This document provides an overview of weed basics, types of weeds, and methods of weed control. It discusses that a weed is a plant growing out of place and that weeds reduce crop yields and land use efficiency. It identifies the main types of weeds as broadleaves, grasses, and sedges. The document outlines various weed control methods including cultural practices like mowing, fertilizing and irrigation to encourage turf growth and discourage weeds. It also discusses preemergence and postemergence herbicides, how they work, when to apply them, and examples of common herbicides used. The document emphasizes that proper turfgrass management is key to reducing weed pressures and provides tips for controlling specific weeds like crab
Japanese stiltgrass is an invasive annual grass native to Asia that has spread throughout the eastern US. It grows in a variety of habitats and can dominate forest understories, reducing diversity and restricting tree growth. While it pulls up easily, stiltgrass is difficult to eradicate due to long-lived seeds and spread through water, animals, and human activities like equipment. Effective management requires controlling it before seed production using herbicides, mowing, or burning, along with preventing further spread through equipment sanitation and regional coordination of control efforts.
This document discusses organic weed management techniques for farmers. It outlines that organic farming uses vegetation management to improve soil, prevent degradation, and enable crop production. Weeds managed include intentionally planted cover crops and cash crops as well as naturally occurring plants. Common organic weed control methods include prevention practices like using organic mulches, cultural techniques like timed planting, and mechanical practices like cultivation. The document also describes a study comparing different planting systems and cover crops for managing weeds and their effects on squash yields over multiple years. Results found that black plastic mulch consistently produced the highest yields while other tillage techniques worked better depending on planting dates and weather conditions. Overall, the document emphasizes using integrated, preventative practices and mechanical removal through cultivation for organic
This document discusses the benefits of various cover crops for agriculture production. It summarizes research showing that cereal rye and rapeseed provided increased protection for soybeans against soybean cyst nematodes, Rhizoctonia, brown stem rot, and foliar diseases like Septoria brown spot. Cereal rye and annual ryegrass were shown to significantly reduce soybean cyst nematode egg counts. Cover crops like cereal rye, rapeseed, and annual ryegrass also provided effective weed control through mulching and allelopathy. The document provides tips for establishing cover crops and using them in no-till systems for weed control and other benefits.
An increasingly industrialized global economy, rapid population growth, land degradation, land use pattern and role of various human activities have led to dramatically increased the pressure on the natural resources such as the available land for sustaining the livelihoods, and with over exploitation and extraction of the natural resources the ecosystems are becoming unsustainable and fragile since last century. The forest and tree cover of India is 78.92 million ha, accounting
for 24.01 per cent of the geographical area. But due to biotic disturbances such as over-grazing, deforestation, shifting cultivation and etc. also effect on regeneration of tree species inside and out side of the forest area.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on protected cultivation of fruit crops. It discusses various types of protected structures used for fruit production, including greenhouses, polyhouses, shade net houses, and rigid panel greenhouses. Fruit production techniques covered include planting systems, crop varieties, planting seasons, fertigation, drip irrigation, canopy management, pruning, pest and disease control. Key points made are that protected cultivation can increase fruit crop productivity and quality by controlling the microclimate. Single-stemmed crops are better suited than branched species. Average yields are higher under protected conditions than open conditions.
The document provides information about citrus agronomy. It discusses the botanical details of citrus plants including their flowers, leaves, fruits, propagation through budding, and varieties such as oranges, grapefruits, and lemons. It also outlines best practices for establishing a citrus orchard including site selection, planting, irrigation, fertilization, pruning, pest control, and weed removal. The goal is to produce a canopy of sufficient size for economic fruit production through proper maintenance operations in the nursery and orchard.
This document provides an overview of weed basics, types of weeds, and methods of weed control. It discusses that a weed is a plant growing out of place and that weeds reduce crop yields and land use efficiency. It identifies the main types of weeds as broadleaves, grasses, and sedges. The document outlines various weed control methods including cultural practices like mowing, fertilizing and irrigation to encourage turf growth and discourage weeds. It also discusses preemergence and postemergence herbicides, how they work, when to apply them, and examples of common herbicides used. The document emphasizes that proper turfgrass management is key to reducing weed pressures and provides tips for controlling specific weeds like crab
Japanese stiltgrass is an invasive annual grass native to Asia that has spread throughout the eastern US. It grows in a variety of habitats and can dominate forest understories, reducing diversity and restricting tree growth. While it pulls up easily, stiltgrass is difficult to eradicate due to long-lived seeds and spread through water, animals, and human activities like equipment. Effective management requires controlling it before seed production using herbicides, mowing, or burning, along with preventing further spread through equipment sanitation and regional coordination of control efforts.
