1) The document describes simulating a beam under three-point bending using ANSYS Workbench. It provides the geometry, material properties, and applied force for the beam.
2) Symmetries are taken into account by modeling only half of the beam and applying the appropriate boundary conditions to fix rigid body movements and give equivalent displacement results.
3) The pre-processing steps of defining geometry, material properties, meshing, and applying loads and boundary conditions are described to set up the finite element model in ANSYS Workbench.
This document contains summaries of 10 ANSYS tutorials that demonstrate various types of finite element analysis simulations. The first example is a 2D static stress analysis of a flat plate with three holes to examine stress concentrations. Key steps include selecting elements, defining material properties, creating the model geometry, meshing, applying boundary conditions of fixing one edge and applying pressure to the other, and solving to obtain a contour plot of stress results. The second example performs a similar 3D static stress analysis of a large block with a point load and fixed bottom to examine stresses, using brick elements and applying displacements and forces as boundary conditions.
- A normal modes analysis was performed on a finite element model of a clamping set to determine its vibration mode shapes. The model was imported into HyperMesh and material properties and constraints were applied.
- An eigenvalue extraction was specified to calculate the first 6 modes. The results were viewed in HyperView and showed the component deforming in different patterns for each mode.
This document contains summaries of 10 ANSYS tutorials that demonstrate various types of finite element analysis simulations. The first example is a 2D static stress analysis of a flat plate with three holes to examine stress concentrations. Key steps include selecting elements, defining material properties, creating the model geometry, meshing, applying boundary conditions of fixing one edge and applying pressure to the other, and solving to obtain a contour plot of stress results. The second example performs a similar 3D static stress analysis of a large block with a point load and fixed bottom to examine stresses, using brick elements and applying displacements and forces as boundary conditions.
- A normal modes analysis was performed on a finite element model of a clamping set to determine its vibration mode shapes. The model was imported into HyperMesh and material properties and constraints were applied.
- An eigenvalue extraction was specified to calculate the first 6 modes. The results were viewed in HyperView and showed the component deforming in different patterns for each mode.
My mini project to be submitted to Dr. Israd Hakim Jaafar.
This is my elective course taken in my 1st semester of final year.
Hope this will allow me to work with Oil and Gas company soon
The document provides an overview of the Applied Biomedical Engineering AMME4981 course. It discusses the learning objectives, syllabus, assessment, and project-based learning approach. The tentative project involves designing a hip replacement to be analyzed using finite element modeling software like ANSYS. An overview of modeling techniques like CT-based modeling and commercial software is also provided.
CONCEPT OF FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING FOR TRUSSES AND BEAMS USING ABAQUSIAEME Publication
Abaqus is one of the powerful engineering software programs which are based on the finite element method. The Abaqus can solve wide range of pr oblems from linear to nonlinear analyses. Abaqus is widely used in many sectors like automotive and mechanical industries for design and development of FEM products. The finite element method is a numerical technique for finding approximate solutions for d ifferential and integral equations. The finite element word was coined by Clough in 1960. In 1960s, engineers used the method for solving the problems in stress analysis, strain analysis, heat and fluid transfer, and other region. Abaqus CAE can provide a simple creating model, submitting the modal, monitoring, and evaluating result and then can also compare with theoretical calculation.
The document presents a modal analysis of a tungsten cantilever beam using ANSYS and SolidWorks software. The beam is modeled and meshed in both programs. Modal analyses are performed to calculate the first five natural frequencies and mode shapes. The results show good agreement between the two programs. ANSYS generates a more refined mesh. The study calculates stress on the beam under a load and determines a safety factor of 3.836, indicating the design can withstand over 3 times the intended load before failure.
1. The document describes the steps to simulate a 2.4 GHz patch antenna using ADS Momentum software. It involves defining substrate properties, drawing the antenna geometry, setting up excitations and mesh, running simulations to obtain S-parameters, and visualizing current distribution and radiation patterns.
2. Key steps include defining a 60 mil thick RO4003 substrate, drawing the patch and feeding microstrip line, simulating S-parameters using an adaptive sweep from 1-3 GHz, and visualizing the current distribution and 3D radiation pattern at the resonant frequency of 2.395 GHz.
3. The tutorial demonstrates how to set up simulations, examine results like S11, and visualize physical quantities like surface currents and
1. A plane frame structure was modeled in GSA Suite software and analyzed under full factored loading. Bending moment diagrams were generated which identified maximum and minimum bending moments.
