The document summarizes the evolution of housing structures from nomadic tribes to modern homes. It discusses how housing changed as humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherer groups to settled agriculture. Early shelters were temporary structures that could be easily erected and dismantled. Permanent structures emerged as people domesticated plants and animals. Towns and cities developed with specialized occupations and social organization. Housing designs evolved with new building materials like stone, brick, concrete and availability of furnishings. Modern structures employ innovative materials and sustainable designs to meet the needs of urbanized populations.

1. Evolution of the house
and home

2. Evolution of the house and home
3 talks in one
• Evolution of homes as structures
• Change in society with the development of homes
• Change in house design as new materials were
developed

3. Housing changed our society
• Nomadic tribes of extended
families
• Settled tribes with the beginning
of agriculture and animal
husbandry
• Protection and safety
• Land ownership
• Development of towns and cities
• Urban sprawl

4. Nomadic extended family groups
• Humans lived in groups gathering and
hunting food and sharing it in a home
base.
• The women collected roots, fruits and
vegetables while the men went hunting
for meat. This allowed them to exploit
many different types of food.
• It also encouraged the development if
tools for hunting and transporting and
cutting up food.
• Division of labour allowed a longer
childhood period, increasing the
opportunity for cultural knowledge to be
passed on.

5. Animal domestication
• Dmestication of animals occurred before plants
because nomadic life was more common.
• The first animal to be domesticated was the dog,
occurring 12,000 years ago (safety).
• Sheep and goats were domesticated in the
Middle East 9,000 years ago (food).
• Camel, Cow and Horse (lift, drag, carry)
• Advantages
• providing a steady income from as a source of milk or
hair
• animals became a source of wealth

6. Temporary Shelter
• Shelter, along with food and
clothing, is one of the most
essential necessities.
• Materials such straw or animal
hides supported by wood or
bones which could be quickly
be erected and taken down.
• Provide Shelter
• protects people from the
weather,
• shields them against wild animals
and insects,
• provides a place to rest
• Can move with the animal
migrations and seasons.

7. Plant domestication and agriculture
• Wheat and barley were domesticated 10,000 years
ago.
• Plant domestication probably occurred in two
stages;
1. weeding out competing species from naturally
growing wild cereals;
2. collecting seeds and growing them.
Advantages
• crops could be traded
• populations became settled and towns and cities
developed.
• Land ownership

8. Permanent shelter
• The first permanent shelters were
probably made out of stones and
tree branches.
• The stones were placed at the base
of the structure to hold the
branches in place.
• Man slowly learned the make
simple tools that would allow them
to build better structures, and later
on these house structures
gradually evolved in shape and
form.
Tree house in a Banyan tree, Vanuatu

9. Wood, wattle and daub
• More permanent log cabins
were built using sawn logs
• This was followed by wattle and
daub where huts were
constructed of poles and
earthen walls.
• The filling of these wattle walls
to improve wind resistance
could be achieved with anything
that came to hand, but most
frequently may have been earth
with straw or leaves.

10. Development of Towns
• Larger social groupings developed, not just
extended families
• Occupations developed to support food production
e.g carpentry, clothing, art, medicine;
• opened up new technological opportunities e.g
pottery- to store food and carry water, smelting for
agricultural equipment.
• Development of social ‘rules’, how to behave,
cooperation with others (not your family)
• Development of town planning - roads
• Wider genetic mixing
• Common services, water supply, rubbish disposal
• Bartering services for food

11. Catal Huyuk, Turkey 6,500 BC
• Catal Huyuk was one of the world's
first towns.
• It was built in what is now Turkey
not long after farming began.
• Catal Huyuk probably had a
population of about 6,000.
• Houses were made of mud brick.
Houses were built touching against
each other.
• They did not have doors and
houses were entered through
hatches in roofs.
• People slept on raised platforms.

12. Sumer civilization – towns 4,000 BC
• By 4,000 BC farming had spread
across Europe and people started
to say in one place.
• The first civilization arose in Sumer
(which is now Iraq). There were a
number of city states.
• Their houses were two story high
and they were arranged around a
courtyard. However poor people
lived in simple huts.

13. Egyptians 3,100 BC
• The ancient Egyptians started building
flat-topped houses made out of sun-dried
bricks.
• Walls were painted and floors had
colored tiles.
• Most wealthy houses had enclosed
gardens with pools. Inside their homes
rich Egyptians had wooden furniture such
as beds, chairs, tables and chests for
storage.
• Instead of pillows they used wooden
headrests.
• Toilets consisted of a clay pot filled with
sand which was emptied regularly.
• Ordinary people lived in simpler homes
made of mud bricks.

