This document discusses the biology and management of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), an invasive aquatic plant native to Eurasia. It is a submerged plant that forms dense surface mats and spreads rapidly through fragmentation. The document covers its identification, life cycle, impacts as an invasive species, and various control methods. Management approaches vary between states and regions depending on the local environment and regulatory factors. Effective control requires understanding the plant's biology and exploiting vulnerabilities in its life cycle.
The document discusses the biology and management of hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), an invasive aquatic plant. It describes hydrilla's rapid growth rate, ability to spread through vegetative fragments and specialized structures, and high genetic diversity, which allow it to quickly dominate water bodies. The document also outlines different control methods used, including herbicides and biocontrol with grass carp, and debates the feasibility of eradication efforts. Factors that influence hydrilla's establishment and spread, such as climate and water quality parameters, are also reviewed.
1) Terrestrial carbon sequestration involves photosynthesis fixing more carbon than is released by respiration, storing excess carbon in biomass and soils over time.
2) Carbon is sequestered in live biomass like trees and roots, dead biomass like coarse and fine litter, wood products, and soil organic matter.
3) Afforestation projects that convert agricultural or grazing land to forests can sequester 1-5 tons of carbon per hectare per year on average by planting fast-growing tree species.
CA and rainfall variability in Zambia: Is CA a promising option for respondin...Joanna Hicks
Conservation agriculture (CA) is being promoted in Southern Africa partly for its benefits of reducing water and soil loss. This study examined whether CA is a promising option for smallholder farmers in Zambia to respond to increased rainfall variability and droughts or floods. The study found that as the percentage of cultivated area under CA increased over the study period, CA farmers adapted to flooding by back-filling flooded basins and continuing to adopt ripping. Farmers reported being able to harvest some crops from CA fields despite floods, whereas conventionally tilled fields failed. This suggests CA systems may be more robust during extreme weather and have potential for higher production during droughts and floods compared to conventional agriculture.
Examples of actual work performed in sahinlerSalih Islam
The candidate worked as Assistant Financial Controller from 1998-2001 at Sahinler Holding A.S., where their responsibilities included general consolidation, cash flow analysis, segregation of duties processes, monthly sales comparisons, and periodic income statement reviews. Additionally, they conducted various internal audit activities such as procurement and accounts payable controls reviews, sales process audits, commission-export audits, security audits with personnel, quality audits with ISO quality, internal sales audits, and stock control audits.
This document discusses the control of reed canary grass, an invasive perennial grass, at Ted Shanks CA. It provides background on the plant's life history and describes how it became established at the site in the 1970s. Control efforts from 2004-2007 are outlined, including burning residual growth, disking to break up the sod layer multiple times, planting a winter wheat cover crop, and using herbicides. The lessons learned emphasize the need for repeated treatments to exhaust the plant's rhizomes and revegetating quickly. An integrated approach is recommended using the strengths of various control methods tailored to site characteristics.
This document provides information about the plant species Sesbania herbacea, including its description, habitat, and methods for control. It grows 3-10 feet tall with yellow flowers and seed pods. It is commonly found in wet, low-lying areas across the southeastern US. Control methods discussed include fertilizer application, mowing, disking, water management, and various herbicides. A pilot study found that applying nitrogen fertilizer at rates from 25-100 pounds per acre reduced sesbania plant numbers.
This document provides information about spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos) through a series of slides:
1. Spotted knapweed was accidentally introduced to North America from Eurasia in 1893. It reproduces solely through seeds.
2. The best method for controlling spotted knapweed is through the use of biological controls like seedhead weevils (Larinus species) and root weevils (Cyphocleonus achates), which were introduced in the 1990s. These weevils significantly reduce spotted knapweed populations.
3. Chemical control with herbicides like aminopyralid (Milestone)
The document discusses the biology and management of hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), an invasive aquatic plant. It describes hydrilla's rapid growth rate, ability to spread through vegetative fragments and specialized structures, and high genetic diversity, which allow it to quickly dominate water bodies. The document also outlines different control methods used, including herbicides and biocontrol with grass carp, and debates the feasibility of eradication efforts. Factors that influence hydrilla's establishment and spread, such as climate and water quality parameters, are also reviewed.
1) Terrestrial carbon sequestration involves photosynthesis fixing more carbon than is released by respiration, storing excess carbon in biomass and soils over time.
