creation have to be utilized to bring forth new material, and various
experiments have to be done comparing the vital physical properties in use during mechanical
operations. Material researchers work on composites materials more than monolithic materials
due to the fast growth of the demand for better materials because of the limitations of
conventional metals. In the metal matrix composite of aluminum, the metal or its alloy with a
reinforcement, has been dispersed in the matrix. Reinforcement types like whiskers, ceramics
and particulates constitute to its increased density, increased hardness and increased ability to
withstand heat. A lot of the research that has been carried out on this subject matter have been
done on reinforcement and matrix load sharing. One of these researches conclude that
effectiveness on load sharing mechanism can be increased by having control over the
particulate geometry [17]. It also states that the reinforcing particulates in a hard matrix
composite, gives it higher composite strength relative to the strength of the matrix and load
sharing.
Properties like density of composites has been shown to be directly proportional to the
fraction volume of particulates i.e. an increase in density follows an increase in volume,
because of the high-density value of ceramic particulate. In this report is another conclusion
which states that density increases with increase in filler content. It also mentioned that a
reason for increased composite can be caused by the higher density of reinforcement particles
[6].
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Kulkarni et al., [15], conducted an experiment and concluded that a core-shell structure
was formed as a result of sintering powder particles in an inert atmosphere. The shell in this
experiment had a Cr3Cr2 phase with NbC, Mo2C and Cr3C2 in its core. Using an atmosphere
of Argon, for a one-hour burn-off step produced a core structure without the presence of
Cr3C2 shell.
Di et al., [7], assessed the grindability of MMCs with the use of information gotten from
tests carried out using an even surface processor Examinations manage the pounding powers
and the debasement of the granulating wheel surface, obtained amid the machining procedure
and surface harshness of the workpiece material. The impacts of crushing wheel abrasives,
both ordinary and super abrasives and in addition the material attributes, for example, shape,
introduction and substance of the fortification and kind of lattice, on the granulating wheel
debasement and ground surface quality is broke down by methods for grindability records.
It was concluded that grindability files, which consider single machinability qualities, for
example, powers, wheel debasement and workpiece surface harshness, have been utilized to
characterize a Total Grindability Index that has permitted to think about the grindability of
various Metal Matrix Composites when grounded utilizing distinctive grating pounding
wheels. MMCs for the most part show free cutting conduct as for non-fortified light
combinations. The silicon carbide wheel speaks to the best arrangement to the extent it
concerns level zone, harshness and in addition the crushing powers. By thinking about the
kind of support, stubbles fortified composites show a superior generally conduct (higher
aggregate grindability file) than the powder strengthened ones. In any case, the grindability
turn into the equivalent at the most elevated hardness estimations of the material.
There properties are noted down and then compared to pre-existing materials in that
industry or their base metals that are being used without reinforcements. Numerous researches
have been done, which has paved way for composite material as a standard in today’s
industries, giving it a market share of 2 in every 8 engineering materials used in the world
today [2]. Various literature regarding the topic has been reviewed in relation to their results
and methods involved:
Gopi Krishna et al., [9], studied MMCs and derived an intuitive method for multiple
strengthening. Al-20Cu-10Mg alloy system and A356 alloy were used as reinforcement and
matrix respectively, and investigations were carried out on them. This experiment resulted in
the following conclusion: increasing reinforcement content , decreases particle size enhancing
the bonding between matrix and reinforcement; density increases with weight fractions of
reinforcement added, and thereby increasing total weight; The resistivity of the composite
gotten is determined by the percentage quantity of reinforcement added; Hardness was seen to
increase with the percentage quantity of reinforcements added due to the refined grain
structure of the matrix and finally, the alloy composite compared to the base alloy, shows
increased strength values proportional to the increasing reinforcement quantity.
Hima Gireesh et al., [11] studied the mechanical characterization of aluminum MMC
reinforced with aloe-vera powder”, The experiment conducted compared the mechanical
properties of aluminum metal matrix when composited with two naturally occurring
reinforcements. These reinforcements resulted in the composites: “fly-ash reinforced
aluminum MMC” and “aloe-vera reinforce aluminum MMC”. The two samples were created
using stir-casting and tested for mechanical properties with results showing a lower density,
higher tensile strength, higher yield strength, higher hardness, higher impact strength and less
wear for the aloe-vera counterpart compared to the fly ash. Compared to the base metal and
the composite with fly ash, the aloe-vera composite is less dense but has better strength
properties, and hence, a better weight to strength ratio.