2. Hand calculations were shown to determine the global stiffness matrix partitions for the frame based on its degrees of freedom. The local stiffness matrix for a member was transformed to the global matrix.
3. Further analysis of the bending moment diagrams identified the locations of zero bending moments. For linear members, graphs were plotted and linear equations solved. Members with parabolic bending followed a quadratic equation to find two zero points.
The document describes the configuration options in the first chapter of the ETABS software manual. It explains how to set up the units of measurement for input and output data, configure the material properties for concrete, steel, wood and masonry, and define static, dynamic and accidental load cases. The materials section provides calculations for determining the properties of concrete and reinforcing steel based on codes such as ACI 318 and AISC 360.
This document provides a 26-step tutorial for simulating a 2.4 GHz patch antenna using ADS Momentum software. The steps include defining substrate properties, drawing the patch and feedline geometry, setting simulation parameters such as mesh and ports, running an S-parameter simulation, and visualizing current distribution and far-field radiation patterns. Increasing the mesh resolution from 30 to 70 cells per wavelength improves the S11 response and allows simulation of surface currents at the resonant frequency of 2.395 GHz. The tutorial demonstrates the full simulation workflow from design to characterization of antenna performance.
Engineering System Modelling and Simulation LabVishal Singh
The document provides details about conducting various structural analysis simulations using ANSYS. It begins with an introduction to the basic functionalities of ANSYS structural modules for preprocessing, simulation, and postprocessing. It then presents the steps taken to analyze 7 different engineering problems using ANSYS, including a solid undergoing thermal expansion and mechanical loading, a cantilever beam under stress, a plate with a hole under increasing stress, a truss structure under load, a bar with varying diameter under load, and a mechanical switch interaction. For each problem, the document outlines the geometry creation, meshing, boundary conditions, and results obtained from the ANSYS simulation.
COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING OF FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICAT...IAEME Publication
Modals with complicated geometry, complex loads and boundary condition are difficult to analyse and evaluate in the terms of strain, stress, displacement and reaction forces by using theoretical methods. A given modal can be analysed by using Finite Element Method easily with the help of computer software ABAQUS CAE and can get approximate solutions. This report is about modelling two dimensional and three dimensional analyses with the ABAQUS CAE for plane stress, plane strain, shell, and beam and 3d solid modal elements.
This document provides a tutorial for modeling and analyzing a G+10 reinforced concrete building using the structural analysis software ETABS. It outlines the step-by-step process for creating an ETABS model, including defining materials, sections, geometry, loads, supports, and running the analysis. It also describes how to display and interpret the results tabularly and graphically. The tutorial uses the architectural plans and specifications of the example G+10 building to demonstrate modeling the building, assigning properties, meshing, applying loads, and checking the model before running the analysis in ETABS.
This document provides an overview of analysis methods and the finite element analysis (FEA) process using ANSYS software. It describes the benefits of analysis and the typical product design cycle. It also summarizes the main analysis methods including analytical, numerical using finite element method (FEM), and experimental testing. The document outlines the basic steps of FEA using FEM including creating the model geometry, meshing, applying loads and boundary conditions, solving, and reviewing results.
check it out: http://goo.gl/vqNk7m
CADmantra Technologies pvt. Ltd. is a CAD Training institute specilized in producing quality and high standard education and training. We are providing a perfact institute for the students intersted in CAD courses CADmantra is established by a group of engineers to devlop good training system in the field of CAD/CAM/CAE, these courses are widely accepted worldwide.
#catiatraining
#ANSYS #CRE-O
#hypermesh
#Automobileworkshops
#enginedevelopment
#autocad
#sketching
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the stresses in a flywheel design using finite element analysis. It describes modeling a Maruti 800 flywheel in CATIA and analyzing it in ANSYS. Two materials were considered - gray cast iron and S-glass epoxy. The flywheel was meshed and appropriate boundary conditions were applied. The results found the maximum normal stress to be 44.07 MPa for gray cast iron and 11.54 MPa for S-glass epoxy. The study demonstrated using FEA to optimize flywheel design and select suitable materials.