2) Carbon is sequestered in live biomass like trees and roots, dead biomass like coarse and fine litter, wood products, and soil organic matter.
3) Afforestation projects that convert agricultural or grazing land to forests can sequester 1-5 tons of carbon per hectare per year on average by planting fast-growing tree species.
CA and rainfall variability in Zambia: Is CA a promising option for respondin...Joanna Hicks
Conservation agriculture (CA) is being promoted in Southern Africa partly for its benefits of reducing water and soil loss. This study examined whether CA is a promising option for smallholder farmers in Zambia to respond to increased rainfall variability and droughts or floods. The study found that as the percentage of cultivated area under CA increased over the study period, CA farmers adapted to flooding by back-filling flooded basins and continuing to adopt ripping. Farmers reported being able to harvest some crops from CA fields despite floods, whereas conventionally tilled fields failed. This suggests CA systems may be more robust during extreme weather and have potential for higher production during droughts and floods compared to conventional agriculture.
Examples of actual work performed in sahinlerSalih Islam
The candidate worked as Assistant Financial Controller from 1998-2001 at Sahinler Holding A.S., where their responsibilities included general consolidation, cash flow analysis, segregation of duties processes, monthly sales comparisons, and periodic income statement reviews. Additionally, they conducted various internal audit activities such as procurement and accounts payable controls reviews, sales process audits, commission-export audits, security audits with personnel, quality audits with ISO quality, internal sales audits, and stock control audits.
This document discusses the control of reed canary grass, an invasive perennial grass, at Ted Shanks CA. It provides background on the plant's life history and describes how it became established at the site in the 1970s. Control efforts from 2004-2007 are outlined, including burning residual growth, disking to break up the sod layer multiple times, planting a winter wheat cover crop, and using herbicides. The lessons learned emphasize the need for repeated treatments to exhaust the plant's rhizomes and revegetating quickly. An integrated approach is recommended using the strengths of various control methods tailored to site characteristics.
This document provides information about the plant species Sesbania herbacea, including its description, habitat, and methods for control. It grows 3-10 feet tall with yellow flowers and seed pods. It is commonly found in wet, low-lying areas across the southeastern US. Control methods discussed include fertilizer application, mowing, disking, water management, and various herbicides. A pilot study found that applying nitrogen fertilizer at rates from 25-100 pounds per acre reduced sesbania plant numbers.
This document provides information about spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos) through a series of slides:
1. Spotted knapweed was accidentally introduced to North America from Eurasia in 1893. It reproduces solely through seeds.
2. The best method for controlling spotted knapweed is through the use of biological controls like seedhead weevils (Larinus species) and root weevils (Cyphocleonus achates), which were introduced in the 1990s. These weevils significantly reduce spotted knapweed populations.
3. Chemical control with herbicides like aminopyralid (Milestone)
1. Internal audit's role is to support the audit committee by providing assurance on risk management, control, and governance processes.
2. Internal audit conducts risk-based engagements by evaluating controls related to financial reporting, operations, and information systems.
3. Internal audit can take on both assurance and consulting roles related to compliance by evaluating regulatory compliance programs and making recommendations to enhance them.
This document provides an overview of evangelization and digital culture. It defines evangelization as bringing the good news of Jesus into every situation and seeking to convert individuals and society through the power of the Gospel. The goals of evangelization include enflaming Catholics in their faith, inviting others to join, and transforming society. The document discusses how the Church can communicate the Gospel message in today's digital world, where many use social media and the internet. It emphasizes using new media to reach more people, while maintaining the authentic Catholic message. Skills in technology, communications, and educational technology are important for evangelization in digital culture.
Internal auditors can provide both assurance work and consulting services to an organization. There are six main types of consulting work: formal engagements, informal engagements, emergency services, assessment services, facilitation services, and remedial services. The document then outlines the typical steps and considerations for an internal audit consulting engagement, including: establishing initial terms of reference, conducting a preliminary survey, establishing suppositions, developing an audit work program, performing detailed field work, determining underlying causes, defining and evaluating options, testing selected options, discussing options with management, and reporting findings.