This document discusses organic weed management techniques for farmers. It outlines that organic farming uses vegetation management to improve soil, prevent degradation, and enable crop production. Weeds managed include intentionally planted cover crops and cash crops as well as naturally occurring plants. Common organic weed control methods include prevention practices like using organic mulches, cultural techniques like timed planting, and mechanical practices like cultivation. The document also describes a study comparing different planting systems and cover crops for managing weeds and their effects on squash yields over multiple years. Results found that black plastic mulch consistently produced the highest yields while other tillage techniques worked better depending on planting dates and weather conditions. Overall, the document emphasizes using integrated, preventative practices and mechanical removal through cultivation for organic
This document discusses the benefits of various cover crops for agriculture production. It summarizes research showing that cereal rye and rapeseed provided increased protection for soybeans against soybean cyst nematodes, Rhizoctonia, brown stem rot, and foliar diseases like Septoria brown spot. Cereal rye and annual ryegrass were shown to significantly reduce soybean cyst nematode egg counts. Cover crops like cereal rye, rapeseed, and annual ryegrass also provided effective weed control through mulching and allelopathy. The document provides tips for establishing cover crops and using them in no-till systems for weed control and other benefits.
An increasingly industrialized global economy, rapid population growth, land degradation, land use pattern and role of various human activities have led to dramatically increased the pressure on the natural resources such as the available land for sustaining the livelihoods, and with over exploitation and extraction of the natural resources the ecosystems are becoming unsustainable and fragile since last century. The forest and tree cover of India is 78.92 million ha, accounting
for 24.01 per cent of the geographical area. But due to biotic disturbances such as over-grazing, deforestation, shifting cultivation and etc. also effect on regeneration of tree species inside and out side of the forest area.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on protected cultivation of fruit crops. It discusses various types of protected structures used for fruit production, including greenhouses, polyhouses, shade net houses, and rigid panel greenhouses. Fruit production techniques covered include planting systems, crop varieties, planting seasons, fertigation, drip irrigation, canopy management, pruning, pest and disease control. Key points made are that protected cultivation can increase fruit crop productivity and quality by controlling the microclimate. Single-stemmed crops are better suited than branched species. Average yields are higher under protected conditions than open conditions.
The document provides information about citrus agronomy. It discusses the botanical details of citrus plants including their flowers, leaves, fruits, propagation through budding, and varieties such as oranges, grapefruits, and lemons. It also outlines best practices for establishing a citrus orchard including site selection, planting, irrigation, fertilization, pruning, pest control, and weed removal. The goal is to produce a canopy of sufficient size for economic fruit production through proper maintenance operations in the nursery and orchard.
DRYLAND AGRICULTURE - CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGESAshokh Aravind S
Dryland farming, current status, issues, practices, types of dryland agriculture, methods of dryland farming, water conservation, management of dryland, improving dryland productivity
Rhs level 2 certificate year 2 week 5 presentationvikkis
This document provides information about mulches and composting as part of an RHS certification course. It includes a quiz on previous lessons, describes different types of organic mulches like bark, leaf mould, and composted straw, outlining their benefits and limitations. It also outlines methods of composting like aerobic hot heaps, anaerobic cool heaps, producing leaf mould, and using wormeries. The roles of bacteria, worms, and fungi in breaking down organic matter are defined. Learning objectives cover organic mulching materials, their properties, composting methods, and the roles of microorganisms and ratios in composting.
This document discusses invasive species management. It defines invasive species and explains what traits allow plants to become invasive. It emphasizes the importance of identifying invasive plants, understanding their biology, prioritizing which species to manage, and using integrated management methods. Effective management requires developing a detailed plan, using a variety of control techniques such as pulling, mowing, herbicide application, and monitoring over multiple seasons. Early detection and prevention of new invasives is crucial to success.
Loquat Fruit : Introduction and Importance, varieties.Binita Suwal
loquat is very nutritious food that contain anti oxidants. Loquat is originally from southeast china, later neutralized in Japan and India. Loquat is moderate sized tree of abt 20-30 ft height.
This document provides information on citrus, including its origin, classification, distinguishing features of genera, hybrids, soil requirements, climate needs, propagation techniques, planting methods, fertilizer application, irrigation practices, pruning, physiological disorders, and pests and diseases. It discusses key citrus producing species and the taxonomy of the citrus genus. Major sections are devoted to describing the three citrus genera, their distinguishing characteristics, and important commercial citrus species.
The document discusses various aspects of citrus production including suitable soil types, propagation methods, grafting techniques, planting systems, irrigation methods, common diseases, physiological disorders, harvesting, packing, and postharvest handling of kinnow. It provides information on soil requirements, asexual and sexual propagation, recommended spacing, common diseases like scab and canker, and strategies to control postharvest diseases and disorders.