The document summarizes the results of a static simulation analysis conducted on a new wind turbine profile model with shear webs. The maximum von Mises stress was found to be 3.11583e+007 N/m^2 and the maximum resultant displacement was 4916.33 mm. Introducing shear webs to the model reduced the resultant displacement by 10% compared to a model without shear webs, demonstrating their reinforcing effect against flexural loads. Further analytical validation of the study results is required.
The document summarizes the results of a static simulation analysis conducted on a new wind turbine profile model with shear webs. The maximum von Mises stress was found to be 3.11583e+007 N/m^2 and the maximum resultant displacement was 4916.33 mm. Introducing shear webs reduced the resultant displacement by 10% compared to a model without shear webs, providing reinforcement against flexural loads. However, further analytical validation of the study results is required.
The document provides details on simulating a 2004 Toyota Prius permanent magnet motor using Ansoft Maxwell 3D. It describes creating the 3D geometry of the motor components like the stator, rotor, magnets and windings. It also discusses defining the material properties of the magnets and steel, applying master-slave boundary conditions, and performing static and transient simulations and post-processing to analyze performance.
My mini project to be submitted to Dr. Israd Hakim Jaafar.
This is my elective course taken in my 1st semester of final year.
Hope this will allow me to work with Oil and Gas company soon
The document provides an overview of the Applied Biomedical Engineering AMME4981 course. It discusses the learning objectives, syllabus, assessment, and project-based learning approach. The tentative project involves designing a hip replacement to be analyzed using finite element modeling software like ANSYS. An overview of modeling techniques like CT-based modeling and commercial software is also provided.
CONCEPT OF FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING FOR TRUSSES AND BEAMS USING ABAQUSIAEME Publication
Abaqus is one of the powerful engineering software programs which are based on the finite element method. The Abaqus can solve wide range of pr oblems from linear to nonlinear analyses. Abaqus is widely used in many sectors like automotive and mechanical industries for design and development of FEM products. The finite element method is a numerical technique for finding approximate solutions for d ifferential and integral equations. The finite element word was coined by Clough in 1960. In 1960s, engineers used the method for solving the problems in stress analysis, strain analysis, heat and fluid transfer, and other region. Abaqus CAE can provide a simple creating model, submitting the modal, monitoring, and evaluating result and then can also compare with theoretical calculation.
The document presents a modal analysis of a tungsten cantilever beam using ANSYS and SolidWorks software. The beam is modeled and meshed in both programs. Modal analyses are performed to calculate the first five natural frequencies and mode shapes. The results show good agreement between the two programs. ANSYS generates a more refined mesh. The study calculates stress on the beam under a load and determines a safety factor of 3.836, indicating the design can withstand over 3 times the intended load before failure.
1. The document describes the steps to simulate a 2.4 GHz patch antenna using ADS Momentum software. It involves defining substrate properties, drawing the antenna geometry, setting up excitations and mesh, running simulations to obtain S-parameters, and visualizing current distribution and radiation patterns.
2. Key steps include defining a 60 mil thick RO4003 substrate, drawing the patch and feeding microstrip line, simulating S-parameters using an adaptive sweep from 1-3 GHz, and visualizing the current distribution and 3D radiation pattern at the resonant frequency of 2.395 GHz.
3. The tutorial demonstrates how to set up simulations, examine results like S11, and visualize physical quantities like surface currents and
1. A plane frame structure was modeled in GSA Suite software and analyzed under full factored loading. Bending moment diagrams were generated which identified maximum and minimum bending moments.
2. Hand calculations were shown to determine the global stiffness matrix partitions for the frame based on its degrees of freedom. The local stiffness matrix for a member was transformed to the global matrix.
3. Further analysis of the bending moment diagrams identified the locations of zero bending moments. For linear members, graphs were plotted and linear equations solved. Members with parabolic bending followed a quadratic equation to find two zero points.
The document describes the configuration options in the first chapter of the ETABS software manual. It explains how to set up the units of measurement for input and output data, configure the material properties for concrete, steel, wood and masonry, and define static, dynamic and accidental load cases. The materials section provides calculations for determining the properties of concrete and reinforcing steel based on codes such as ACI 318 and AISC 360.
