The document discusses the evolution of shelters from early prehistoric times to modern periods. It describes how early humans initially took shelter in trees and caves for protection, before beginning to construct more rudimentary shelters using stones, wood and other natural materials. Over time, shelters incorporated new building materials like clay bricks and glass, and architectural styles advanced with developments in building techniques during historical periods such as the Stone Age, Early Modern Period and contemporary styles of kachcha, semi-pukka and pakka construction. The document traces the progression of shelter design and materials in tandem with human technological and societal development.

1. OM INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN
TOPIC : EVOLUTION OF SHELTER
SUBMITED TO : AR. SUNJILA
SUBMITED BY: GIRDHAR , BHARAT
ROLL NO. : 1610463001, 1610463002
BRANCH: B.ARCH 4TH SEMESTER

2. Why we need shelters?
A shelter can protect us form (natural disaster), (wild
animals),
from (climate factors {like wind, rain, snow, heat etc.}).
It gives us a feeling of safety / well-being.
In a shelter we have all types of (equipment’s) to full fill
our need’s.

3. How to form a shelter?
1. According to the history the life is start form the
primitive period.
which they predict the division of time in to three
age
• Paleolithic age
In which about 25,000 years, this is the first stone age
when (they live their life)
for survival and search for food to [live under the trees
and natural caves]
• Neolithic age
In this time new stone age about 10,000 years after
(Paleolithic age) they know to how to struggle for
survival and learn
the new techniques to formation of their own shelters
(from grass and wood) inn the form of a tent [create a
hut/tent].
With their live in a permanent place they form a village
as a part of a tribe.
• Megalithic age
It means the formation of a (mega + stone)
structure to formation of a temple or warship place
where all
the peoples meet and know there nature and
enjoy.

4. Stone Age
In the earliest prehistoric era, before Man knew how to build shelters, they made use of the natural
environment to provide them with shelter.
The earliest forms of shelter were those in trees, where it would provide minimal protection against
the searing heat of the sun and the cold of the rain.
Also, trees protected Man against animals that could not climb up the trees.
Another natural form of shelter was the cave, which provided greater protection against inclement
weather, though offering less protection against wild animals.
The first man-made shelter was believed to have been made out of stones and tree branches. The
stones were placed at the base of the structure to hold the branches in place.
Man slowly learned the make simple tools that would allow them to build better structures, and later
on these structures gradually evolved in shape and form.
Other materials such as huge stone slabs, bones, and even animal hide were used to built the
structures, which then provided much more stability, security and comfort.
Eventually, earth was taken from the ground and dried in the sun to form clay blocks, leading to the
usage of bricks as the basic building block of shelters.
A cave formed within a mountainous rock
A shelter made frombones.

6. Formation of tent houses
There is no instrument available to cut the tree trunk (trunks are very heavy) and difficult
to mould in any shape (by cutting), due to branches they can easily bent them each other,
creating the inverted V-shape of a natural tent. The bottom of each branch will need
some support to hold it firm on the ground. Maybe a ring of stones. When next in the
district, it makes sense to return to the same encampment. The simple foundations will
have remained in place, and perhaps some of the superstructure too. This can be quickly
repaired constructed. There is often a circular or oval ring of stones, with evidence of
local materials being used for a tent-like roof.

7. First Brick House
Early structures in Monterey were built of sun-dried mud blocks. Walls
as thick as three feet were needed to support second story floors.
Adobe buildings required plastering on exterior surfaces to keep out
damaging winter rains. The life of an adobe building was limited due to
the lack of permanence in building materials.
The arrival of the American Period brought Gallant Dickinson who, in
1847, introduced a new building technique to California, the art of fired
clay brick making (Fired clay bricks were in use throughout Europe.
Much of Imperial Rome had been constructed with this technique).
Dickinson fired thousands of clay blocks into rock-hard bricks. His efforts
led to the construction of one of the first fired brick buildings in
California. This form of brick making provided increased strength for
multiple-storied buildings while maintaining standard wall widths. Fired
brick was also water resistant and required little or no surface treatment.

8. The history of stairs dates back to the first human structures, which were most likely
hewn logs or flat rocks stacked for easier access to the raised entrances of huts or
even caves. As civilization and building techniques advanced around the world,
magnificent staircases took shape in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Both interior and exterior staircases have been with us ever since. The world’s most
extreme staircase has 11,674 steps climbing 7,753 feet up the face of Mt. Niesen in
Switzerland. As buildings themselves got taller, from temples to cathedrals to
skyscrapers, staircases had to grow with them.
The stairs are one of the oldest buildings in architectural history, they have always
played a central role in the history of humanity,
it is believed his appearance was by the year 6000 before Christ. The stairs seems
to change shape with the change of architectural eras, reflecting the trends used in
different ages and revealing the talent of those who designed them.
The first stairs in the history were wood trunks fitter together, these kind of stairs were
used to acquire strategic positions for survival. In a basic sense, the first use which
was given to the stairs was to overcome the difficulties presented by the terrain, such
as valleys or mountains, the goal was to be able to pass these difficulties as soon as
possible, move up often meant moving to a place of greater security, then this could
have meant at that time the difference between life and death, it was very important to
move quickly, hence the importance of the stairs.
Formation of Stairs

9. Early Modern Period
The Early Modern Period encompasses the late Renaissance
period as well as the Early Industrial Age. Many technological
innovations took place in this period, some of which formed
the foundation for building shelters in the modern day. Glass
was used extensively in this period, and altered the facade
and window construction details considerably. This technique
was used mostly in the building of grand public structures

10.  Kachcha
• A kachcha is a building made of natural materials
such as mud, grass, bamboo, thatch or sticks and is
there for a short-lived structure.
• The advatage of a kachcha is that construction
materials are cheap and easily available and
relatively little labor is required.
Semi-pukka
• A combination of the kachcha and pukka style, the
semi- pukka, has evolved as villagers have acquired
the resources to add elements constructed of the
durable materials characteristic of a pukka.
Pakka
• A pakka is a structure made from material
resistant to wear, such as forms of stone or brick,
clay tiles, metal or other durable materials,
such structures are expensive to construct as the
materials are costly and more labor is required.