The document summarizes three ways that water can be moved on Earth: waves, currents, and tides. Waves are caused by wind moving across water and come in the form of crests and troughs, including tsunamis from earthquakes or landslides. Currents are streams of water that flow through the ocean due to the movement of the Earth, winds, and rotation, transporting warm and cold water to different regions. Tides are rises and falls in sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon, which bulges the ocean facing it, resulting in high and low tides about twice a day.
Basic Ecclesial Community Orientation:
1. What it Means to be a Parish
2. Parish Pastoral Council
3. Church Ministries
4. Church Movements and Organization
5. Integral Evangelization
6. The What and Why of BEC
7. The How of BEC
Ocean currents are influenced by many factors including differences in water density. For example, the Gulf Stream originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows northeast, influencing climate as part of the global ocean conveyor belt. Ocean currents transfer heat around the world via this conveyor belt and affect both ocean and land temperatures, impacting global weather patterns and climates.
This presentation curates resources, podcasts and screenshots focusing on our changing climate. What are your go-to resources? What inspires? Favorite buzzwords? We welcome your interaction -- comments, questions, suggestions, shares, clips, favorites, likes and hearts.
- Ron Mader (Las Vegas, 2016)
Some history: This presentation was first created in 2008 to review global initiatives in the realm of climate change. An early version debuted at the Environmental Tourism Forum in Monterrey, Mexico.
More info on the Planeta Wiki
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/climate
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/climatenotes
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/climatecop22
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/climatecop21
November 2015 video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEbgKy57xIU
Art is a creative expression that stimulates the senses or imagination according to Felicity Hampel. Picasso believed that every child is an artist but growing up can stop that creativity. Aristotle defined art as anything requiring a maker and not being able to create itself.
Marine Invasives of Kachemak Bay, AlaskaKBay Council
This document discusses marine invasives of concern in Kachemak Bay, Alaska. It describes characteristics of successful invaders like green crabs and tunicates, which are able to establish due to a lack of natural predators and broad tolerances. Shipping ballast water is identified as the primary vector introducing over 80% of non-native species to North America. The document advocates for monitoring programs aimed at early detection of invaders, as well as regulatory actions like mid-ocean ballast exchange, as the most effective approaches for preventing and responding to marine invasives in Kachemak Bay.
Dick Sternberg Zebra Mussel PresentationGlen Simons
This document summarizes information about zebra mussels, an invasive species that has caused significant ecological and economic damage after being introduced to North American waters. Some key points:
- Zebra mussels were introduced in the late 1980s and have since spread rapidly across many waterways, attaching to surfaces and filtering plankton that native species rely on.
- Their proliferation has disrupted aquatic food webs and ecosystems. It has reduced populations of native mussels, fish, and birds that have been poisoned by toxins concentrated up the food chain.
- They clog pipes, damage boats and infrastructure, and harm industries like power generation that rely on intake water. Their estimated U.S. economic costs
This document discusses insights into dam sustainability from economic, environmental, and social perspectives. It notes that over 85,000 dams in the US have an average age of 51 years and many are deficient or at high risk of failure. Dams provide economic benefits like power generation, water supply, and flood prevention but also have environmental impacts such as altering downstream flows and sediment transport. Socially, dams can displace local communities and impact health while also providing new infrastructure and jobs. The document recommends investing in maintenance of existing dams in developed nations and ensuring all stakeholders are involved and impacts are well-defined for new dams in developing areas.
Climate-hydrology-ecology interactions in glacierized river systems. Presented by David Hannah at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
The oyster hatcheries in Washington state suffered major losses of oyster larvae production from 2007-2008 due to the impacts of ocean acidification. This "oyster seed crisis" provided early lessons for the seafood industry. The hatcheries were able to rebound by implementing monitoring of water quality parameters like pH and pCO2 to avoid spawning larvae during high-CO2 periods. They are also working to breed more resilient broodstock over the medium term. In the long term, the industry aims to promote policies that reduce CO2 emissions and strengthen research to address ocean acidification.
Electrical resistivity sounding for subsurface delineation and evaluation of ...Alexander Decker
Three to four distinct subsurface geological layers were identified through electrical resistivity soundings in Araromi Akungba-Akoko, including a topsoil layer, clayey weathered layer, partially weathered basement, and fresh basement. The depth to bedrock varied from 0 to 20.1 meters. Two major parallel basement depressions striking NW-SE were delineated as major groundwater collecting centers. The weathered/fractured layer constituted the dominant aquifer units, though groundwater potential was generally low due to thin and clayey overburden layers. Future groundwater development was considered feasible in areas with relatively thick sandy overburden.
