HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATIONIN INDIA AND ABROAD.

1. HISTORY OF ARTIFICAIL INSEMINATION
SUBMITTED BY ;
SATISH BIRADAR
J r MVSc , VGO

2.  The rationale behind artificial insemination is to increase gamete
density at the site of fertilisation.
 This technique involves collection, processing , storage and
introduction into female at a proper time for conception to occur.
• speed up the rate of genetic improvement ( selection and breeding)
 For humans the artificial insemination was originally developed to
help couples to conceive in case of severe male factor subfertility of a
physical or psychological nature.
 Nowadays donor insemination is more commonly used in women
with no male partner (lesbians or single women).

3. HISTORICAL EVENTS IN THE A I ( IN WORLD)
1. 1300 A.D. : Arabs performed AI , not documented but mentioned in an Arabic book .
(Chief of Darfur placed cotton ball in freshly mated vagina of a mare bred
with best enemy chief stallion in night , post 24 hr placed it in his mare .)
2. 1677- 78 : Spermatozoa were first seen and described by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and
his assistant Johannes Ham in 1678 in Netherlands.
They described the spermatozoa as “zaaddiertjes” or “living animalcules” in
Human semen of less than a millionth the size of a coarse grain of sand and
with thin, undulating transparent tails”.

4. 3. 1784 : More than 100 years later, in 1784, the first artificial insemination in
a dog was reported by the scientist Lazzaro Spallanzani (Italian
physiologist, 1729-1799). This insemination resulted in the birth of
three puppy’s 62 days later (Belonoschkin, 1956; Zorgniotti, 1975).
Also called father of Artificial Insemination.
 It is believed that Spallanzani was the first to report the effects of
cooling on human sperm when he noted, in 1776, that sperm cooled
by snow became motionless.

5. 4. 1899 : In 1899 the first attempts to develop practical methods for artificial
insemination were described by Ilya Ivanovich Ivanoff (Russia, 1870-
1932).
He was the first to develop methods as we know today in human medicine.
He was a pioneer in the selection of superior stallions multiplying their
progeny through AI.
5. 1914 : First Artificial vagina for collection of semen in dog was made by
G.Amantia ( human physiologist in Rome University) and for Sheep and
Goat by Prof.Fred.F.Mckenzie (USA).
6. 1922 : Batelli introduced Electroejaculation method in Guinea Pig .(And later in
1948 by Lapland and Casson for bulls. )
7 . 1937 : Danish Veterinarians developed the first Rectovaginal / Cervical
fixation method of A.I.

6. 8. 1939-40 : Phillips and Lardy (1939) were the first to use egg yolk for
proecting the Bull sperm from temperature shock upon cooling .
This protection was explained by the effect of phospholipids and
lipoproteins in the egg yolk.
9. 1941 : Salisbury et al. (1941) improved the media by using egg
yolk with sodium citrate, permitting the use of semen at 5° C
for up to three days.
• Later glucose was added to this buffer to improve the livability of
the spermatozoa .
10. 1949: Polge and co-workers (1949) were the first to freeze fowl and bull
spermatozoa by using glycerol in the extender media, by describing
its cryoprotective functions .( Most important milestone in AI)
In 1951 , with Steward , they reported frozen semen preganancy.
11. 1950 : In 1950 Cornell University scientists (New York) discovered the benefit
of antibiotics added to the sperm solution in artificial insemination
processes. protection against possible contamination.

7. 12. 1960 : Adler et al., developed the technique of freezing the semen in straws
using liquid nitrogen vapour.
13. 1963 : Cassou developed the cotton plug consisting of Polyvinyl Alcohol
powder for sealing straws made of Polyvinyl Chloride.
14. 1964-68 : Cassou now developed semen straws of various size and volume
and called them as medium French straws ( 135mm,2.8mm,.5ml)
and mini French straws ( 135mm, 2mm, .25ml).
15. 1972 : Germany developed plastic semen straws called Lanshut system or
German straws or mini tube , sealed by metallic or plastic ball.
16. 1974 : Nishekawa et al., develpoed technique of freezing semen in liquid
Helium at – 265 degree celsius.

8. HISTORY OF A.I. IN INDIA
1. 1939 : A I was done for the first time by Sampat Kumaran at Palace dairy
farm at Mysore.
He used HF semen to cross Hllikar cows and got 33 positive results.
2. 1942 : A pilot project under Dr .P.Bhattacharya was started to study the
feasiblity of the in India.
This team recommended the AI to be feasible in indian condition and
can be used at a mass scale. ( Pan India cross breeding began )
3. 1943: First Buffalo calf was born through AI at Allahabad Agricultural
Institute.
4. 1951-61: AI was given prominance in the breed improvement programme in
the first and second five year plan , key village centres were
formed for this purpose.

9. ADVANTAGES OFARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION:
There are several advantages by artificial insemination over natural mating or
servicing.
• There is no need of maintenance of breeding bull for a herd; hence the cost of
maintenance of breeding bull is saved.
• It prevents the spread of certain diseases and sterility due to genital diseases.
Eg: contagious abortion, vibriosis.
• By regular examination of semen after collection and frequent checking on
fertility make early detection of interior males and better breeding efficiency is
ensured.
• The progeny testing can be done at an early age.
• The semen of a desired size can be used even after the death of that particular sire.

10. •The semen collected can be taken to the urban areas or rural areas for
insemination.
• It makes possible the mating of animals with great differences in size without
injury to either of the animal.
•It is helpful to inseminate the animals that are refuse to stands or accept the male
at the time of oestrum.
•It helps in maintaining the accurate breeding and cawing records.
•It increases the rate of conception.
•It helps in better record keeping.
•Old, heavy and injured sires can be used.

11. DISADVANTAGES O R LIMITATIONS OF A.I:
• Requires well-trained operations and special equipment.
• Requires more time than natural services.
• Necessitates the knowledge of the structure and function of reproduction on
the part of operator.
• Improper cleaning of instruments and in sanitary conditions may lead to lower
fertility.
• If the bull is not properly tested, the spreading of genital diseases will be
increased.
• Market for bulls will be reduced, while that for superior bull is increased.

12. • Decrease in genetic pool as the finest bull’s breeding line will be
propogated at the cost of indegenous or other bulls.
• Increases in the rate of return as the repeatation is more than the natural
method . This is mainly due to faulty heat detection or method of AI.
• Risk, both to the handler and the animal .

13. THANK YOU