CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: IRON CURTAIN. Content: Stalin Balshoi speech, the Long telegram, the Fulton speech, historian opinion, suspicions after the speech, different beliefs, aims, resentments, events, Russia's salami tactics, cartoon.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: IRON CURTAIN. Content: Stalin Balshoi speech, the Long telegram, the Fulton speech, historian opinion, suspicions after the speech, different beliefs, aims, resentments, events, Russia's salami tactics, cartoon.
After World War II ended in 1945, Japan made a new start toward economic reconstruction as a democratic and pacifist state. Thanks to its highly educated and abundant labor force and to the concentration of capital and resources in certain key industries, such as electric power and steel, Japan succeeded in recovering from the ruins of war and achieving industrialization during the 1950s and 1960s.
586 CHAPTER 19
•nationalism
•militarism
•Allies
•Central Powers
•Archduke Franz Ferdinand
•no man’s land
•trench warfare
•Lusitania
•Zimmermann note
1. TERMS & NAMES For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
MAIN IDEA
2. TAKING NOTES
In a chart like the one shown, list
the causes for the outbreak of
World War I.
Which was the most significant
cause? Explain your answer.
CRITICAL THINKING
3. SYNTHESIZING
Describe some ways in which
World War I threatened the lives
of civilians on both sides of
the Atlantic.
4. SUMMARIZING
Why were America’s ties with the
Allies stronger than its ties with the
Central Powers?
5. ANALYZING ISSUES
Why do you think Germany
escalated its U-boat attacks
in 1917? Think About:
• Germany’s military buildup
• the effects of the British
blockade
• Germany’s reason for using
submarine warfare
replaced with a representative government. Now supporters
of American entry into the war could claim that this was a
war of democracies against brutal monarchies.
AMERICA ACTS A light drizzle fell on Washington on
April 2, 1917, as senators, representatives, ambassadors,
members of the Supreme Court, and other guests crowd-
ed into the Capitol building to hear President Wilson
deliver his war resolution.
A PERSONAL VOICE WOODROW WILSON
“ Property can be paid for; the lives of peaceful and
innocent people cannot be. The present German submarine
warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind.
. . . We are glad . . . to fight . . . for the ultimate peace of
the world and for the liberation of its peoples. . . . The
world must be made safe for democracy. . . . We have no
selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion.
We seek no indemnities. . . . It is a fearful thing to lead
this great peaceful people into war. . . . But the right is
more precious than peace.”
—quoted in American Voices
Congress passed the resolution a few days later. With
the hope of neutrality finally shattered, U.S. troops would
follow the stream of American money and munitions that
had been heading to the Allies throughout the war. But
Wilson’s plea to make the world “safe for democracy” wasn’t just political pos-
turing. Indeed, Wilson and many Americans truly believed that the United States
had to join the war to pave the way for a future order of peace and freedom. A
resolved but anxious nation held its breath as the United States prepared for war.
WO
RLD STAGEWO
RLD STAGE
REVOLUTION IN RUSSIA
At first, the Russians surprised
the Germans by mobilizing rapid-
ly. Russian troops advanced
quickly into German territory but
were turned back at the Battle
of Tannenberg in August 1914.
Throughout 1915, the Russians
endured defeats and continued
to retreat. By the end of 1915
they had suffered about 2.5 mil-
lion casualties. The war also
caused massive bread shortages
in Russia.
Revolutionaries ousted the czar
in March 1917 and estab.
Family Feud 3 Cousins of WWI- all grandsons of ChereCheek752
Family Feud: 3 Cousins of WWI
- all grandsons of
Queen Victoria of Great Britain
King George V of Great Britain
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
Tsar Nicholas (left)
and
King George V (right)
Odd Man Out: Kaiser Wilhelm
CAUSES
Arms buildup throughout Europe
Personal vendettas:
Germany’s Kaiser Wilhelm against his cousins Britain's King George V and Russia’s Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.
Competition for Imperialism
Germany vying for power
Entangling Alliances
Triple Entente: Britain, France, and Russia
Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Control over Serbia
Nicholas and George's friendship, too, was no match for the shoals of politics. When Nicholas abdicated in 1917, the provisional Russian government asked the British to give the tsar and his family political asylum. The British government initially said yes, but George – who had told Nicholas a few years before, "Remember, you can always count on me as your friend" – was convinced that if his now deeply unpopular cousin came to England, his own position would be threatened. It was the first time his friendship with Nicholas had been genuinely tested; he responded by lobbying energetically for the invitation to be withdrawn, and it was. Whether the imperial family could actually have been spirited out of Russia is unknown, but George's reaction was a negation of all the decades of protestations of family closeness. Nicholas and his family were murdered at Ekaterinburg 18 months later.
6
Alliances - 1917
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Turkey
Bulgaria
Russia
France
Great Britain
United States
Central Powers:
Allies:
Italy
MOTIVES
Germany:
Believed that war with Russia was inevitable
Argued it would be better to fight Russia while its army was still poorly armed and untrained, rather than to wait until it could pose a greater threat.