This document provides a 26-step tutorial for simulating a 2.4 GHz patch antenna using ADS Momentum software. The steps include defining substrate properties, drawing the patch and feedline geometry, setting simulation parameters such as mesh and ports, running an S-parameter simulation, and visualizing current distribution and far-field radiation patterns. Increasing the mesh resolution from 30 to 70 cells per wavelength improves the S11 response and allows simulation of surface currents at the resonant frequency of 2.395 GHz. The tutorial demonstrates the full simulation workflow from design to characterization of antenna performance.
Engineering System Modelling and Simulation LabVishal Singh
The document provides details about conducting various structural analysis simulations using ANSYS. It begins with an introduction to the basic functionalities of ANSYS structural modules for preprocessing, simulation, and postprocessing. It then presents the steps taken to analyze 7 different engineering problems using ANSYS, including a solid undergoing thermal expansion and mechanical loading, a cantilever beam under stress, a plate with a hole under increasing stress, a truss structure under load, a bar with varying diameter under load, and a mechanical switch interaction. For each problem, the document outlines the geometry creation, meshing, boundary conditions, and results obtained from the ANSYS simulation.
COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING OF FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICAT...IAEME Publication
Modals with complicated geometry, complex loads and boundary condition are difficult to analyse and evaluate in the terms of strain, stress, displacement and reaction forces by using theoretical methods. A given modal can be analysed by using Finite Element Method easily with the help of computer software ABAQUS CAE and can get approximate solutions. This report is about modelling two dimensional and three dimensional analyses with the ABAQUS CAE for plane stress, plane strain, shell, and beam and 3d solid modal elements.
This document provides a tutorial for modeling and analyzing a G+10 reinforced concrete building using the structural analysis software ETABS. It outlines the step-by-step process for creating an ETABS model, including defining materials, sections, geometry, loads, supports, and running the analysis. It also describes how to display and interpret the results tabularly and graphically. The tutorial uses the architectural plans and specifications of the example G+10 building to demonstrate modeling the building, assigning properties, meshing, applying loads, and checking the model before running the analysis in ETABS.
This document provides an overview of analysis methods and the finite element analysis (FEA) process using ANSYS software. It describes the benefits of analysis and the typical product design cycle. It also summarizes the main analysis methods including analytical, numerical using finite element method (FEM), and experimental testing. The document outlines the basic steps of FEA using FEM including creating the model geometry, meshing, applying loads and boundary conditions, solving, and reviewing results.
check it out: http://goo.gl/vqNk7m
CADmantra Technologies pvt. Ltd. is a CAD Training institute specilized in producing quality and high standard education and training. We are providing a perfact institute for the students intersted in CAD courses CADmantra is established by a group of engineers to devlop good training system in the field of CAD/CAM/CAE, these courses are widely accepted worldwide.
#catiatraining
#ANSYS #CRE-O
#hypermesh
#Automobileworkshops
#enginedevelopment
#autocad
#sketching
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the stresses in a flywheel design using finite element analysis. It describes modeling a Maruti 800 flywheel in CATIA and analyzing it in ANSYS. Two materials were considered - gray cast iron and S-glass epoxy. The flywheel was meshed and appropriate boundary conditions were applied. The results found the maximum normal stress to be 44.07 MPa for gray cast iron and 11.54 MPa for S-glass epoxy. The study demonstrated using FEA to optimize flywheel design and select suitable materials.
The document summarizes the results of a static simulation analysis conducted on a new wind turbine profile model with shear webs. The maximum von Mises stress was found to be 3.11583e+007 N/m^2 and the maximum resultant displacement was 4916.33 mm. Introducing shear webs to the model reduced the resultant displacement by 10% compared to a model without shear webs, demonstrating their reinforcing effect against flexural loads. Further analytical validation of the study results is required.
The document summarizes the results of a static simulation analysis conducted on a new wind turbine profile model with shear webs. The maximum von Mises stress was found to be 3.11583e+007 N/m^2 and the maximum resultant displacement was 4916.33 mm. Introducing shear webs reduced the resultant displacement by 10% compared to a model without shear webs, providing reinforcement against flexural loads. However, further analytical validation of the study results is required.
