1) Ecosystem degradation occurs when environmental problems diminish species' ability to survive and is caused by deforestation, mining, habitat change, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. 2) Ecological succession refers to predictable changes in community composition, such as hardwood trees replacing pine forests by outcompeting them for sunlight. Primary succession occurs on new areas without soil, while secondary succession occurs where soil is present. 3) A food chain represents the transfer of energy between trophic levels from producers to primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, and decomposers. Food webs show the complex interconnected food chains in an ecosystem.

1. EECCOOSSYYSSTTEEMM --PPaallaasshh rraattnneerr
➔ECOLOGICAL
SUCCESSION
➔ECOSYSTEM
DEGRADATION
➔FOOD CHAIN
➔FOOD WEB
➔ECOLOGICAL
PYRAMIDS

2. ECOSYSTEM DEGRADATION
● WHAT IT IS ?
● Ecosystem degradation it is an environmental problem that
diminishes the capacity of species to survive like, Tiger
CAUSES
● Deforestation
● Mining and the extraction
of construction materials
● Habitat change
● Over exploitation
● Pollution
● Climate change

3. Causes
● Deforestation- more lands deforested for
commercial agriculture and due to more use
of resources such as forest for wood and
energy.
● Habitat change- the conversion of natural
forest into farmlands and plantations.
● Pollution- industrialization and urbanization
create soil,water and air polluted.
● Climatic change- depletion of ozone layer
because of rise in greenhouse gases.

4. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
● WHAT IT IS?
● Ecological succession refers to more or less
predictable and orderly changes in the
composition or structure of ecological
community.
● For example, the growth of hardwood trees
(such as ash and oak) within the red pine
planting area. hardwood trees are much
taller than red pine trees. So the hardwood
trees growth is increased in shading but red
pine trees need sunlight. Thus, the
consequence of the growth of the hardwood
is the decline of the pine forest.

5. Reasons
Reasons for ecological
succession-
● Every species has a set
of environmental
conditions under which it
will grow and reproduce
most optimally.
● Constant temperature.
● Changed condition.
● Suddenly and drastically
change.

6. Types of succession
● Primary succession-succession
that begins
in areas where no soil
is initially present is
called primary
succession (such as
lava flow).

7. Types of succession
● Secondary
succession-succession
that begins
in area where soil is
already present is
called as Secondary
succession (such as
fire, wind-throw).

8. FOOD CHAIN
● A food chain shows how each
living things gets its food.
Some animals eat plants and
some animals eat other
animals.
● Food chain means flow or
transfer of energy.
● Food chain is also called as
nutrition cycle, food networks
and tropic social networks.

9. TABLE: FOOD CHAIN TROPIC CLASSIFICATION
LEVEL NAME ENERGY SOURCE
FIRST PRODUCER AUTOTROPHS (EX
GRASS)
SECOND PRIMARY CONSUMER HERBIVORES (EX
GRASSHOPPER)
THIRD SECONDARY, TERTIARY,
ETC CONSUMERS
CARNIVOROUS (EX
TOAD,SNAKE, HAWK)
FORTH DECOMPOSERS DECOMPOSERS(EX
BACTERIA)
Table:food chain

10. Functions of food chain
● Represents the life
community
● Helps in the transfer of
energy from one level
to another
● It shows energy flow
mechanisms
● The food chain helps in
feeding relationship
and interaction
between organization.

11. TYPES OF FOOD CHAIN
Grazing food chain
● Grazing food chain : The producer/green
plants depends upon sunlight and producer are
consumed by herbivorous animals i.e eat plants
and they are consumed by carnivorous .
PLANTS
(PRODUCER)
GOAT
(HERBIVORE)
TIGER
(CARNIVORE)

12. TYPES OF FOOD CHAIN
Detritus food chain
● Detritus Food Chain :Type of food
chain Initiated by microorganism like
bacteria and fungi
Dead Bodies of animals Files Frog Snake Hawk
● Importance :
Interdependency within a food-chain helps to
maintain the balance of plant and animal
population.

13. FOOD WEB
● Graphical description of the
feeding relationship among
species
● Represent the multiple food
chain in the form of web .
● Very Complex Due to its
interdependency with all their
Food Webs .
● Shows How many animals are
interconnected by different
food chains .

14. Food web in a grassland ecosystem
mouse snake
Grass rabbit hawk
grasshopper lizard

15. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMINDS
● The different tropic levels in any ecosystem can
be represented graphically and these graphic
representations are called ecological pyramids.

16. Types of ecological pyramids
1.Pyramids of
number.
2.Pyramids of
biomass
3.Pyramids of
energy.

17. Pyramids of number
● Showing the number of individual organisms at
each level.

18. Pyramids of biomass
● Showing the weight of individual organisms at
each level.

19. Pyramid of energy
● Showing the rate of energy flow of individual
organisms at each level.