The presentation explains in detail the excretion process in humans, it contains all the processes occurring inside human kidney. It also gives an insight about different types of excretory waste secreted by animals in general. In all, it is a physiological summary of human kidney and excretion
Excretory Products and their Elimination Class XI Biology Chapter 19.
Based on NCERT Class XI Biology Text book content.
Includes flowcharts and illustrations.
What is Excretion ?, organ used, types of regulation, modes of excretion, explanation of each, human excretory system & function, kidney and its parts, mechanism of urine formation, Dialysis
Life of every organism depends on certain basic processes. Excretion is one among them. Different organisms follow different modes of excretion. In complex organisms including humans, there is a specialized system for excretion called human excretory system.
Excretory Products and their Elimination Class XI Biology Chapter 19.
Based on NCERT Class XI Biology Text book content.
Includes flowcharts and illustrations.
What is Excretion ?, organ used, types of regulation, modes of excretion, explanation of each, human excretory system & function, kidney and its parts, mechanism of urine formation, Dialysis
Life of every organism depends on certain basic processes. Excretion is one among them. Different organisms follow different modes of excretion. In complex organisms including humans, there is a specialized system for excretion called human excretory system.
A powerpoint on the Human Excretory System, intended for the SA Grade 11 Life Sciences Syllabus. Includes information on kidneys, osmoregulation, nephrons, excretion, etc. Hope it helps :)
It explains about what is plant tissue & both the types i.e meristem & permanent tissue. It also explains about the general characteristic, and how it has been classified based on origin, position, function and plane. It also furnish further information regarding the above
In this power point presentation, we discuss about how movement and locomotion takes place in Humans. We discuss about various types of muscles present in humans, how those muscles contract. Also we discuss about the human skeletal system with all the bones and joints in the human body
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
A powerpoint on the Human Excretory System, intended for the SA Grade 11 Life Sciences Syllabus. Includes information on kidneys, osmoregulation, nephrons, excretion, etc. Hope it helps :)
It explains about what is plant tissue & both the types i.e meristem & permanent tissue. It also explains about the general characteristic, and how it has been classified based on origin, position, function and plane. It also furnish further information regarding the above
In this power point presentation, we discuss about how movement and locomotion takes place in Humans. We discuss about various types of muscles present in humans, how those muscles contract. Also we discuss about the human skeletal system with all the bones and joints in the human body
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body.
these slides are prepared to understand Urinary system IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#Nephrons, #kidney, #urine, #BORN,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #APGAR, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. INTRODUCTION
The process of separation, collection and elimination of toxic waste products (especially
nitrogenous wastes) from the body
Waste products are formed due to catabolism of amino acids, glucose, glycerol and fatty acids.
Unwanted substances like Drugs, pigments, excessive vitamins, CO2, H2O
Excess of inorganic salts, hormones Bilirubin and biliverdin.
Kidneys play a major role as an excretory organ in all vertebrates. Skin helps in elimination of
urea; inorganic salts and water through sweat glands.
Lungs help in the elimination of CO2 and H2O
10. KIDNEYS
Kidneys are a pair of bean shaped, chocolate brown
structures situated in the dorsal side of the abdominal
cavity behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneal)- one
on either side of the vertebral-column between the
12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae.
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney-
11 cms long, 6 cms broad and 3 cms thick-150 grams
in males and 135 grams in females
Blood enters the kidneys through renal arteries and
leaves through renal veins.
Tubes called ureters carry waste products from the
kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage or for
release. During urination, urine is expelled from the
urinary bladder through the urethra
11. PARTS OF KIDNEY
❏ MEDULLA :
It is the inner, pale, striated part. It is made up of
about 4-14, striated conical masses called the renal
pyramids.
Each pyramid has its base directed outwards(towards
the cortex) and its apex inwards (called renal-
papillae)
❏ CORTEX :
It forms the outer (peripheral), reddish-brown,
granular part.
Parts of the cortical tissue invade the medulla and lie
between adjacent pyramid and are called renal-
columns (Bertini’s columns).
12. ❏ HILUM :
A depression located in the middle of the concave
side of the kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and
the ureters enter and exit the kidneys Cortex-Medulla
Hilum.
The cortex is where the blood is filtered.
The medulla contains the collecting ducts which carry
filtrate (filtered substances) to the pelvis.
The pelvis is a hollow cavity where urine accumulates
and drains into the ureter.
13. ❏ RENAL-SINUS :
Internally, the hilum leads to aspace called the
renal-sinus, which is occupied by the upper,
expanded part of the ureter called the renal-pelvis.
The renal-pelvis divides into two or three parts
called major-calyces (single calyx→cup of a
flower). Each major calyx divides into 6-20 minor-
calyces.
Each minor-calyx is shaped like a cup. The papilla
of a medullary pyramid fits into the minor calyx.