Environmental Externalities in a Costa Rican WatershedIwl Pcu
This document summarizes a study of the Arenal-Tempisque Watershed in Costa Rica. The watershed contains multiple users from forests and dairy farms in the upper watershed to hydropower generation, irrigation, wetlands, and coastal fisheries. An economic analysis found dairy/cattle farming and irrigation impose large negative externalities, while hydropower and irrigation provide most benefits. Addressing issues like sedimentation, water flows, and pollution could increase net social welfare through stakeholder cooperation. The study highlights tradeoffs between economic activities and environmental impacts in the watershed.
This document discusses different types of seaweed (macroalgae) including red, green, and brown algae. It provides details on their classification, structure, where they are found, and their economic importance. It notes that seaweeds are not plants but are divided into three major groups based on pigmentation. While seaweeds provide numerous benefits like food and oxygen production, increased eutrophication and salinity changes in the Baltic Sea are allowing a less beneficial type of seaweed to spread, threatening the ecosystem.
1. The document discusses recommendations from the Maine Board of Inland Conservation (MBIC) to regulate the use of wake boats on inland lakes and ponds. The recommendations are to increase the safety zone from shore for large wake activities to 500 feet, only allow wake sports in waters deeper than 20 feet, and work with industry to prevent invasive species transport in ballast tanks.
2. Wake boats are designed to create large wakes for wake surfing but this can cause shoreline erosion, disrupt habitat and wildlife, resuspend sediments increasing algae blooms, and spread invasive species when used near shore or in shallow waters. Their ballast tanks also cannot
Garlic mustard is an invasive plant species with white four-petaled flowers and leaves that smell like garlic when crushed. It produces long thin seed pods that can yield hundreds to thousands of seeds. Control techniques for garlic mustard include hand pulling, cutting, burning, and spraying with 2% glyphosate, which is more effective at controlling both young and established plants across large areas. However, spraying risks affecting non-target species. The document provides data that garlic mustard was found on 360 acres out of a 6400 acre park.
Yellow Floating-Heart is an invasive aquatic plant native to eastern Asia and the Mediterranean. It has round to heart-shaped leaves up to 12 cm wide with often purple undersides. Its two to five yellow flowers from May to October have fringed petals above the water surface. It reproduces by seed and fragmentation, preferring slow moving water and damp mud in depths from 0 to 4 meters, where it forms dense mats. Originally cultivated in New England in the 1890s, it was first observed in Washington state in the 1930s and is commonly sold for ornamental ponds, though preventing its spread is important as no biological controls are known and mechanical removal can worsen infestations.
This document summarizes a presentation by Ryan Wersal on alligatorweed, an invasive aquatic plant species. It discusses alligatorweed's origins in South America and impacts as a nuisance species worldwide. The presentation describes alligatorweed's identification features, habitat, distribution in the US, ecological impacts including reduced water quality and access, and management methods such as biological control using beetles or moths and chemical control with herbicides. Contact information is provided for Ryan Wersal as an expert on alligatorweed management.
1. Internal audit's role is to support the audit committee by providing assurance on risk management, control, and governance processes.
2. Internal audit conducts risk-based engagements by evaluating controls related to financial reporting, operations, and information systems.
3. Internal audit can take on both assurance and consulting roles related to compliance by evaluating regulatory compliance programs and making recommendations to enhance them.
This document provides an overview of evangelization and digital culture. It defines evangelization as bringing the good news of Jesus into every situation and seeking to convert individuals and society through the power of the Gospel. The goals of evangelization include enflaming Catholics in their faith, inviting others to join, and transforming society. The document discusses how the Church can communicate the Gospel message in today's digital world, where many use social media and the internet. It emphasizes using new media to reach more people, while maintaining the authentic Catholic message. Skills in technology, communications, and educational technology are important for evangelization in digital culture.
Internal auditors can provide both assurance work and consulting services to an organization. There are six main types of consulting work: formal engagements, informal engagements, emergency services, assessment services, facilitation services, and remedial services. The document then outlines the typical steps and considerations for an internal audit consulting engagement, including: establishing initial terms of reference, conducting a preliminary survey, establishing suppositions, developing an audit work program, performing detailed field work, determining underlying causes, defining and evaluating options, testing selected options, discussing options with management, and reporting findings.
