This document defines and provides examples of adjectives and adverbs. It explains that adjectives describe nouns and do not change form based on the noun. There are different types of adjectives including qualitative, interrogative, numeric, and possessive. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, prepositions or entire sentences. There are three types of adverbs - adjuncts, disjuncts, and conjuncts. Adjuncts provide optional or secondary information to a sentence, while disjuncts express the speaker's attitude and conjuncts introduce a new sentence and link it to the previous. The document provides examples of each.
Writing Elements A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usag.docxericbrooks84875
Writing Elements
A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usage
Timothy P. Goss and Sabrina M. Goss
1
Using this Guide
Before we get started, you should note that this guide is, in no way, a comprehensive exploration
of grammar and usage. Many guides are available that will provide a much richer and fuller
understanding of the components of language usage. Instead, this guide has been designed to
help you, in a quick and efficient way, avoid some of the more common errors people make in
their writing.
It is a good idea to review this entire guide several times until the information becomes second-
nature. Having a good grasp on the basic rules of grammar and usage will make a big difference
in how your writing will be received in your academic and professional careers. It may even help
your love life, but probably not really help you teach your dog how to say, “Fiddlesticks” (every
piece of writing has its limitations).
Enjoy this journey.
2
Table of Contents
Clarity and Style:
1. Parts of Speech 3
2. Verbs and Verbals 4
3. Commonly Misused Words 5
4. Point of View: First, Second, and Third Person 6
5. Past and Present Tenses 6
6. Clichés 7
7. Sexist Language 7
8. Slang/Jargon 8
Grammar:
1. Subject/Verb Agreement 8
2. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 9
3. Sentence Fragments 9
4. Run-On Sentences 10
Punctuation:
1. Commas 11
2. Semicolons 12
Mechanics:
1. Abbreviations 12
2. Numbers 12
General Advice 13
3
Parts of Speech
All words in the English language have a particular duty to perform in a sentence or clause.
These parts work in concert with one another to create meaning. We can look at the way words
work in a sentence by either their function or by their form or definition.
By Function:
1. Verbs: These words determine the action that is being related (all sentences/clauses must
do something).
2. Nouns and Pronouns: These words serve as the thing doing the action (subject), or the
thing having the action done to it (object).
3. Modifiers (Adjectives and Adverbs): These words describe another word to help
distinguish or clarify the meaning being related.
4. Prepositions: These words shows how one word or phrase relates to another
5. Articles: These words are connected to nouns and determine the vagueness of specificity
of the noun.
6. Conjunctions: These words join clauses together.
7. Interjections: These words serve to express strong emotion.
By Form or Definition:
1. Verb: An action word. For example: Speak, run, fight, asked, claimed, and rocked.
2. Noun: A part of speech that stands for a person, place, thing, or idea. For example:
Truck, house, loss, ring, air, and sandwich.
3. Pronoun: Takes the place of a noun. For example: I, he, she, we, i.
This is part 3 of a 5-Day Handbook on the Basics of Sentence Correction that will help you brush-up your basic grammar, especially that required to ace the SC section on the GMAT.
This is a required pre-read for our Sentence Correction course at CrackVerbal.
Writing Elements A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usag.docxericbrooks84875
Writing Elements
A Quick Guide to Grammar and Usage
Timothy P. Goss and Sabrina M. Goss
1
Using this Guide
Before we get started, you should note that this guide is, in no way, a comprehensive exploration
of grammar and usage. Many guides are available that will provide a much richer and fuller
understanding of the components of language usage. Instead, this guide has been designed to
help you, in a quick and efficient way, avoid some of the more common errors people make in
their writing.
It is a good idea to review this entire guide several times until the information becomes second-
nature. Having a good grasp on the basic rules of grammar and usage will make a big difference
in how your writing will be received in your academic and professional careers. It may even help
your love life, but probably not really help you teach your dog how to say, “Fiddlesticks” (every
piece of writing has its limitations).
Enjoy this journey.