This document provides information on permaculture and sustainable gardening methods. It discusses (1) permaculture principles of working with nature rather than against it, (2) five sustainable gardening methods: planning, soil building, pest management, gardening techniques, and water conservation, and (3) details on implementing each of these methods, including companion planting, rain gardens, and keyhole gardening. The overall message is that permaculture aims to create self-sufficient ecosystems through observation and design principles that conserve resources and produce food sustainably.
Weed management in maize,sorghum&perl millet plantsMahendra Anjana
This document discusses weed management in C4 plants such as maize, sorghum, and pearl millet. It identifies common weed flora including broad-leaf weeds and grass weeds. Yield losses from weeds can range from 20-30% but vary based on management practices. The critical period for weed control is early crop establishment to early reproductive stages from 30-60 days after sowing. Various weed management techniques are outlined including crop rotation, intercropping, seed treatment, soil preparation, hand weeding, mulching, fertilizer practices, soil solarization, harvesting at maturity, and chemical control options.
The document discusses agrotechniques for coconut cultivation including climatic requirements, soil types, nursery management, planting spacing and density, irrigation management, fertilizer recommendations, and effects of moisture stress. Key points include the ideal temperature, rainfall, humidity and altitude for coconut growth. Sandy loam soil is ideal with good water holding capacity. Nursery practices like polybag seedling raising and management are covered. Optimal planting spacing, density, and irrigation methods like basin and drip irrigation are recommended based on soil and climatic conditions.
This document discusses canopy management practices for guava trees, specifically pruning. It notes that canopy management is an important practice that forms the basis for fruit tree precociousness and longevity. Regular pruning is essential to induce new growth and provide maximum fruit-bearing area over the tree. Pruning helps control tree size, stimulate flowering and fruiting, improve fruit quality by increasing sunlight penetration, and make other horticultural practices more efficient. The ideal guava tree structure from pruning is dwarf, spreading, with an open canopy.
Zinnia is an annual flowering plant native to North America. There are many varieties of zinnia that differ in flower shape, size, and color. Pink dasher has cheerful pink round flowers good for indoor planting. Star white is suitable for hanging baskets with 3 inch wide pure white flowers. Elegans Benary's giant deep red attracts bees and butterflies and requires full sun. Propagation can be done through seeds or cuttings. Proper care includes preparing soil, providing adequate sunlight, water, and nutrients. Pests like aphids and diseases like powdery mildew must be controlled. Harvesting involves cutting flower clusters or singles with stems when blooms are partially open. Post-harvest handling like
The document discusses the growth cycle of yams. There are five distinct phases: 1) tuber germination, 2) foliage development, 3) rapid tuber bulking, 4) foliage senescence and tuber maturation, and 5) dormancy. The growth cycle and timing of phases can vary by growing conditions, species, and genotype. In particular, early mature varieties stop tuber growth and senesce aerial parts earlier than late mature varieties. A new protocol to non-destructively evaluate tuber earliness uses a senescence index measured from aerial senescence levels. This protocol identified the start of senescence as a parameter for earliness. A diversity research set is being used to select
Deepakb marigold ppt Presentation on PACKAGE AND PRACTICES OF MARIGOLD Govardhan Lodha
This document provides information about marigold cultivation. It discusses the two main species of marigold grown commercially in India - African marigold and French marigold. It covers varietal selection, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, spacing, fertilizer use, irrigation, training, pest and disease management, harvesting, and expected yields. The key points are that marigold is commonly grown as an ornamental flower and for garlands, and that it has a wide range of colors, shapes and sizes with year-round production and easy cultivation.
Small cardamom, or Elettaria cardamomum, is a medicinal plant native to the Western Ghats region of India. It is used to treat various digestive issues as well as cough, bronchitis, and infections. The plant thrives in humid, tropical forests between 1500-2500 meters in elevation. There are three main cultivars grown - Malabar, Mysore, and Vazhukka - which differ in panicle structure and capsule characteristics. Cardamom is propagated through vegetative suckers and requires irrigation, fertilization, mulching, weeding, and shade regulation to maximize yields.
This document provides information on lavender, including its botanical name, family, origin, uses, important species, chemical composition, distribution, cultivation areas in India, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, varieties, irrigation, maintenance, harvesting, yields, and essential oil extraction. The key points are: lavender is native to the Mediterranean region; the three main cultivated species are L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, and L. hybrida; its main constituent is linalyl acetate, ranging from 30-60%; and about 10 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained per hectare, with an essential oil content of 0.5-1.1%.