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Singh & Brar, [26], Characterized and Investigated the mechanical properties of
composite materials used for leaf spring”, MMC of aluminum and 25% manufactured by stir
casting was researched for application in a leaf spring commonly used in automobiles. The
results compared the aluminum composite to the EN45 steel commonly used for leaf springs
showing the composite leaf spring with lower density, lower weight and high strength, with
desirable properties compared to that of the steel spring. It was also discovered that an
increase in the strength and hardness of the sample was gotten by increasing the size and
weight percentage of the particles.
Badoi & Constantinescu, [1], compared the wear behavior of metal matrix composite to
sintered metal carbides. This gave a detailed information on the behavior of MMCs compared
to sintered metal carbides with respect to wear, functionally graded composite materials
which had 3 layers with one of each being MMCs, and another being the sintered metal
carbides. The results of this work being that the observed low alloy steel powder which can be
represented in various possible combinations of composites are predicted to be a replacement
for conventional carbon steel tools, high alloyed steel tools and conventional high-speed
steels. It also describes the possibility of powder metallurgy technology in creating
composites which can have controlled properties based on particle amount and arrangement.
Balasubramanian et al., [2], investigated the mechanical characterization and machining of
squeeze cast AZ91D/SiC magnesium-based metal matrix composite” magnesium alloy
AZ91D which was reinforced with silicon carbide using squeeze casting method and tested
for machine removal rate and surface roughness. It was discovered that an increase in the
reinforcement of SiC decreased the surface roughness, produces good performance
parameters for use during machining, and that the distribution of reinforcement (SiC) to a
magnesium matrix can be done with ease by squeeze casting.
Huang et al., [12], discussed about Al alloy MMCs reinforced with WS2 inorganic
materials. They impinged AA6061 MMCs with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 wt% WS2 INT and AA6061
MMCs with 0.1 and 0.2 wt% WS2 IF. They found that with little addition of WS2 INT and
WS2 IF, the mechanical properties of the alloys were greatly improved. They also found that
AA6061/0.5 wt% WS2 INT showed the best results for hardness test.
Shirvanimoghaddam et al., [24], discussed the fabrication process for Carbon-Fiber
MMCs. He found that Carbon-Fiber MMCs hold potential as replacement for various
unreinforced metals and alloys in the various engineering fields. But they found that poor
dispersion of carbon fillers in the metal matrix led to a breakdown in the composite properties
of the MMC.
Rezaei, 2018 talked about Tensile mechanical characteristics and deformation mechanism
of metal- graphene nanolayered composites. He found that in MGLNCs, their mechanical
behaviors can be improved by using the advantages of monolayers of graphene particularly its
intrinsically high elastic modulus and strength, and its 2d geometry. He found that the
inclusion of graphene increased greatly the tensile strength, stiffness, and failure strain of the
nanolayered composites, the strength and modulus of the composite sample increased by 86%
and 104.6% in comparison to control volume. He also revealed new insights into the tensile
behavior of newly developed composite material MGNLCs, and these insights can be
considered in their design and synthesis.
Krishna et al., [9], discussed an innovative way for multiple strengthening using metal-
metal composites. They fabricated MMCs by reinforcing High Strength Alloy Particulates
(HSA(P)) in A356 matrix using the stir casting method after which it was processed using
direct hot extrusion. It was found that with an increase in reinforcement content came a
resultant decrease in the particle size due to increased casting times used. It was also found
that the reinforcements decreased the resistivity and increased the hardness of the composite.
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Niraj et al., [19], discussed Tribological behavior of Magnesium MMCs reinforced with
fly ash cenosphere. They reviewed the frictional behavior and wear of magnesium MMCs
when they were reinforced with various kinds of reinforcements. They found that significant
refining of the surrounding metal alloy by the fly ash cenospheres in AZ91D-fly ash
composites produced by die casting. They found that with increase in percentages of fly ash
came a decrease in the density of the composites and an increase in the hardness of the
composites.
Chu et al., [3], investigated the thermal properties of graphene/metal composites with
aligned graphene. They found that graphene has excellent thermal properties leading to great
potentials for applications in thermal management systems. Graphic Nanosheet/Copper
composite was prepared by vacuum filtration techniques and they found that the GNSs were
highly aligned with well-packed laminated structure, good structural integrity and well-
bonded interface.
Liu et al., [16], discussed the influence of particles size and its distribution on the degree
of stress concentration in particulate reinforced MMCs. They worked on Particulate
Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (PRMMCs) and investigated the degree of stress
concentration by FEA methods and they found that the PRMMCs reinforced with irregular
particles bears more load than those reinforced with spherical ones and the stress
concentration in the matrix is reduced with decrease of the particle size.
Jarz, [14], discussed the impact of weak interfacial bonding strength on mechanical
properties of metal matrix – Ceramic reinforced composites. They prepared Ni-SiC
composites with 10% of SiC and they found that the pure nanocrystalline nickel is stronger
than the Ni-SiC composite prepared.