The document provides details on simulating a 2004 Toyota Prius permanent magnet motor using Ansoft Maxwell 3D. It describes creating the 3D geometry of the motor components like the stator, rotor, magnets and windings. It also discusses defining the material properties of the magnets and steel, applying master-slave boundary conditions, and performing static and transient simulations and post-processing to analyze performance.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
ISPM 15 Heat Treated Wood Stamps and why your shipping must have one
Exercise 1 three point bending using ansys workbench
1. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 1 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
Exercise 1: Three Point Bending Using
ANSYS Workbench
Contents
Goals.............................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Beam under 3-Pt Bending..................................................................................................................................... 2
Taking advantage of symmetries........................................................................................................................ 3
Starting and Configuring ANSYS Workbench................................................................................................ 4
A. Pre-Processing: Setting up the Model..................................................................................................... 6
A.1 Defining the Geometry......................................................................................................................... 6
A.2 Material Properties ................................................................................................................................ 7
A.3 Material Properties Assignment ....................................................................................................... 8
A.4 Meshing..................................................................................................................................................... 8
A.5 Applying Loads and Boundary Conditions.................................................................................10
B. Solving...............................................................................................................................................................11
C. Post-Processing: Evaluating the Solution.............................................................................................11
C.1 Specifying Result Items......................................................................................................................11
C.2 Total Deformation................................................................................................................................12
C.3 Visualizing Stresses & Strains..........................................................................................................13
D. Bonus Task: Parameterization & Optimization ..................................................................................15
D.1 Parameterizing the Beam Geometry.............................................................................................15
D.2 Output Parameters ..............................................................................................................................17
D.3 Optimization ..........................................................................................................................................18
Goals
This exercise will teach you how to perform a simple, yet complete, finite element analysis (FEA)
consisting of pre-processing, solving the FE model and subsequent post-processing using the
static structural module of ANSYS Workbench.
2. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 2 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
Beam under 3-Pt Bending
We want to simulate a beam under three point bending with a force F applied at the center as
shown in Figure 1.
F
L
t
h
w
Figure 1: Beam under three point bending
The following geometry and material data are required to model our problem:
F
L
h
t
E
ν
σyield
= 500,000 N
= 2,000 mm
= 60 mm
= 20 mm
= 210,000 N/mm2
= 0.3
= 235 N/mm2
Applied force
Length of the beam
Height of the beam cross section
Thickness of the beam cross section
Young’s modulus
Poisson’s ration
Allowable stress: yield stress of steel
Table 1: Geometry and material data.
Questions
With respect to this classic two-dimensional mechanical problem, we can state two questions:
1. Will the beam break? Where would it fail?
2. Assuming that it will not fail, what would be the maximum deflection w?
3. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 3 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
Taking advantage of symmetries
Can we take advantage of symmetries? Please, draw a simplified beam model, which takes
advantage of potential symmetries (Figure 2).
Choose appropriate boundary conditions for the simplified beam such that
• you would get the same displacement results than for the 3-pt bending
• all rigid body movements are fixed.
Figure 2: Space for drawing a simplified beam model taking advantage of symmetries.
This is the system that we now want to simulate using ANSYS.
4. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 4 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
Starting and Configuring ANSYS Workbench
First, log in using your credentials. From the Windows start menu select and run ANSYS Work-
bench (Figure 3), opening up ANSYS Workbench’s project view (Figure 4).
Figure 3: Starting ANSYS Workbench
Important: Please make sure to choose the right license type. After you have launched Work-
bench go to Tools → License Preferences and make sure that ANSYS Academic Teach Ad-
vanced is the default (i.e.: top-most) license option (Figure 5). Otherwise, use the Move up and
Move down buttons to correct and finally Apply the settings.
Do not choose “ANSYS Academic Research” as the default license!
5. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 5 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
Figure 4: A new (and yet empty) ANSYS Workbench session
Figure 5: Configuring the license settings
The Toolbox contains pre-config-
ured analysis systems, which form
the building blocks of each Work-
bench project.
The project schematic visual-
izes the work- and data-flow
between the different project
components and modules.
6. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 6 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
A. Pre-Processing: Setting up the Model
Before building the actual model, you need to create a new static-structural FE analysis by
dragging and dropping the Static Structural analysis system onto the empty project schematic
(Figure 6).
Figure 6: Creating a new static structural analysis system
A.1 Defining the Geometry
In the newly created analysis system, double click the Geometry cell to start up the Design-
Modeler module; choose the desired units.
Create the solid beam by choosing (from the main menu) Create → Primitives → Box. Use the
Details pane to specify the desired dimensions of the new primitive.
Please ensure that the origin of the coordinate system is located on the plane and at the center
of the cross section of the beam. The beam’s long axis must be oriented along the global x-
axis (Figure 7).
7. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 7 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
Figure 7: The beam in DesignModeler
A.2 Material Properties
Material models define the mechanical behavior of the components of the FE model. We will
use a simple linear-elastic and isotropic material model to represent the behavior of our steel
beam.
In your static structural analysis system in the Workbench project view, double click the Engi-
neering Data cell. This opens up a window titled Outline of Schematic A2: Engineering Data.
“Structural steel” is the default material and is always predefined. Click the row beneath (where
it says “Click here to add a new material”) and enter any name for your new material.
In the Toolbox to the left, expand the Linear Elastic node and drag and drop Isotropic Elas-
ticity onto the Material column of your material (Figure 8).
Enter the appropriate values into the Properties window (Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio),
before clicking Return to Project.
8. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 8 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
Figure 8: Defining a new linear-elastic material
A.3 Material Properties Assignment
In the project view, double click the Model cell to launch the Mechanical module. Your geom-
etry should be imported automatically.
Make sure that the correct material model is assigned: In the Mechanical module’s Outline
pane (to the left) select the solid body representing the beam (under the Geometry node).
Then select the material in the Details pane (Details → Material → Assignment).
A.4 Meshing
The next pre-processing step is concerned with discretizing the continuous solid body geom-
etry, also known as meshing.
The outline tree view also contains a node called Mesh with a little yellow flash symbol. Right
click on Mesh and select Insert → Mapped Face Meshing from the context menu (Figure 9).
Select all 6 faces of the beam and click Scope → Geometry → Apply in the details pane of the
Mapped Face Meshing node.
In the same way, add a Sizing sub-node to the Mesh node. This time, select the whole body
and again apply your selection. In the Details pane of the (Body) Sizing node, select Definition
→ Type → Element Size and set the element size to 15 mm. In the Outline, right click on Mesh
→ Generate Mesh. The result should resemble Figure 10.
9. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 9 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
Figure 9: Adding a meshing method
Figure 10: Meshed beam in ANSYS Mechanical (536 elements)
10. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 10 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
A.5 Applying Loads and Boundary Conditions
We now have to apply the loads and boundary conditions in such a way that the FE model
represents our ideas from Figure 2.
We therefore fix all degrees of freedom of one end. In the Outline right click on the Static
Structural (A5) node and select Insert → Fixed Support from the context menu. Select an
appropriate face of your solid body to be fixed.
Next, we need to apply the force to the other end of the beam. Again, right click on the Static
Structural (A5) node, but this time Insert → Force. Select the correct face and apply a force
of the appropriate magnitude and direction. The result should resemble Figure 11.
Figure 11: The model after applying loads and boundary conditions
11. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 11 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
B. Solving
Because this is a simple linear problem, we do not need to modify the solver options manually
(Analysis Settings in the Outline). Instead, simply right click on the Static Structural (A5)
node and select Solve. This will bring up a status window, which should disappear again after
a few seconds of computing.
C. Post-Processing: Evaluating the Solution
The primary results of an FEA are nodal displacements. Strains and stresses are computed on
demand as a post-processing step based on the determined displacement field.
C.1 Specifying Result Items
Up until now, ANSYS only offers the solver log under Solution (A6) → Solution Information.
To visualize the results we are interested in, add the following Items to the Solution (A6) node
(Figure 12):
- Total Deformation
- Normal Elastic Strain (in the beams axial direction)
- Normal Stress (in the beams axial direction)
- Equivalent (von Mises) Stress
Right click on Solution (A6) and select Evaluate All Results.
Figure 12: Analysis outline with added post-processing items
12. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 12 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
C.2 Total Deformation
When performing FE analyses, it is always wise to first perform some plausibility checking. Cre-
ate a contour plot of the total deformation (Figure 13).
Figure 13: (Scaled) contour plot of the total displacements.
The predicted displacements seem to be totally fine at first glance. On closer look the maximum
total displacement is more than 1000 mm, according to the scale to the left!
The issue with this plot is that by default ANSYS automatically scales the displayed defor-
mations so that they are “easily visible.” For very small displacements this behavior is totally
fine, as they wouldn’t be visible at all otherwise. In our case, however, this setting is deceptive.