Citrus is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops in the world. The document discusses the origin, taxonomy, genetic diversity, and germplasm resources of citrus. It notes that citrus' center of origin is Southeast Asia and that three major centers of diversity exist in India. It also summarizes that the genus Citrus displays wide genetic variability in fruit morphology, quality, size, color, shape, acidity, and other traits, providing breeders with opportunities for improvement. National research institutes in India coordinate citrus genetic resources conservation and crop improvement efforts.
Hibiscus cannabinus and H. sabdariffa are species of plants grown for fiber production. H. cannabinus is commonly known as kenaf and produces fibers used in products like paper, rope, and clothing. H. sabdariffa, also known as roselle, produces fibers and calyx used to make natural dyes, cooking oil, and soap. India is a major producer of mesta fiber from these plants, which are well-suited to the climate and help supplement fiber production lost after partition. The two species require similar growing conditions and go through processes like retting, stripping, washing, and drying to extract the fibers.
Species and varieties of coleus, cinchona, glory lily, pyrethrum and sennaBalamurugan K
This document discusses several medicinal and aromatic crops including Coleus, Glory Lily, Senna, Pyrethrum, and Cinchona. It provides details on the botanical classification, commercial varieties, yield, and chemical content for each crop. Key varieties discussed include CO (Col)-1 and K-8 for Coleus, ALFT-2 and Sona for Senna, Avadh for Pyrethrum, and the commercial species C. succirubra, C. officinalis, C. ledgeriana, C.robusta and C.hybrida for Cinchona. The document serves as an overview of important medicinal and aromatic crops cultivated in India.
This document provides information on mulberry cultivation. It discusses the taxonomy of mulberry and describes several mulberry species. It also describes the morphology of mulberry plants. The document outlines best practices for mulberry cultivation, including land preparation, varieties, nursery establishment, planting methods, manuring, irrigation, pruning, and harvesting. Improved high-yielding varieties that are suitable for irrigated and rainfed conditions are highlighted. Annual leaf yields ranging from 6000 to 65,000 kg/ha depending on variety and cultivation method are reported.
This document provides information on the plant profile, uses, soil and climate requirements, varieties, inputs, cultivation practices, plant protection measures, harvesting, and yield of scented geranium. Scented geranium is a perennial aromatic plant cultivated for its essential oil, which is used in cosmetics and perfumery. It thrives in well-drained soil and a mild climate, and is propagated through cuttings. With proper care, scented geranium can be harvested up to three times per year, yielding approximately 15 tonnes of fresh herbage and 18 kg of essential oil per hectare annually.
This document provides information on identifying and managing common garden pests like insects and small animals. It discusses integrated pest management strategies like observation, identification, and using biological and cultural controls before resorting to chemical methods. Specific pests covered include aphids, spider mites, squash bugs, earwigs, and more. For small animals, it provides facts on common species like deer, ground squirrels, mice, moles and rabbits as well as non-lethal control recommendations focused on habitat modification and exclusion. The document concludes with additional wildlife and pest management resources.
This document provides information from a land steward about managing invasive plant species on properties. It begins by defining native, non-native, and invasive plants. It then discusses who determines if a plant is invasive and why invasives are successful. The document outlines various ecological impacts of invasives and how climate change may benefit them. It emphasizes the importance of identifying invasives on one's own property and provides tips on removal and replacement with native species. Examples of common invasive plants in the region are described along with their characteristics and best treatment methods. The document stresses an integrated approach to long-term invasive species management.
DRYLAND AGRICULTURE - CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGESAshokh Aravind S
Dryland farming, current status, issues, practices, types of dryland agriculture, methods of dryland farming, water conservation, management of dryland, improving dryland productivity
Rhs level 2 certificate year 2 week 5 presentationvikkis
This document provides information about mulches and composting as part of an RHS certification course. It includes a quiz on previous lessons, describes different types of organic mulches like bark, leaf mould, and composted straw, outlining their benefits and limitations. It also outlines methods of composting like aerobic hot heaps, anaerobic cool heaps, producing leaf mould, and using wormeries. The roles of bacteria, worms, and fungi in breaking down organic matter are defined. Learning objectives cover organic mulching materials, their properties, composting methods, and the roles of microorganisms and ratios in composting.
This document discusses invasive species management. It defines invasive species and explains what traits allow plants to become invasive. It emphasizes the importance of identifying invasive plants, understanding their biology, prioritizing which species to manage, and using integrated management methods. Effective management requires developing a detailed plan, using a variety of control techniques such as pulling, mowing, herbicide application, and monitoring over multiple seasons. Early detection and prevention of new invasives is crucial to success.