2
Table of Contents
Clarity and Style:
1. Parts of Speech 3
2. Verbs and Verbals 4
3. Commonly Misused Words 5
4. Point of View: First, Second, and Third Person 6
5. Past and Present Tenses 6
6. Clichés 7
7. Sexist Language 7
8. Slang/Jargon 8
Grammar:
1. Subject/Verb Agreement 8
2. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 9
3. Sentence Fragments 9
4. Run-On Sentences 10
Punctuation:
1. Commas 11
2. Semicolons 12
Mechanics:
1. Abbreviations 12
2. Numbers 12
General Advice 13
3
Parts of Speech
All words in the English language have a particular duty to perform in a sentence or clause.
These parts work in concert with one another to create meaning. We can look at the way words
work in a sentence by either their function or by their form or definition.
By Function:
1. Verbs: These words determine the action that is being related (all sentences/clauses must
do something).
2. Nouns and Pronouns: These words serve as the thing doing the action (subject), or the
thing having the action done to it (object).
3. Modifiers (Adjectives and Adverbs): These words describe another word to help
distinguish or clarify the meaning being related.
4. Prepositions: These words shows how one word or phrase relates to another
5. Articles: These words are connected to nouns and determine the vagueness of specificity
of the noun.
6. Conjunctions: These words join clauses together.
7. Interjections: These words serve to express strong emotion.
By Form or Definition:
1. Verb: An action word. For example: Speak, run, fight, asked, claimed, and rocked.
2. Noun: A part of speech that stands for a person, place, thing, or idea. For example:
Truck, house, loss, ring, air, and sandwich.
3. Pronoun: Takes the place of a noun. For example: I, he, she, we, i.
This is part 3 of a 5-Day Handbook on the Basics of Sentence Correction that will help you brush-up your basic grammar, especially that required to ace the SC section on the GMAT.
This is a required pre-read for our Sentence Correction course at CrackVerbal.
Parts of speech
Noun
Pronoun
Adverb
Adjective
Interjection
Conjunction
Articles
Uses of Articles
Types of noun
types of pronoun
Ajective types
Adverb of time manner
adverb of place
examples of articles
1. Definition of referents and referring expression.
2. example of referents and referring expression
3. Extension and Intension
4. Some different kinds of referents
4.1 unique and non unique referents
4.2 concrete and abstract
4.3 countable and uncountable
5. Different ways of referring
5.1 Generic and non-generic reference
5.2 Specific and non-specific reference
5.3 Definite and indefinite reference
6. Deixis
7. Example of deixis
8. Anaphora
9. Shifts in ways of referring
10. referential ambiguity
Univesridad Técnica Particular de Loja
Ciclo Académico Abril Agosto 2011
Carrera: Inglés
Docente: Dra. Rosario María Burneo Burneo
Ciclo: Quinto
Bimestre: Primero
Here’s the most precise guide ever on what adjectives are, their usage, and placement. You’ll never make a mistake with using adjectives in your writing ever again.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Parts of speech
Noun
Pronoun
Adverb
Adjective
Interjection
Conjunction
Articles
Uses of Articles
Types of noun
types of pronoun
Ajective types
Adverb of time manner
adverb of place
examples of articles
1. Definition of referents and referring expression.
2. example of referents and referring expression
3. Extension and Intension
4. Some different kinds of referents
4.1 unique and non unique referents
4.2 concrete and abstract
4.3 countable and uncountable
5. Different ways of referring
5.1 Generic and non-generic reference
5.2 Specific and non-specific reference
5.3 Definite and indefinite reference
6. Deixis
7. Example of deixis
8. Anaphora
9. Shifts in ways of referring
10. referential ambiguity
Univesridad Técnica Particular de Loja
Ciclo Académico Abril Agosto 2011
Carrera: Inglés
Docente: Dra. Rosario María Burneo Burneo
Ciclo: Quinto
Bimestre: Primero
Here’s the most precise guide ever on what adjectives are, their usage, and placement. You’ll never make a mistake with using adjectives in your writing ever again.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:
1. Explain adjectives and adverbs;
2. Give adequate examples of types of adjectives and adverbs;
3. Compose different sentences using adjectives and adverbs.
3. Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describes or give information about nouns or
pronouns
For example:
• The grey dog barked (Adjective_ grey) describes the noun dog
The form of an Adjective does not change. It does not matter if the noun
being modified is male or female, singular or plural, subject or object. Some
Adjectives give us factual information about the noun – age, size, colour
e.t.c. (fact adjective- can’t be argued with). Some Adjectives show what
somebody thinks about something or somebody – nice, horrid, beautiful
e.t.c (opinion Adjectives – not everyone may agree)
4. Types of Adjective
1. Qualitative Adjectives: colour, size, smell
2. Interrogative Adjectives: which, whose, what
Other types are treated as determiners these days.