The document summarizes three ways that water can be moved on Earth: waves, currents, and tides. Waves are caused by wind moving across water and come in the form of crests and troughs, including tsunamis from earthquakes or landslides. Currents are streams of water that flow through the ocean due to the movement of the Earth, winds, and rotation, transporting warm and cold water to different regions. Tides are rises and falls in sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon, which bulges the ocean facing it, resulting in high and low tides about twice a day.
Basic Ecclesial Community Orientation:
1. What it Means to be a Parish
2. Parish Pastoral Council
3. Church Ministries
4. Church Movements and Organization
5. Integral Evangelization
6. The What and Why of BEC
7. The How of BEC
Ocean currents are influenced by many factors including differences in water density. For example, the Gulf Stream originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows northeast, influencing climate as part of the global ocean conveyor belt. Ocean currents transfer heat around the world via this conveyor belt and affect both ocean and land temperatures, impacting global weather patterns and climates.
This presentation curates resources, podcasts and screenshots focusing on our changing climate. What are your go-to resources? What inspires? Favorite buzzwords? We welcome your interaction -- comments, questions, suggestions, shares, clips, favorites, likes and hearts.
- Ron Mader (Las Vegas, 2016)
Some history: This presentation was first created in 2008 to review global initiatives in the realm of climate change. An early version debuted at the Environmental Tourism Forum in Monterrey, Mexico.
More info on the Planeta Wiki
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/climate
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/climatenotes
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/climatecop22
http://planeta.wikispaces.com/climatecop21
November 2015 video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEbgKy57xIU
Art is a creative expression that stimulates the senses or imagination according to Felicity Hampel. Picasso believed that every child is an artist but growing up can stop that creativity. Aristotle defined art as anything requiring a maker and not being able to create itself.
Marine Invasives of Kachemak Bay, AlaskaKBay Council
This document discusses marine invasives of concern in Kachemak Bay, Alaska. It describes characteristics of successful invaders like green crabs and tunicates, which are able to establish due to a lack of natural predators and broad tolerances. Shipping ballast water is identified as the primary vector introducing over 80% of non-native species to North America. The document advocates for monitoring programs aimed at early detection of invaders, as well as regulatory actions like mid-ocean ballast exchange, as the most effective approaches for preventing and responding to marine invasives in Kachemak Bay.
Dick Sternberg Zebra Mussel PresentationGlen Simons
This document summarizes information about zebra mussels, an invasive species that has caused significant ecological and economic damage after being introduced to North American waters. Some key points:
- Zebra mussels were introduced in the late 1980s and have since spread rapidly across many waterways, attaching to surfaces and filtering plankton that native species rely on.
- Their proliferation has disrupted aquatic food webs and ecosystems. It has reduced populations of native mussels, fish, and birds that have been poisoned by toxins concentrated up the food chain.
- They clog pipes, damage boats and infrastructure, and harm industries like power generation that rely on intake water. Their estimated U.S. economic costs
This document discusses insights into dam sustainability from economic, environmental, and social perspectives. It notes that over 85,000 dams in the US have an average age of 51 years and many are deficient or at high risk of failure. Dams provide economic benefits like power generation, water supply, and flood prevention but also have environmental impacts such as altering downstream flows and sediment transport. Socially, dams can displace local communities and impact health while also providing new infrastructure and jobs. The document recommends investing in maintenance of existing dams in developed nations and ensuring all stakeholders are involved and impacts are well-defined for new dams in developing areas.
Climate-hydrology-ecology interactions in glacierized river systems. Presented by David Hannah at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
The oyster hatcheries in Washington state suffered major losses of oyster larvae production from 2007-2008 due to the impacts of ocean acidification. This "oyster seed crisis" provided early lessons for the seafood industry. The hatcheries were able to rebound by implementing monitoring of water quality parameters like pH and pCO2 to avoid spawning larvae during high-CO2 periods. They are also working to breed more resilient broodstock over the medium term. In the long term, the industry aims to promote policies that reduce CO2 emissions and strengthen research to address ocean acidification.