Changing the scaling factor to 1.0 (Results toolbar) yields a completely different picture, mak-
ing it crystal clear that something has gone wrong – awfully wrong:
Figure 14: (Unscaled) contour plot of the total displacements
13. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 13 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
The reason for this huge displacement is that in Table 1, we (deliberately) assumed a much too
high force. If we correct the force to be = 5000 N instead, we get the following (unscaled)
deformation plot:
Figure 15: (Unscaled) contour plot of the total deformations after applying the correct load
C.3 Visualizing Stresses & Strains
Now that we have corrected our model, we can try to answer the question, whether the beam
will be able to resist the given load or if it will fail. For that, create contour plots of the compo-
nent strain and stress along the x-axis to investigate tensile and compressive stresses (Figure
16, Figure 17). For ductile materials like steel, the von Mises yield criterion can be used to
predict, whether the material is likely to deform plastically. We therefore also plot the von Mises
(equivalent) stresses (Figure 18).
Figure 16: Elastic normal strain along x
Figure 17: Elastic normal stress along x
14. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 14 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
Figure 18: Von Mises stress
Answering the Questions:
1. Will the beam break? If so, where would it fail?
With the corrected force (F = 5,000 N) the beam will not break. The maximal predicted
von Mises stress reaches values of ≈ 220 N/mm , and thus less than the ultimate
yield stress of = 235 N/mm . That means the failure criterion > is not
fulfilled. The difference between the two values however is small ( reaches 94 % of
). Many technical applications require a safety factor (SF) of 2.0 or higher. In our
example, the safety factor SF = / is much smaller.
The critical region where we would expect the beam to start failing is located at the left
end of the half beam, at the location of maximum stresses. For the full length beam
the critical region would therefore be located in the middle of the beam where the force
was applied.
2. Assuming that it would not fail, what would be the maximum deflection w?
We predicted a maximum deflection of w = 11 mm appearing at the free end (right
side) of the simplified half model. The full length beam under three point bending will
show a maximum deflection of the same amount in the middle.
15. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 15 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
D. Bonus Task: Parameterization & Optimization
Given that we trust the predictions of our model, we now know that the beam can hardly handle
the desired load without safety issues. Thus, one might be interested in how the beam has to
be changed to meet the safety factor goal of 2.0. In this optional task, we are therefore now
going to optimize the thickness of the beam such that we achieve a SF ≥ 2.0 while using a
minimum amount of material, as we don’t want to waste expensive steel. This is typical example
for a constrained optimization problem.
D.1 Parameterizing the Beam Geometry
First, we have to define the input parameters that the optimization procedure shall optimize
later on. For the sake of simplicity, we will only optimize a single parameter, the beam’s thick-
ness.
Open the DesignModeler and select the beam primitive from the Tree Outline. In the Details
View click the empty box next to the FD8, Diagonal Z Component entry (or whatever com-
ponent you chose to use as the thickness of the beam); a blue D should now appear inside the
box (Figure 19). Then enter an appropriate parameter name into the dialog window and click
OK.
Figure 19: Defining the thickness as a design parameter
As we want the origin to always be located at the center of the cross section, we also need to
parameterize FD5, Point 1 Z Coordinate (i.e. the coordinates of the first corner of the box
primitive). We will make this a derived parameter (i.e. dependent on BeamThickness) in the next
step. For now, perform the same steps as before and call this new parameter something like
“BeamZOffset.”
Back in the Project View, you will notice that there appeared an additional Parameter Set
block right beneath the Static Structural analysis system. Notice how there is only one arrow
going from the Parameter Set to the analysis system; this means that we have defined input
parameters so far.
16. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 16 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
Figure 20: Project View after adding our two input parameters
Double click on the Parameter Set block to edit the parameter properties. As BeamZOffset
should always be −
!"# $$
enter a corresponding arithmetic expression in the properties
outline for parameter P2 (= BeamZOffset). Note that you have to use the internal parameter
ID P1 instead of BeamThickness (Figure 21).
While we are at it, click on the cell with the light-gray New name entry (ID: New input param-
eter) to define a new constant. Call it TensileYieldStrength and assign it a value of 235 [MPa]
(units must be given in brackets). We will use that later on to compute the safety factor for the
current design.
17. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 17 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
Figure 21: Defining a derived parameter (BeamZOffset)
D.2 Output Parameters
To express our objective, we also need an output parameter. Enter the Mechanical module
(double click on the Results cell in the Static Structural analysis block). In the details pane of
the Equivalent Stress solution item, make the maximum stress an output parameter (Figure 22).