14. Development of cities
• Further specialisation of trades and services (good
and bad)
• Hard laws and rules
• Complex social organisation
• writing

15. Assyrians 2,500 BC
• 600 years later the Assyrians
discovered that baking bricks
in fire made them harder and
more durable.
• They also started glazing
bricks to strengthen them and
make them water proof.

16. Greek housing 800 to 150 BC
Houses
• Greek homes were usually plain
and simple. They were made of
mud bricks covered in plaster.
Roofs were made of pottery
tiles. Windows did not have
glass and were just holes in the
wall.
Architecture
• the Greeks built temples and
public buildings, which were
dignified and gracious structures
built to emphasise the cultural
and economic prosperity of
their society.

17. Persian housing 550 BC to 330 AD
• The rivals of the Greeks were the
Persians.
• Rich Persians lived in palaces of
timber, stone and brick.
• They had comfortable upholstered
furniture such as beds, couches and
chairs. Tables were overlaid with
gold, silver and ivory.
• The rich also owned gold and silver
vessels, as well as glass vessels.
They also owned tapestries and
carpets.
• The rich also had beautiful gardens.
(Our word 'paradise' comes from
the Persian word for garden -
paridayda.

18. Roman housing 340 BC to 250 AD
• The Romans improved upon the
techniques of the Greeks.
• Most houses were built around
atriums, or a central court, with
rooms off the court.
• They introduced the concept of
central heating using suspended
floors with fires to create hot air
circulation.
• Rural poor people live in simple
wooden huts.
• But in Rome poor people lived in
blocks of flats called insulae.
• Most were at least five stories
high. However they were often
badly built.

19. Roman architecture
• The Romans developed
Concrete
• It is a composite of
• sand,
• aggregate (usually gravel or
stones)
• water
• mixed with a lime-based,
kiln-baked binder.
• The Pantheon and
Colosseum in Rome are
testament to the durability
of concrete
70 to 125 AD

20. Early Middle ages
• When the Roman Empire collapsed
around AD 400 and Europe was
overrun by Germans and
Scandinavians and they made
improvements in building and
construction techniques.
• Buildings were supported by
frameworks of heavy timber and
spaces between the wood were filled
with clay.
• Usually there was only one room
shared by everybody.
• Poor people shared their huts with
animals divided from them by a
screen.
• During the winter the animals body
heat helped keep the hut warm).

21. Half timber houses
• Europeans began building half-
timbered houses, with stone or
brick foundations. Tree trunks are
placed at corners of the houses,
and strong wooden beams were
used to support the house.
• By 1580, glass windows were
becoming common. So are
chimneys. However poor people
continue to live in simple huts.
• By 1630, brick or stone houses
were becoming common. They are
replacing wooden ones.

22. Coastal dwelling
• Nearly 2.4 billion people
(about 40 per cent of the
world’s population) live
within 100 km (60 miles) of
the coast.
• Three-quarters of the
world's mega-cities are by
the sea.
• More than 600 million
people (around 10 per cent
of the world’s population)
live in coastal areas that are
less than 10 meters above
sea level.
Perachori and Vathi, Greece

23. Fortified towns
Fortified towns
• Carcassonne is the best
known fortified medieval
city in France
Fortified Islands
• The walled city of St Malo
had a long history of piracy,
earning much wealth from
local extortion and
overseas adventures.
Carcassonne
St Malo

24. Modern Concrete
• The modern
industrialised form of
the binder – Portland
cement – was patented
as a form of “artificial
stone” in 1824 by
Joseph Aspdin in Leeds.

25. Council houses
• By 1900, about 90% of the
population rented their home.
• However home ownership became
more common. By 1939 about 27%
of the population owned their own
house.
• The first council houses were built
before the First World War. More
were built in the 1920s and 1930s.
After 1945 many more were built
and they became common.
• In the early 1950s many homes in
Britain still did not have bathrooms
and only had outside lavatories. The
situation greatly improved in the
late 1950s and 1960s.

26. 2 up 2 down
• By the early 1900s, the working
class homes had two rooms
downstairs. The front room and the
back room.
• The front room was kept for best
and children were not allowed to
play there. In the front room the
family kept their best furniture and
ornaments.
• The back room was the kitchen and
it was where the family spent most
of their time.
• Most families cooked on a coal-
fired stove called a range, which
also heated the room.

