Japanese Stiltgrass
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Japanese stiltgrass is an invasive annual grass native to Asia that has spread throughout the eastern US. It grows in a variety of habitats and can dominate forest understories, reducing diversity and restricting tree growth. While it pulls up easily, stiltgrass is difficult to eradicate due to long-lived seeds and spread through water, animals, and human activities like equipment. Effective management requires controlling it before seed production using herbicides, mowing, or burning, along with preventing further spread through equipment sanitation and regional coordination of control efforts.
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2. The best method for controlling spotted knapweed is through the use of biological controls like seedhead weevils (Larinus species) and root weevils (Cyphocleonus achates), which were introduced in the 1990s. These weevils significantly reduce spotted knapweed populations.
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This document discusses the biology and management of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), an invasive aquatic plant native to Eurasia. It is a submerged plant that forms dense surface mats and spreads rapidly through fragmentation. The document covers its identification, life cycle, impacts as an invasive species, and various control methods. Management approaches vary between states and regions depending on the local environment and regulatory factors. Effective control requires understanding the plant's biology and exploiting vulnerabilities in its life cycle.
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The document discusses the biology and management of hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), an invasive aquatic plant. It describes hydrilla's rapid growth rate, ability to spread through vegetative fragments and specialized structures, and high genetic diversity, which allow it to quickly dominate water bodies. The document also outlines different control methods used, including herbicides and biocontrol with grass carp, and debates the feasibility of eradication efforts. Factors that influence hydrilla's establishment and spread, such as climate and water quality parameters, are also reviewed.
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Yellow Floating-Heart
Yellow Floating-Heart is an invasive aquatic plant native to eastern Asia and the Mediterranean. It has round to heart-shaped leaves up to 12 cm wide with often purple undersides. Its two to five yellow flowers from May to October have fringed petals above the water surface. It reproduces by seed and fragmentation, preferring slow moving water and damp mud in depths from 0 to 4 meters, where it forms dense mats. Originally cultivated in New England in the 1890s, it was first observed in Washington state in the 1930s and is commonly sold for ornamental ponds, though preventing its spread is important as no biological controls are known and mechanical removal can worsen infestations.
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This document discusses efficient control methods for bush honeysuckle, an invasive plant species. It provides details on the plant's biology and introduction to North America. Control priorities and costs are outlined, with contracted work ranging from $150-400/acre for foliar treatment to $3200/acre for cut and chip removal. Hands-on control methods like cutting, digging, and pulling are also described. Maintaining controlled areas is emphasized to prevent reestablishment of invasives through seeding desirable species or regular burning/mowing. Photos show the before and after impacts of control work.
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This document discusses the invasive algae Didymosphenia geminata, also known as rock snot. It forms thick mats that negatively impact streams by decreasing clarity, oxygen, and suitable habitat for other organisms. It currently exists in 22 US states, including nearby Arkansas. The algae thrives in conditions with high nitrogen, low phosphorus, sunlight, and stable water flow. Efforts to control it include developing predictive models, adding phosphorus, using copper compounds, cleaning equipment, and increasing public awareness through educational materials.
Non-native Common Reed
This document discusses the non-native common reed (Phragmites australis), including its invasive characteristics and methods for control and management. The non-native common reed forms dense monocultures that degrade wildlife habitat and increase fire risk. It has competitive advantages over native plants through elevated levels of allelopathic biochemicals. Effective control methods include applying herbicides like imazapyr and glyphosate in late summer or fall. Follow-up treatments may use fire or additional herbicides to prevent regrowth. Long-term monitoring is needed to manage the invasive populations over time.
Brittle Naiad
The Brittle Naiad is a non-native annual plant that was first discovered in the U.S. in the 1930s, reproduces by seed and fragmentation, tolerates moderate turbidity and fertile water, and outcompetes native plants by reducing diversity and choking water bodies which can impede use and affect aesthetics. Control options include grass carp and aquatic herbicides such as Diquat, Endothall, Fluridone, and Flumioxazin.
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Japanese Stiltgrass
- 1. Japanese Stiltgrass Microstegium vimineum Chris Evans River to River CWMA www.rtrcwma.org/stiltgrass
- 2. Japanese Stiltgrass • Nepalese Browntop, Eualia, Chinese Packing Grass • Annual, warm season, shade tolerant grass • Native to Asia • First found in the United States in 1919 in Knoxville, Tennessee
- 4. Identification • Weak rooted annual – Pulls up easily • 1-6 feet in height • Sprawling, weak stems • Longer stems prostrate along ground or propped-up
- 7. Identification • Turns purple-brown in fall, starting at the top of the plant (hence the name ‘Browntop’)
- 8. Identification Leaves • Short, wide leaves – 2-4 inches long – ½ - ¾ inch wide • Whitish midrib • Smooth edges (not serrated)
- 10. Identification Flowers/seeds • Thin spike-like raceme • 1,2 or 3-branched on long, wiry stem
- 11. Ecology • Grows in a variety of habitats – Deep shade to full sun – Moist soils to dry conditions • Does best in semi-shaded environment with adequate soil moisture • Seeds can be viable for a long period (7-10 years), but most germinate in first two years – Differs by seed type and local conditions
- 12. Ecology • Invade forests, forest edges, roadsides, ditches, etc. • Has the ability to dominate forest understory plants • Spring fires seem to promote stiltgrass
- 13. Impacts • Decreases habitat/forage • Decreases diversity in forest understory • Restricts some tree seedling establishment • Increases fuel loading
- 14. Timing • Late spring – seeds germinate • Summer – peak growth • Late summer / early fall – flowering • Early fall – seed set • Mid-late fall – senescence
- 20. Spread • Still actively expanding its range – Water – Gravity – Animals – Humans • Equipment • Roads • Shoes • Materials
- 23. Spread • Stiltgrass closely follows disturbance – Logging roads – Fire breaks – Trail construction – Logging – Other invasive control
- 25. Management and Control • Easy to kill, hard to eradicate • Pulls easily • Variety of herbicides work • Mowing before flower initiation • Fall burns?
- 26. Chemical Control • Broad-spectrum, grass-specific, and pre- emergent herbicides will kill stiltgrass – Some recent research indicating that native recovery may be best when using grass-specific herbicides • Wetlands and streamsides limit what type of chemicals you can use – Aquatic-label glyphosate
- 27. Chemical Control • Sethoxydim – 1-1.5% • Fluazifop – 0.5% • Clethodim – 0.33-0.66% • Glyphosate – 1-2%
- 28. Mechanical Control • Post-treatment equipment sanitation is a MUST • If flowers are present, then plant material should be bagged and removed • Late summer (but before flower initiation) mowing may prevent seed set
- 29. Management and Control • Key is to conduct control efforts before flower initiation or seed set – Being an annual, your goal is not to kill the plant, it is to prevent seed production – Germination may continue after early-season control activities • Think about landscape level infestations • May be a waste of money to control stiltgrass in one area if infestations occur farther upstream in the watershed
- 30. Prevention • Early Detection / Rapid Response • Equipment sanitation • Infestation avoidance – Re-routing firebreaks – Pre-logging treatments • Changes in firelines – Green lines – Blown instead of plowed lines • Coordinate efforts regionally
- 31. Summary • Stiltgrass is a major invader of forestlands with drastic impacts • Stiltgrass has rapid spread and can be introduced through human activities • Several different chemical treatments are effective at controlling stiltgrass, but grass-specific herbicides tend to allow recovery of native plants the best • Coordination across ownership boundaries is necessary to achieve success in management