England
Germany built up a naval fleet, with the specific goal of matching Britain on the high seas.
England saw this as a threat to the balance of power in Europe.
MOTIVES, con’t
France:
Had lost the territories of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany
Believed that if Germany were distracted by a war with Russia, France could regain these territories.
Russia:
Motives are less clear-cut
Russian military leaders had strong nationalistic leanings & encouraged Tsar Nicholas II to join the war
A time of great instability in Russia
A military victory would likely help the tsar politically
General Info
Started on July 28, 1914
US entered war in April, 1917
Ended on November 11, 1918
Almost 8,000,000 dead.
Almost 22,000,000 wounded
3 million US men drafted
2 million volunteered
Cost US $32 million
1 million U.S. women entered work force
Map of Europe greatly changed.
Europe on the Eve of World War I, 1914
The Black Hand
The main objective of the Black Hand was the creation of a Greater Serbia, by means of violence.
spark tha ...
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2. Events Prior to U.s. entry
1. U.S. Position: Neutrality
a. President Wilson encouraged neutrality in “thought &
action”
b. Neutrality Problems
i. U.S. traded w/both sides, but ties w/Great Britain were
strongest
1. Common language, customs, and government
2. By 1917, U.S. loans to the Allies reached $2.3 billion
3. Events Prior to U.s. entry
ii. Great Britain spread anti-German propaganda to the U.S.
iii. G. Britain blockaded Europe, stopping our trade w/Germany
(famine)
iii. Germany began submarine warfare (violated “freedom of seas”)
1. Attacked ships in Allied ports
2. Declared a “war zone” around the British Isles
7. Events Prior to U.s. entry
v. Sinking of the Lusitania (May 7, 1915)
1. U.S.-German relations worsen
2. Germany questioned U.S. neutrality & the ship’s cargo
3. Ship was loaded with contraband purchased from the U.S.
4. Wilson demanded in a letter of protest that Germany end
sub warfare, & apologize and pay reparations to the
families
8.
9. Events Prior to U.s. entry
vi. March 1916: The French ship Sussex was sunk w/Americans on board.
Germany agreed to the “Sussex Pledge,” a promise to warn ships before
sinking them.
10. Events Prior to U.s. entry
2. Election of 1916
a. (D) Wilson: “Dove” and (R) Charles E. Hughes: “Hawk”
i. Both hand campaigned for peace & neutrality
ii. TR may have hurt (R) chances for victory with pro-war
speeches
iii. Cliff-hanger: Wilson won by 20 electoral votes (CA decided the
outcome)
iv. Message: Did the citizens of the US want to go to war despite
Wilson??
11. Events Prior to U.s. entry
3. Events to US Entry
a. By 1916, the War in Europe became stalemated on both
fronts
i. Western Front = 500 miles of trenches extending from the English
Channel to the Adriatic Sea (Defended by France and Great Britain)
ii. Eastern Front = line defended by Russia
iii. Little progress & high casualties led to frustration on both sides
12.
13.
14.
15. Events Prior to U.s. entry
b. Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare to break the
deadlock
i. Stopped issuing warnings; 3 U.S. shops were sunk in one day
ii. The Kaiser felt confident the U.S. would not enter the war
iii. U.S. responded by ending diplomatic relations w/Germany
16. Events Prior to U.s. entry
c. Zimmerman Note (“Last Straw”) published on March
1, 1917)
i. Letter from Germany to Mexico asking for an alliance against the U.S.
ii. Intercepted and decoded by Great Britain
iii. Pro-war fever intensified in the U.S.; TR demanded we enter in the name
of self-defense. Soon after, 4 more unarmed U.S. ships were sunk.
d. March 1917, Russia surrendered to Germany
17. Events Prior to U.s. entry
e. Wilson asked Congress for a Declaration of War on April 2, 1917
i. Enemy: German government, not the German people
ii. Wilson: “America must go to war to make the world safe for democracy”
iii. Congress declared war on April 6, 1917
18. Events Prior to U.s. entry
4. The War in Europe
a. The Allies were weakened in 1917
i. In March, 1917 a Russian peoples’ revolt overthrew Czar
Nicholas II and a provisional government was set up
ii. In November 1917, this weak gov’t was overthrown by the
Bolsheviks led by Nikolai Lenin, eventually resulting in a
communist government
iii. In December, 1917 Russia agreed to an armistice on the Eastern
Front and withdrew, leaving Germany to fight a 1 front war (All German
forces could now be sent to the Western Front in concentration)
19. Events Prior to U.s. entry
b. June, 1917: 1st U.S. troops arrive in Europe
i. A.E.F. = American Expeditionary Forces were led by
General John Pershing
ii. By 1918, 2 million U.S. “Doughboys” were in France
iii. Wilson began plans for permanent peace based on his 14
Points