Figure 22: Defining an output parameter
18. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 18 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
Return to the project view and double click on the Paramter Set block. The output parameter
P3 - Equivalent Stress Maximum should now be visible under Output Paramters. As we did
before with the TensileYieldStrength, define a new derived parameter SafetyFactor as
SafetyFactor =
#$ - ./ #0/
123 4 #/./ $$5 6 3
(Figure 23).
Figure 23 Defining the SafetyFactor parameter
D.3 Optimization
Back in the Project View drag and drop the Response Surface Optimization system from the
Toolbox → Design Exploration onto the project schematic (Figure 24).
19. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 19 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
Figure 24 Adding the optimization system
D.3.1 Design of Experiments
To be able to optimize the BeamThickness based on a response surface (= regression model),
we first need to produce some samples (input-output pairs) based on the full FE model. Double
click the Design of Experiments cell to define how the BeamThickness input parameter should
be sampled (input range, sample size, distribution): First make sure, that you use a Central
Composite Design (select the Design of Experiments row in the Outline of Schematic B2,
then set the Design of Experiments Type in the Properties windows beneath; Figure 25).
20. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 20 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
Figure 25: Selecting a central composite DoE
Next, select the input parameter P1 (BeamThickness) and set its lower and upper bound to 20
and 60 respectively (i.e. we assume the optimum thickness is somewhere between 20 and 60
mm; Figure 26).
Figure 26 Defining the optimization domain
21. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 21 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
TensileYieldStrength is a constant and should not vary. Thus, uncheck the Enabled check box
right to the P4 – TensileYieldStrength row in the Outline of Schematic B2: Design of Ex-
periments window.
Right click on the Design of Experiments row and select Update; this generates the five design
points (= five samples) and evaluates these five differently parameterized FE models. After-
wards, click Return to Project.
D.3.2 Fitting & Visualizing the Response Surface
In the Project View, double click on the Response Surface cell. In the newly opened Proper-
ties of Schematic B3: Response Surface window, make sure that the Response Surface Type
(= regression model) under Meta Model is set to Full 2nd
Order Polynomials.
Right click on Response Surface and select Update to fit the response surface model to the
sample points. When ANSYS is done, select the Goodness of Fit node under the Metrics node.
The plot as well as the computed error metrics shows that the quadratic surrogate model is
able to predict the behavior of the full FE model (Figure 27).
Figure 27 Goodness of fit plot (prediction based on the response surface model vs. FE model)
22. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 22 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
We can also plot the created model (= response surface) itself by selecting the Response node
from Response Points → Response Point. Set the x-axis to BeamThickness and the y-axis to
Equivalent Stress Maximum to produce a plot resembling Figure 28. From this plot we can
already tell, that the ideal thickness should be located somewhere around 35 mm.
Figure 28 Response surface plot (max. von Mises stress vs. beam thickness)
When you are done investigating the response surface, click Return to Project.
D.3.3 Defining Objectives and Constraints
Double click the Optimization cell to configure the optimization options. In the Properties of
Schematic B4: Optimization window, select Screening as the Optimization Method and set
the Number of Samples to 10,000.
Next, select the Objectives and Constraints row. In the table to the right (Table of Schematic
B4: Optimization) add constraints and objectives as shown in Figure 29.
23. www.uni-ulm.de/uzwr 23 / 23
Computational Methods in Materials Science – Lab 1 F. Niemeyer, U. Simon
Figure 29 Objectives and constraints definitions
D.3.4 Determining the Optimal Thickness
Then right click on Optimization and select Update to run the optimization procedure. After
the optimization is finished, ANSYS by default displays three candidate points (= beam thick-
nesses) that meet our optimization goals (Figure 30).
Figure 30 Optimal beam thickness candidates
Candidate Point 1 seems to be the best bet for an optimum thickness. To check whether this
response surface based optimum agrees with the prediction of the FE model, right click on
Candidate Point 1 and select Verify by Design Point Update. This will initiate a full FEA using
a BeamThickness of 36.55 mm. As it turns out, the predicted safety factor is almost identical
with the one determined via the FE model; we can therefore safely accept BeamThickness =
36,55 mm as the optimal beam thickness (Figure 31).
Figure 31 Verified optimization result