Isaza et al., [13], evaluated the reinforcement of MMCs with carbon nanotubes using an
alternative technique. The Sandwich technique, a new manufacturing process for producing
MMCs reinforced with carbon nanotubes has been developed and the MMCs produced
comprised a metal matrix and banded structured-layers of multiwall carbon nanotubes
(MWCNTS). They worked on using the sandwich technique to reinforce magnesium sheets
with MWCNTs and tested the composites to validate the method as a tool for producing the
MWCNTs without evidence of damage. They observed an increase in the tensile mechanical
properties of the composites as a result of addition of the MWCNTs.
Shiva, [25], discussed the mechanical and wear behavior of ZA-27/SiC/Gr hybrid MMCs.
He worked on producing the ZA-27 alloy and hybrid composite reinforced with 1.5 wt% of
silicon carbide (Sic) and 0.5 wt% of graphite (Gr) using the ultrasonic assisted stir casting
method and carried out tests to check the mechanical properties of the MMCs formed. He
found that the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites increased while the wear
volume decreased compared to the ZA-27 alloy.
Dileep et al., [8], discussed the corrosive and mechanical behavior of Al-Ni-Sic MMCs
which have been manufactured through P.M. (Powder Metallurgy). He tried to develop the
corrosive and mechanical resistivity of aluminum by reinforcing it with Silicon Carbide (SiC)
and nickel (Ni) using P.M. technique to create the Al-Ni-SiC MMC and tested the mechanical
and corrosion behaviors of the composite. He found that the composite’s properties varied
with the various percentages of the SiC and Ni present in the MMC. The quantity of SiC in
the composite is directly proportional to the degree of hardness and wear resistance of the
composite sample and also inversely proportional to its resistance to corrosion.
Ozerov et al., [20], talked about the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties
of Ti/TiB metal-matrix composite during isothermal multiaxial forging.
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Su et al., (2014) discussed composite structure modeling and mechanical behavior of
particle reinforced MMCs. They investigated the relationship between the composite structure
and mechanical behavior of silicon carbide (SiC) particle reinforced aluminum matrix
composites. Upon various tests using the 3d software, it was discovered that the volume
fraction of SiC particles showed significant improvement to the mechanical behavior of the
MMC as regards the tensile properties.
Cong & Lee, [4], studied the mechanical behavior of BNNT-reinforced aluminum
composites using molecular dynamics simulations. Several molecular dynamics simulations
were implemented to investigate the tensile mechanical behaviors of BNNT-Al composite and
they found that increasing the volume fractions lead to an increase in mechanical strength.
Dattoma et al., (2018) discussed mechanical behavior of composite material in presence of
wrinkles. Composites having an artificial wrinkle are tested using open hole compression and
open hole tension configuration. They determined the failure mechanism and knockdown of
ultimate strength of the CFRP MMC.
From these reviews, it is seen that there is a general agreement for the positive nature of
composite materials in respect to their properties, especially those of strength to weight where
most materials experience an improvement in their strength and hardness with a reduction in
density. These properties can be assumed to be derived from the physically positioning,
orientation, shape and overall geometrical makeup of the particles embedded in the base
material. These particles which have been named appropriately as, “reinforcement”, reinforce
the base materials through various means, depending on the materials involved and the
strength of bonding. This paper’s aim is to go through the possible behaviors of the particles
that makes this phenomenon possible.
4. MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITES
To understand the mechanical behavior of composites in materials, we must understand
deeply, what a composite is composed of, and what makes its composition work together to
give such properties.
4.1. Reinforcement Behavior
The behavior of reinforcement materials varies from material to material as each material
possess a particular particle arrangement that reinforces its physical behavior. The mix and
match nature of composites allows metal in this case, to associate itself with certain properties
by “reinforcement” from the second phases’ physical behavior due to geometry. The main
geometric properties that cause the behavior of this materials include:
4.1.1. The Concentration
The material density is of great importance as a higher density means that per volume of
material dictates more weight per molecule or number of molecules. The molecules more
molecules or particles in the system, the tighter the fit: more particles tend to close vacancies
and make the material super tight.
4.1.2. The Orientation
The isotropy of the system is affected by this phase. If the particles of the reinforcement phase
have the same shape and dimensions in all directions, that means there would be a
homogenous or uniform distribution throughout the material. If the phase is not similar
throughout, then the new material formed (the composite) will have an irregular pattern. The
placement of various particles in the pattern determine the strength of bonds and such in that
material.
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4.1.3. The Shape
There are approximate descriptions for particles based on shapes: for the powder form of
reinforcement, their shapes are seen as spheres; and for the fiber forms of reinforcements,
their shapes are seen cylinders. The texture of the composite is determined by the distribution
and sizes of these properties.