Loquat Fruit : Introduction and Importance, varieties.Binita Suwal
loquat is very nutritious food that contain anti oxidants. Loquat is originally from southeast china, later neutralized in Japan and India. Loquat is moderate sized tree of abt 20-30 ft height.
This document provides information on citrus, including its origin, classification, distinguishing features of genera, hybrids, soil requirements, climate needs, propagation techniques, planting methods, fertilizer application, irrigation practices, pruning, physiological disorders, and pests and diseases. It discusses key citrus producing species and the taxonomy of the citrus genus. Major sections are devoted to describing the three citrus genera, their distinguishing characteristics, and important commercial citrus species.
The document discusses various aspects of citrus production including suitable soil types, propagation methods, grafting techniques, planting systems, irrigation methods, common diseases, physiological disorders, harvesting, packing, and postharvest handling of kinnow. It provides information on soil requirements, asexual and sexual propagation, recommended spacing, common diseases like scab and canker, and strategies to control postharvest diseases and disorders.
This document provides information on permaculture and sustainable gardening methods. It discusses (1) permaculture principles of working with nature rather than against it, (2) five sustainable gardening methods: planning, soil building, pest management, gardening techniques, and water conservation, and (3) details on implementing each of these methods, including companion planting, rain gardens, and keyhole gardening. The overall message is that permaculture aims to create self-sufficient ecosystems through observation and design principles that conserve resources and produce food sustainably.
Weed management in maize,sorghum&perl millet plantsMahendra Anjana
This document discusses weed management in C4 plants such as maize, sorghum, and pearl millet. It identifies common weed flora including broad-leaf weeds and grass weeds. Yield losses from weeds can range from 20-30% but vary based on management practices. The critical period for weed control is early crop establishment to early reproductive stages from 30-60 days after sowing. Various weed management techniques are outlined including crop rotation, intercropping, seed treatment, soil preparation, hand weeding, mulching, fertilizer practices, soil solarization, harvesting at maturity, and chemical control options.
The document discusses agrotechniques for coconut cultivation including climatic requirements, soil types, nursery management, planting spacing and density, irrigation management, fertilizer recommendations, and effects of moisture stress. Key points include the ideal temperature, rainfall, humidity and altitude for coconut growth. Sandy loam soil is ideal with good water holding capacity. Nursery practices like polybag seedling raising and management are covered. Optimal planting spacing, density, and irrigation methods like basin and drip irrigation are recommended based on soil and climatic conditions.
This document discusses canopy management practices for guava trees, specifically pruning. It notes that canopy management is an important practice that forms the basis for fruit tree precociousness and longevity. Regular pruning is essential to induce new growth and provide maximum fruit-bearing area over the tree. Pruning helps control tree size, stimulate flowering and fruiting, improve fruit quality by increasing sunlight penetration, and make other horticultural practices more efficient. The ideal guava tree structure from pruning is dwarf, spreading, with an open canopy.
Zinnia is an annual flowering plant native to North America. There are many varieties of zinnia that differ in flower shape, size, and color. Pink dasher has cheerful pink round flowers good for indoor planting. Star white is suitable for hanging baskets with 3 inch wide pure white flowers. Elegans Benary's giant deep red attracts bees and butterflies and requires full sun. Propagation can be done through seeds or cuttings. Proper care includes preparing soil, providing adequate sunlight, water, and nutrients. Pests like aphids and diseases like powdery mildew must be controlled. Harvesting involves cutting flower clusters or singles with stems when blooms are partially open. Post-harvest handling like
The document discusses the growth cycle of yams. There are five distinct phases: 1) tuber germination, 2) foliage development, 3) rapid tuber bulking, 4) foliage senescence and tuber maturation, and 5) dormancy. The growth cycle and timing of phases can vary by growing conditions, species, and genotype. In particular, early mature varieties stop tuber growth and senesce aerial parts earlier than late mature varieties. A new protocol to non-destructively evaluate tuber earliness uses a senescence index measured from aerial senescence levels. This protocol identified the start of senescence as a parameter for earliness. A diversity research set is being used to select
Deepakb marigold ppt Presentation on PACKAGE AND PRACTICES OF MARIGOLD Govardhan Lodha
This document provides information about marigold cultivation. It discusses the two main species of marigold grown commercially in India - African marigold and French marigold. It covers varietal selection, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, spacing, fertilizer use, irrigation, training, pest and disease management, harvesting, and expected yields. The key points are that marigold is commonly grown as an ornamental flower and for garlands, and that it has a wide range of colors, shapes and sizes with year-round production and easy cultivation.