Each kidney consists of closely packed microscopic
coiled tubular structures called nephrons. The
nephrons are the structural and functional units of
the kidney.There are about 1.2 million nephrons in
each kidney.
15. NEPHRON
Two parts
1. Renal Corpuscle
a. a. Bowman Capsule
b. Glomerulosa.
i. Fenestrae - pore in endothelial
walls of glomerulus.
ii. Podocytes - specialized cells.
iii. Filtration slits
16. 2. Renal Tubule - Series of single layer
tubules
a. Proximal Convoluted tubule
b. Loop of Henle
c. Distal Convoluted tubule
Kidneys are made up of nephrons. Blood
enters the nephron, where impurities are
filtered out and emptied into the
collecting duct.
The purified blood leaves the nephron
through the renal vein.
17. ❏ GLOMERULUS (BLOOD-SUPPLY) :
It is a rounded tuft of blood capillaries found in the cup of the
Bowman’s capsule.
The renal artery (a branch of the abdominal aorta) enters
through the hilum, divides and re-divides to for many branches.
One branch called the afferent renal arteriole enters the cup
and divides to form the Glomerulus.
The capillaries reunite to form the efferent renal arteriole. It
leaves the glomerulus. The diameter of the efferent arteriole is
lesser than that of the afferent one.
18. ❏ THE PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (P.C.T) :
It is a highly coiled structure,connected to the neck and
lies in the cortex.
It is lined by cuboidal cells, rich in mitochondria, and
having microvilli (brush border to increase surface area)
and thus help in active reabsorption.
19. ❏ THE MIDDLE LOOP OF HENLE :
The renal tubule now descends into the
medulla (thin walled descending
limb),takes a hair- pin turn (the U-shaped
loop) and ascends back towards the cortex
(thick walled ascending-limb).
The ascending limb is not permeable to
water.The Henle’s loop is mainly meant for
concentration of urine.
20. ❏ THE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (P.C.T)
The D.C.T leads to a straight, large collecting-tubule.
Nephrons open into the same collecting tubule.
Many collecting tubules join to form a collecting duct
which descends into the medullary pyramids.
The medullary pyramids are a bunch of these
collecting ducts.
About 7-8 collecting ducts draining different
nephrons join to form ducts of Bellini, each of which
opens into a minor calyx at the apex (papilla) of a
medullary pyramid.
23. MECHANISM OF FILTRATION
As blood enters a nephron through the arteriole, impurities are filtered out
and emptied into the collecting duct.– The purified blood exits the nephron
through the venule
The mechanism of blood filtration involves 2 processes
● Filtration
● Reabsorption
24. FILTRATION
Filtration : Passing a liquid or gas through a filter to remove wastes called filtration
The filtration of blood mainly takes place in the glomerulus.
The glomerulus is a small network of capillaries encased in the top of the nephron by
a hollow, cup-shaped structure called Bowman’s capsule.
Fluid from the blood flows into Bowman’s capsule.
The materials filtered from the blood include water, urea, glucose, salts, amino acids,
and some vitamins.
Plasma proteins, cells, and platelets remain in the blood because they are too large
to pass through the capillary walls.
25. REABSORPTION
Most of the material removed from the blood at Bowman’s capsule makes its way
back into the blood.
The process in which liquid is taken back into a vessel is called reabsorption.
Almost 99% of the water that enters Bowman’s capsule is reabsorbed into the
blood.
When the filtrate drains in the collecting ducts, most of the water and nutrients
have been reabsorbed into the blood.
26.
27. URINE
Remaining material, called urine, is emptied into a collecting duct.
Urine is primarily concentrated in the loop of Henle.
The loop of Henle is a section of the nephron tubule in which water is
conserved and the volume of urine is minimized.
As the kidney works, purified blood is returned to circulation while urine is
collected in the urinary bladder.
Urine is stored here until it is released from the body through a tube called
the urethra.
28.
29.
30.
31. URETERS
It is a tube approximately 6 to 7 inches
long attached to each kidney.
Made up of three layers of tissue
● Smooth muscle
● Fibrous tissue
● Mucous Layer
Peristalsis, a rhythmiccontraction of the
ureter smooth muscle which helps to
move the urine into the bladder.
32. URINARY BLADDER
It is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine
Sphincter muscles hold the urine in place
Holds 300 to 400 milliliters of urine before
emptying
Walls contain epithelial tissuethat stretch to
allow the bladder to hold twice its capacity.
The trigone is a triangular area at the base of
the bladder where the ureters enter and the
urethra exits
33. URETHRA
A tube of smooth muscle with a mucous lining that carriesurine from the bladder to
the outside of the body.
Urethra Female Urethra Male
8 inches long 1.5 inches long
Passes through 3 different regions Opens through meatus
● Prostate Gland
● Membranous portion
● Penis