Electrical resistivity sounding for subsurface delineation and evaluation of ...Alexander Decker
Three to four distinct subsurface geological layers were identified through electrical resistivity soundings in Araromi Akungba-Akoko, including a topsoil layer, clayey weathered layer, partially weathered basement, and fresh basement. The depth to bedrock varied from 0 to 20.1 meters. Two major parallel basement depressions striking NW-SE were delineated as major groundwater collecting centers. The weathered/fractured layer constituted the dominant aquifer units, though groundwater potential was generally low due to thin and clayey overburden layers. Future groundwater development was considered feasible in areas with relatively thick sandy overburden.
Environmental Externalities in a Costa Rican WatershedIwl Pcu
This document summarizes a study of the Arenal-Tempisque Watershed in Costa Rica. The watershed contains multiple users from forests and dairy farms in the upper watershed to hydropower generation, irrigation, wetlands, and coastal fisheries. An economic analysis found dairy/cattle farming and irrigation impose large negative externalities, while hydropower and irrigation provide most benefits. Addressing issues like sedimentation, water flows, and pollution could increase net social welfare through stakeholder cooperation. The study highlights tradeoffs between economic activities and environmental impacts in the watershed.
This document discusses different types of seaweed (macroalgae) including red, green, and brown algae. It provides details on their classification, structure, where they are found, and their economic importance. It notes that seaweeds are not plants but are divided into three major groups based on pigmentation. While seaweeds provide numerous benefits like food and oxygen production, increased eutrophication and salinity changes in the Baltic Sea are allowing a less beneficial type of seaweed to spread, threatening the ecosystem.
1. The document discusses recommendations from the Maine Board of Inland Conservation (MBIC) to regulate the use of wake boats on inland lakes and ponds. The recommendations are to increase the safety zone from shore for large wake activities to 500 feet, only allow wake sports in waters deeper than 20 feet, and work with industry to prevent invasive species transport in ballast tanks.
2. Wake boats are designed to create large wakes for wake surfing but this can cause shoreline erosion, disrupt habitat and wildlife, resuspend sediments increasing algae blooms, and spread invasive species when used near shore or in shallow waters. Their ballast tanks also cannot
Similar to Biology and Management of Eurasian Watermilfoil (9)
Garlic mustard is an invasive plant species with white four-petaled flowers and leaves that smell like garlic when crushed. It produces long thin seed pods that can yield hundreds to thousands of seeds. Control techniques for garlic mustard include hand pulling, cutting, burning, and spraying with 2% glyphosate, which is more effective at controlling both young and established plants across large areas. However, spraying risks affecting non-target species. The document provides data that garlic mustard was found on 360 acres out of a 6400 acre park.
Yellow Floating-Heart is an invasive aquatic plant native to eastern Asia and the Mediterranean. It has round to heart-shaped leaves up to 12 cm wide with often purple undersides. Its two to five yellow flowers from May to October have fringed petals above the water surface. It reproduces by seed and fragmentation, preferring slow moving water and damp mud in depths from 0 to 4 meters, where it forms dense mats. Originally cultivated in New England in the 1890s, it was first observed in Washington state in the 1930s and is commonly sold for ornamental ponds, though preventing its spread is important as no biological controls are known and mechanical removal can worsen infestations.
This document summarizes a presentation by Ryan Wersal on alligatorweed, an invasive aquatic plant species. It discusses alligatorweed's origins in South America and impacts as a nuisance species worldwide. The presentation describes alligatorweed's identification features, habitat, distribution in the US, ecological impacts including reduced water quality and access, and management methods such as biological control using beetles or moths and chemical control with herbicides. Contact information is provided for Ryan Wersal as an expert on alligatorweed management.
Teasel is an invasive weed introduced from Europe that has spread throughout parts of the Midwest United States. It produces large numbers of seeds and has a deep taproot that allows it to outcompete other plants. Studies examined teasel's growth cycle, seed production, effects of mowing and herbicides, and use of remote sensing to map populations. Results showed that teasel can produce over 30,000 seeds per plant, mowing below 12 cm prevents flowering, and herbicides combined with seeding desirable grasses provided the most effective control strategy. Ongoing management is needed as teasel populations have proven resilient over decades of control efforts.