Small cardamom, or Elettaria cardamomum, is a medicinal plant native to the Western Ghats region of India. It is used to treat various digestive issues as well as cough, bronchitis, and infections. The plant thrives in humid, tropical forests between 1500-2500 meters in elevation. There are three main cultivars grown - Malabar, Mysore, and Vazhukka - which differ in panicle structure and capsule characteristics. Cardamom is propagated through vegetative suckers and requires irrigation, fertilization, mulching, weeding, and shade regulation to maximize yields.
This document provides information on lavender, including its botanical name, family, origin, uses, important species, chemical composition, distribution, cultivation areas in India, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, varieties, irrigation, maintenance, harvesting, yields, and essential oil extraction. The key points are: lavender is native to the Mediterranean region; the three main cultivated species are L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, and L. hybrida; its main constituent is linalyl acetate, ranging from 30-60%; and about 10 tonnes of fresh herbage can be obtained per hectare, with an essential oil content of 0.5-1.1%.
Citrus is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops in the world. The document discusses the origin, taxonomy, genetic diversity, and germplasm resources of citrus. It notes that citrus' center of origin is Southeast Asia and that three major centers of diversity exist in India. It also summarizes that the genus Citrus displays wide genetic variability in fruit morphology, quality, size, color, shape, acidity, and other traits, providing breeders with opportunities for improvement. National research institutes in India coordinate citrus genetic resources conservation and crop improvement efforts.
Hibiscus cannabinus and H. sabdariffa are species of plants grown for fiber production. H. cannabinus is commonly known as kenaf and produces fibers used in products like paper, rope, and clothing. H. sabdariffa, also known as roselle, produces fibers and calyx used to make natural dyes, cooking oil, and soap. India is a major producer of mesta fiber from these plants, which are well-suited to the climate and help supplement fiber production lost after partition. The two species require similar growing conditions and go through processes like retting, stripping, washing, and drying to extract the fibers.
Species and varieties of coleus, cinchona, glory lily, pyrethrum and sennaBalamurugan K
This document discusses several medicinal and aromatic crops including Coleus, Glory Lily, Senna, Pyrethrum, and Cinchona. It provides details on the botanical classification, commercial varieties, yield, and chemical content for each crop. Key varieties discussed include CO (Col)-1 and K-8 for Coleus, ALFT-2 and Sona for Senna, Avadh for Pyrethrum, and the commercial species C. succirubra, C. officinalis, C. ledgeriana, C.robusta and C.hybrida for Cinchona. The document serves as an overview of important medicinal and aromatic crops cultivated in India.
This document provides information on mulberry cultivation. It discusses the taxonomy of mulberry and describes several mulberry species. It also describes the morphology of mulberry plants. The document outlines best practices for mulberry cultivation, including land preparation, varieties, nursery establishment, planting methods, manuring, irrigation, pruning, and harvesting. Improved high-yielding varieties that are suitable for irrigated and rainfed conditions are highlighted. Annual leaf yields ranging from 6000 to 65,000 kg/ha depending on variety and cultivation method are reported.
This document provides information on the plant profile, uses, soil and climate requirements, varieties, inputs, cultivation practices, plant protection measures, harvesting, and yield of scented geranium. Scented geranium is a perennial aromatic plant cultivated for its essential oil, which is used in cosmetics and perfumery. It thrives in well-drained soil and a mild climate, and is propagated through cuttings. With proper care, scented geranium can be harvested up to three times per year, yielding approximately 15 tonnes of fresh herbage and 18 kg of essential oil per hectare annually.
This document provides information on identifying and managing common garden pests like insects and small animals. It discusses integrated pest management strategies like observation, identification, and using biological and cultural controls before resorting to chemical methods. Specific pests covered include aphids, spider mites, squash bugs, earwigs, and more. For small animals, it provides facts on common species like deer, ground squirrels, mice, moles and rabbits as well as non-lethal control recommendations focused on habitat modification and exclusion. The document concludes with additional wildlife and pest management resources.
This document provides information from a land steward about managing invasive plant species on properties. It begins by defining native, non-native, and invasive plants. It then discusses who determines if a plant is invasive and why invasives are successful. The document outlines various ecological impacts of invasives and how climate change may benefit them. It emphasizes the importance of identifying invasives on one's own property and provides tips on removal and replacement with native species. Examples of common invasive plants in the region are described along with their characteristics and best treatment methods. The document stresses an integrated approach to long-term invasive species management.