3. Numeric Adjectives: six, one hundred and one
4. Quantitative Adjectives: more, all, some, half, more than enough
5. Possessive Adjectives: my, his, their, your
6. Demonstrative Adjectives: this, that, those, these
5. ADVERBS
An adverb is a word or an expression that modifies a
verb, adjectives, another adverb, preposition or
sentence.
6. Types of Adverb
There are three types of adverb. They are:
1. Adjunct
2. Disjunct
3. Conjunct
7. Adjuncts
An Adjunct means ‘something adjoining’ or ‘added on’, but not part of the whole if refers to a word or word
group that qualifies or completes the meaning of another word or other word and is not, itself a main
structure element in its sentence.
Adjunct is optional or secondary elements in a construction. An adjunct may be removed without the
structural identify of the rest of the construction using affected.
Example: She told me the news joyfully
‘She told me the news’ is a perfectly good sentence. Why Adjuncts at all? The answer is that adjuncts like
joyfully make what we say more interesting and informative.
Multiple Adjuncts
There can be more than one adjunct in a sentence. You can find adjuncts by stripping down the sentence to
its base components usually subject, verb and object. Everything else then is an adjunct.
Example: Eventually she found the money on the table near the wall clock.
• The basic sentence here is ‘She found the money’. How many adjuncts are there?
• Two adjuncts: ‘On the table’ and ‘near the clock’
8. Conjuncts
A conjunct serves the purpose of introducing a new sentence in a series and link it logically
with what has been said before. They include: nevertheless, moreover, yet, consequently,
besides, as a result, in any case, on the other hand, considering all that, to conclude, all
things considered, that is to say, what is more, what is more important etc. Example of a
conjunct:
• However, things turned out much worse than expected.
(‘however‘ relates what is said to contrast it with previous information about the speaker’s
expectations.)
Conjuncts can appear initially before a negative statement.
e.g. Therefore, he couldn’t come.
A disjunct is a type of adverbial that expresses information that is not considered essential to
the sentence it appears in, but which is considered to be the speaker’s or writer’s attitude
towards, or descriptive statement of, the propositional content of the sentence.
9. Disjuncts
A disjunct is a type of adverbial that expresses information that is not considered essential
to the sentence it appears in, but which is considered to be the speaker’s or writer’s
attitude towards, or descriptive statement of, the propositional content of the sentence.
Disjuncts express the speaker’s or the writer’s attitude or approach to the statement
he/she is making. They include: (a) single-word adverbs such as briefly, certainly, frankly,
generally, honestly, perhaps, personally, really, probably, certainly, maybe, fortunately,
actually, briefly; (b) phrases: in a few words, in short of course, to my surprise, in other
words (c) non-finite clauses: speaking frankly, to tell you the truth, to cut a long story
short, the finite clauses if I may say so if you don’t mind my pointing it out.
For example:
Fortunately, we managed to get there on time.
“Fortunately” shows us that the speaker was pleased about the result of the action.
More generally, the term disjunct can be used to refer to any sentence element that is not
fully integrated into the clausal structure of the sentence. Such elements usually appear
peripherally (at the beginning or end of the sentence) and are set off from the rest of the
sentence by a comma (in writing) and a pause (in speech).
10. GUIDED PRACTICE
Identify the adjuncts in the following sentences and state what type of
adjunct
1. He was sleeping on the bed in his mother’s room
2. Her mother visited him last Friday
3. Sorrowfully she left the room
4. On 25th December he traveled to Port Harcourt to see his cousin
5. Owing to his eye problem, he couldn’t take his examination last
week Tuesday
11. INDEPENDENT PRACTICE
1. Differentiate between pronoun types and adjective (determiner)
types.
a. Possessive adjective and possessive pronoun
b. Demonstrative adjective and demonstrative pronoun
c. Interrogative adjective and interrogative pronoun
2. Write in sentence form THREE examples each of disjunct and
conjunct.