(All properties from Miroslava Klárová. [18], Composite materials, 43.)
The reinforcement phases are most of the time separated based on their geometry as well
based on the similarities of the three base properties above, into these:
4.1.4. Particulate Reinforcement
The particles in composites are used not only to reinforce the mechanical properties of the
material, but also various properties such as: electrical conductivity, resistivity, heat resistance
etc. in most cases ceramic reinforcements are used. The particles in the matrix are meant to be
distributed uniformly.
4.1.5. Dispersion Reinforced Composites
Dispersion reinforced composites are similar to precipitation -reinforced metal alloys except
they have better properties than the former at low temperatures but coagulate at high
temperatures. The dispersion reinforced composites are made independent with respect to the
effects of temperature. When evenly distributed in the matrix, this group effectively removes
the action of movement of dislocations and in turn limits the plastic deformation of the
composite.
4.1.6. Particle Reinforced Composites
The optimal particles are in a few micrometers. The amount in a matric should be around 25%
and not more than 50% so that the reinforcement is noticeable, where large particles can no
longer prevent dislocations, so therefore, act as load bearings from the matrix.
4.1.7. Composites with Hollow Particles
Where the density of the particles adds up extensively to the density of the composite, which
is not wanted, hollow spheres are used instead of full spheres. These are often made of glass.
4.1.8. Fiber Reinforcement
Fiber materials are usually very strong due to their cross section. With decreasing cross
section, the strength of the fiber increases. They are of various kinds varying from natural
fibers like aloe vera.
(All types from Miroslava Klárová. [18], Composite materials, 43.)
4.2. RESULTING BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITES DUE TO VARYING
PROPERTIES
MMCs get their properties from a mixture of various properties, when their properties are
gotten from the physical properties of the geometry of their particles are relates to vacancies,
dislocations, grains and so on. A strong material has a particular arrangement of its particles
that make the particles hard to move and a minimal number of dislocations, when reinforced
with a secondary phase, displays new behavior due to the physical interaction between the
physical particles involved with changes in no of dislocations and orientation of particles.
Common properties involved in observing the mechanical behaviors of materials include:
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4.2.1. Hardness
Hardness of the composite depends on reinforcement of particulate reinforcements with low
aspect ratio. It was investigated that the value of hardness of the Aluminum composites
reinforced with fixed amount (10%) of SiC particles and different fraction of mica particles.
And after the experiment result shows maximum hardness is gotten from 3% mica particles
and after that the value of hardness goes on decreasing. Hardness and strength of a composite
is very good for machining characteristics. The hardness value of hybrid aluminum-based
composite with reinforced SiC and particles of graphite increased up to 2.5wt% content for
both reinforcing materials and then decreased. If hardness increases this may be due to the
presence of hard ceramic particles and a decrease in hardness maybe due to soft graphite
reinforcement particles [6].
4.2.2. Fracture Toughness
In composite material fracture toughness is a property which describes the ability of a
material with crack to resist failure, and it is particularly one of the most vital material
properties for many designs. Particle cracking, particle de-bonding or interfacial cracking are
some factors that lead to failure. Ceramics particles are hard and brittle. Metallic composites
possess poor fracture toughness when reinforced with hard ceramics [8][6]
4.2.3. Tensile Strength
They are two types of strengthening mechanism i.e. direct strengthening and indirect
strengthening. Direct strengthening is gotten from addition of hard and stiff reinforcement in
the soft matrix. This hard reinforcement in the matrix caused the load applied to be transferred
from the matrix itself to the reinforcement, this caused increased the resistance of composite
to deform plastically during loading externally [19][6].
The main purpose for indirect strengthening was due to high thermal mis-match between
higher coefficient of thermal expansion and particles that have lower coefficient of thermal
expansion and the reinforcing particles having lower CTE during the cooling and
solidification. As the temperature changes, it generates the thermal stresses in the composite
that lead to the formation of dislocations at the matrix/reinforcement interface. This increase
in the dislocation density delivers a development in the strength of the composite [6].
5. CONCLUSION
The mixture of various metal matrices and the multitude of reinforcements has created a large
table of useable materials for various purposes based on their given properties to create a
desired effect. The effects of these materials are due to the permutation and combination of all
materials. The mechanical behavior of the MMCs has been found to be greatly improved
compared to their base alloys. In the case of hardness, it was found that the inclusion of
composites in the metal matrix increased its hardness up to a certain weight % of composite,
after which a reduction of hardness occurred. In the case of fracture toughness, the inclusion
of composites results in a material that has relatively lower fracture toughness than the base
alloy due to the increase in its hardness. In terms of tensile strength addition of composite
leads to an increase in ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the material.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors appreciate the management of covenant university for their sponsorship
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