This document provides information about managing invasive plant species on properties. It begins by defining native, non-native, and invasive plants. It then discusses who determines if a plant is invasive and why invasives are successful. The document notes how climate change may benefit invasives and outlines the ecological impacts of invasives replacing native plants. Specific invasive plants that land managers commonly deal with are profiled, along with their identification, introduction history, habitat, spread method, ecological threats, and best treatment approaches. The document emphasizes the importance of identifying invasives on one's property and choosing native plant alternatives.
Nature reserves have proved not to be the complete answer to nature conservation. A new concept of biodiversity networks aims to correct this and private gardens have a pivotal role to play in the success of this concept.
Presentation for prospective tree planters given as part of University of Wisconsin-Extension/Wisconsin DNR Learn About Your Land woodland owner class series.
The document discusses biodiversity in Bogota, Colombia. It notes that Bogota is the second most biodiverse area in the world and home to many important ecosystems like forests, páramos, and Andean highlands that supply water. However, agricultural expansion is converting natural areas and causing issues like soil erosion and deforestation. Invasive species like eucalyptus, pine, acacia, and broom are also negatively impacting the environment. Maintaining biodiversity is important for sustainability, environmental quality, and local livelihoods.
Arkansas Invaders: Invasive Species in Arkansas ForestsRebecca Neely
This document provides an overview of invasive species that threaten Arkansas forests. It defines invasive species and explains the problems they cause by replacing native species, hybridizing with them, preventing forest regeneration, and more. The top invasive plants in Arkansas are listed as mimosa, privets, Japanese honeysuckle, tall fescue, and non-native lespedeza. Emerging threats include cogongrass, emerald ash borer, gypsy moth, sirex wasp, and Asian longhorned beetle. Control strategies and useful websites for identifying and learning about invasive species are also presented.
This document provides information on integrated pest management for home gardens. It discusses the key steps of IPM, which include observation, identification, education on pests and controls, and proper application of controls. The five most common control tactics are mechanical, cultural, physical, genetic, and chemical methods. Beneficial insects that act as natural predators are also described. Common garden pests like aphids, stink bugs, and spider mites are explained along with identification and control recommendations. The document also provides overviews of common wildlife pests such as ground squirrels, mice, and moles with facts about their behaviors.
Birds, Bugs and Wildflowers:organic Integrated Pest Management for the home ...Richard Gardner
This past year we transformed our yard into a place for birds, pollinators and an organic garden. The purpose of this transformation was twofold:
1.) to provide pollinator and bird habitat
2.) to increase the yield in our garden by attracting pollinators to the vegetables and native predators of herbivorous insects to the garden.
To do this we planted several wildflower beds, placed birdhouses throughout our yard, our woodlot and the pasture next to it and avoided non-organic pesticides, fertilizers and other garden chemicals.
This presentation is a photo essay of the past year.
Floating Row Covers for Gardens in Maryland; Gardening Guidebook for Maryland www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Maryland Master Gardeners, Grow It Eat It campaign, University of Maryland, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
This document discusses various bird pests that damage agricultural crops in India. It describes the major bird species like crows, sparrows, parrots, mynas, and pigeons, and the crops they affect like wheat, maize, fruits. For each bird, it covers details like distribution, life cycle, type of damage caused, and management methods. Common management approaches discussed are trapping using nets or sticky substances, using poisoned baits, scaring devices that produce loud sounds through drums, firecrackers, or acetylene exploders. Covering crops with nets is also mentioned.
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Wood-boring beetles are a major cause of wood damage in homes after termites. There are several types of wood-boring beetles that infest homes, including true powderpost beetles (lyctid beetles), anobiid powderpost beetles, and bostrichid powderpost beetles. These beetles vary in size from 1/10 to 1/4 inches and damage both hardwoods and softwoods. Their lifecycles take 9-12 months and they emerge as adults, leaving distinctive powdery exit holes. Proper moisture control and targeted chemical treatments can help control active wood-boring beetle infestations.
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Mike Korb, PA DEP, “Mine Reclamation and Monarch Butterfly Habitat”Michael Hewitt, GISP
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Horse SA http://www.horsesa.asn.au
Supported by the Natural Resources Adelaide & Mount Lofty Ranges
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This document summarizes a study on the effects of removing invasive Chinese privet from forest areas. Researchers established test plots where privet was removed by manual felling or mulching, and compared plant and pollinator communities over time in these treatment plots versus control plots with no privet removal. Immediately after privet removal, herbaceous plant cover increased significantly in the treatment plots. Five years later, privet had not returned and plant diversity remained higher in the treatment plots. Bee diversity and abundance also increased substantially in the treatment plots compared to controls, with mulching and felling plots hosting over 4-5 times as many bee species. Common bee species observed utilizing the regenerating plant communities are described.