27. Electric lighting and central heating
• By 1935, Electric light was
common in Britain. Rising
incomes meant more people
could afford comfortable
furniture.
• Some people could afford
electric fires but most still
used coal.
• By 1965, central heating was
becoming common.
• By 1979, the British
government introduced a
policy of selling council
houses

28. Suburban housing
• Suburbs developed with the
spread of the first urban
settlements.
• Large walled towns tended
to be the focus around which
smaller villages grew up in a
symbiotic relationship with
the market town.
• In cities like London
and Manchester suburban
districts sprung up around
the city centre to
accommodate those who
wanted to escape the squalid
conditions of the industrial
town.

29. Prefab building
• The first prefabricated homes and
movable structures were invented
in 16th century in India
• In the UK ‘prefab’ is often
associated with the Airey houses
built in large numbers after the
Second World War as a temporary
replacement for housing that had
been destroyed by bombs,
particularly in London.
• However many remained
inhabited for years and even
decades after the end of the war.
• A small number are still in use in
the 21st century,
Airey houses

30. Eco housing
• An Eco-house (or eco-home) is
an environmentally low-impact
home designed and built using
materials and technology that
reduces its carbon footprint and
lowers its energy needs.
• Heating from renewable resources
(such as solar, heat pump or
biomass)
• Photovoltaic panels, small wind
turbine or electricity from a
‘green’ supplier
• Natural materials — avoidance of
PVCu and other plastics
• Rainwater harvesting
• Greywater collection
• Composting toilet
• A vegetable patch outside the
house for some food

31. 3-D printed house
• There are a number of 3D house
printing methods used at
construction scale.
• Potential advantages of these
technologies include
• faster construction,
• lower labour costs,
• increased complexity and/or
accuracy,
• greater integration of function and
• less waste produced.

32. 3-D printed house

33. Different house types for different
conditions
Inuit Mongolian
Cappadocia Gypsy

34. Housing trends - ubanisation
• Today, around 55 percent of the world's population
is thought to be living in an urban area or city,
• By 2050 UN predict that it will to rise to 68 percent

35. Concrete today
• Concrete was later combined
with steel rods or mesh to
create reinforced concrete
• This together with elevators
was the basis for
• Multi story buildings
• Skyscrapers
• As well as
• dams,
• bridges,
• ports,
• city halls,
• university campuses,
• shopping centres
First concrete
multi story building

36. Use and misuse of concrete
• futuristic, free-
flowing curves of
Oscar Niemeyer and
the elegant lines of
Tadao Ando
• Frank Lloyd Wright

37. Use and misuse of concrete
Brutalist architectural design
• Le Corbusier
Owen Luder
Prince Charles
• ????? described it as a
“mildewed lump of elephant
droppings”.
Tricorn Centre

38. Sky scrapers
• A heady confluence of
engineering prowess,
zoning loopholes and an
unparalleled
concentration of
personal wealth have
together spawned a
new species of super-
tall, super-skinny, super-
expensive spire.

39. Concrete
• Our species is addicted to concrete.
• After water, concrete is now the most
widely used substance on Earth.
• In the time it takes for me to read this
sentence, the global building industry
will have poured more than 19,000
bathtubs of concrete.
• By this time in the talk, the volume
would fill the Albert Hall twice.
• In a day it would be almost the volume
of China’s Three Gorges Dam.
• In a single year, there is enough
concrete to patio over every hill, dale,
nook and cranny in England.

40. Extra slides

41. Windows and furniture
• By 1680, furniture was much more
ornate with inlaying, veneering
and lacquering. The rich had new
types of furniture such as
bookcases and chest of drawers.
By now even poor people usually
have glass windows and chimneys.
• By 1750, rich people had very
comfortable upholstered and
decorated furniture.
• Poor people continue to live in
simple houses with very simple
furniture.

42. Water supply and sewers (and toilets)
• By 1880, houses for the poor and
working class were getting better.
• For the middle class, mass production
of furniture and carpets made it much
easier to create comfortable homes.
• Many towns were building sewers and
piped water supplies. Most homes had
gas lighting.
• By 1900, some rich people have
electric light. Gas cookers are
becoming cooking.
• Some houses for skilled workers were
built with inside flushing toilets and
bathrooms.
• However outside lavatories were still
common.

43. Bathroom ca. 1930
Modern bathroom 1990s
Bathroom in the 1900s
Bathrooms

44. Kitchens

45. Toilets

46. Beds