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The document discusses various invasive species and forest health issues affecting Georgia's forests, including kudzu, Chinese privet, Japanese climbing fern, and emerald ash borer. It provides the "Dirty Dozen" list of the worst invasive plant species in Georgia, which are spreading across over 2 million acres. The Georgia Forestry Commission works to monitor, control, and prevent the spread of these invasives and other threats to forest health.
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Similar to 2018 protecting your pecan trees from the walnut caterpillar, Keith Hawkins, LSU AgCenter (20)
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Introduction to Morgan Freeman Net Worth
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2018 protecting your pecan trees from the walnut caterpillar, Keith Hawkins, LSU AgCenter
1. Protecting your Pecan
Trees from the Walnut
Caterpillar
2018 Spring Garden Forum
February, 23
Brought to you by the
Beauregard Master Gardeners
2. Basics
• Walnut Caterpillar
– Native insect of eastern US & parts of
Canada
– Feeds on pecan, black walnut & hickory
trees
– Last major outbreak in the 1980’s
– Outbreaks last 2-3 growing seasons
– 2-3 generations per growing season
– REPEATED DEFOLIATIONS CAN
KILL TREES
3. WC in the News
• 2014
– Fort Bend, TX
• 2016
– DeRidder, LA
– Martha’s Vineyard, MA
– San Angelo, TX
4. Stages of WC
Walnut caterpillar egg mass. These egg masses are reflective
and can be detected at night with strong flashlight
7. Stages of WC
Mature walnut caterpillar causes most of the defoliation,
then it pupates in the soil.
8. Stages of WC
Adult walnut caterpillar
emerges after pupation
in the soil. Adult lays
eggs under leaves of
susceptible trees.
9. I have good news (maybe)
• The sustained freezing
temperatures in January may have
suppressed the walnut caterpillar.
• This outcomes depends on how
deep the pupa was in the soil during
the freeze.
10. & I have bad news.
• The cold temperatures may NOT
have any effect on WC, and we may
have another season of defoliation.
11. Getting Ready
• Detection:
– Get your flashlight & check under
leaves at night
– The egg masses reflect back
• If you find egg masses, pull off the
leaves that you can reach & destroy
those leaves.
13. Treatments
• Large trees
– Arena 0.25G
– “G” is dry granular
– Can be applied with lawn
spreader; similar to applying
fertilizer
– Rate: 0.5 to 1.0# per diameter inch
of tree
– Labeled for non-bearing trees
14. Added Benefits
• Shrubs
• Bedding Plants
• Flowering Plants
• Foliage Plants
• Ground Covers
• Evergreens
• Ornamental Trees
• Non-bearing Fruit & Nut Trees &
Vines
16. Frequently Asked
Questions
• “I’ve lived here all my life and have
not seen these caterpillars before.
Where did they come from?”
– ANSWER: The walnut caterpillar
is a native insect. A range map of
the United States indicates that 27
states, mostly eastern, have WC.
17. Frequently Asked
Questions
• “Why did they appear now?”
• ANSWER: That is a tough question
to answer. One part of the answer
may be the recent mild winters.
Another answer is that insects have
population cycles, and the WC was
due for an outbreak.
18. Frequently Asked
Questions
• “Will they come back?”
– ANSWER: Possibly Yes, the cold
weather might suppress WC
– Also, these outbreaks last 2 to 3
years, and 2018 may be the 3rd
year of WC
19. Frequently Asked
Questions
• “Will the pecans be any good?”
– ANSWER: Arena is labeled for
non-bearing nut trees. However,
homeowners will probably apply
anyway to prevent tree mortality.
It is better to be safe than sorry so
avoid eating pecans for a season.
20. Frequently Asked
Questions
• “After treating the trees with Arena,
will the pecans kill squirrels?”
– ANSWER: This class of
insecticide has very low toxicity
for people and mammals.
However, it is very toxic to
aquatic invertebrates like
crawfish.
21. Frequently Asked
Questions
• “Will Arena kill pollinators after it is
in the pecan tree?”
– ANSWER: Probably not, because
pecan trees are WIND pollinated
and does need insect pollinators.
22. Frequently Asked
Questions
• “Is Arena safe for pets?”
– The label for Arena says: “Do not
enter or allow entry into treated
areas during the restricted entry
interval (REI) of 12 hours.” This
statement means no people or
pets on the treatment site,
probably your yard, for 12 hours.
After 12 hours, access to the yard
would be OK.
23. More Questions?
• Colin Powell says: “There is no
such thing as a stupid question,
only stupid answers".
• Albert Einstein, “The only stupid
question is one not asked.”
The 2018 Spring Garden Forum is
pleased to have O’Neal’s Feeder
Supply and Highland Growers as
sponsors.