Sericea lespedeza is a perennial legume native to eastern Asia that was introduced to the US in the late 1800s as a potential forage species and for erosion control. It has since become a problematic invasive weed in many states. It grows 2-4 feet tall with hairy stems and leaves and produces abundant purple flowers and yellow-red seeds. While it can fix nitrogen and tolerate drought and flooding, its high tannin levels make it unpalatable to cattle. Chemical herbicides, especially triclopyr and fluroxypyr, are most effective at controlling it if applied before flowering, though multiple annual treatments are typically needed for eradication due to its large seed bank.
Japanese knotweed is an invasive plant species native to Asia that was introduced to the United States in the late 1800s as an ornamental plant and for erosion control. It is an herbaceous shrub that grows 3-12 feet tall with red, hollow, jointed stems and oval leaves. It spreads rapidly through rhizomes and fragments and crowds out native species. Control methods include physical removal, herbicides like glyphosate, and biological controls. The document provides details on identification, life cycle, impacts, and control options for Japanese knotweed.
The document discusses curly leaf pondweed, an invasive aquatic plant native to Eurasia. It describes its physical characteristics and life cycle, noting it grows actively in winter and reproduces through turions, seeds, and fragmentation. The plant has spread across the continental US and negatively impacts recreation, property values, and water quality by triggering algae blooms and dissolved oxygen depletion. Effective management includes prevention, physical removal, and chemical control in early spring using herbicides such as endothol, fluridone, and diquat.
The document discusses kudzu control strategies in Missouri and Illinois. It outlines both states' laws designating kudzu as a noxious weed. Missouri law requires controlling the spread of kudzu using herbicides according to label instructions. The document also discusses integrated control strategies used in both states, including foliar herbicide application, vine origin treatments, and potential use of bioherbicides.
Japanese honeysuckle is a woody vine native to Japan and Korea that was introduced to North America in the early 1800s as an ornamental plant. It grows in woodlands, prairies, and edges, and has opposite leaves and very fragrant white to yellow flowers from April to July. It spreads quickly by seeds dispersed by animals and by rooting at nodes, and can girdle and outcompete native trees and shrubs. Control methods include foliar glyphosate applications in fall, cutting and painting stems with glyphosate, and prescribed burns to limit its spread.
Japanese stiltgrass is an invasive annual grass native to Asia that has spread throughout the eastern US. It grows in a variety of habitats and can dominate forest understories, reducing diversity and restricting tree growth. While it pulls up easily, stiltgrass is difficult to eradicate due to long-lived seeds and spread through water, animals, and human activities like equipment. Effective management requires controlling it before seed production using herbicides, mowing, or burning, along with preventing further spread through equipment sanitation and regional coordination of control efforts.
The document discusses Japanese chaff flower (Achyranthes japonica), an invasive plant species first found in the Ohio River Valley in the 1980s. It has since spread widely throughout the region. The plant can grow over 5 feet tall and forms dense stands that spread rapidly via water, animals, and humans. It is impacting riparian habitats and may displace other species. Early detection and prevention of spread is important. Control methods include herbicide application in summer before flowering. More research is still needed on management of this invasive plant.
Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper euonymus) is an invasive woody vine introduced from East Asia as an ornamental ground cover. It spreads vigorously by stems along the ground and climbing vertical surfaces, outcompeting native plants. Its dense growth can kill trees and shrubs. Effective control methods include repeated foliar spraying with glyphosate in fall, cutting stems and applying glyphosate to cuts, digging out roots, prescribed burns, and replacing with alternative native ground covers or vines.
This document discusses efficient control methods for bush honeysuckle, an invasive plant species. It provides details on the plant's biology and introduction to North America. Control priorities and costs are outlined, with contracted work ranging from $150-400/acre for foliar treatment to $3200/acre for cut and chip removal. Hands-on control methods like cutting, digging, and pulling are also described. Maintaining controlled areas is emphasized to prevent reestablishment of invasives through seeding desirable species or regular burning/mowing. Photos show the before and after impacts of control work.
This document discusses the invasive algae Didymosphenia geminata, also known as rock snot. It forms thick mats that negatively impact streams by decreasing clarity, oxygen, and suitable habitat for other organisms. It currently exists in 22 US states, including nearby Arkansas. The algae thrives in conditions with high nitrogen, low phosphorus, sunlight, and stable water flow. Efforts to control it include developing predictive models, adding phosphorus, using copper compounds, cleaning equipment, and increasing public awareness through educational materials.
Japanese hop (Humulus japonicus) was originally imported to the United States in the late 1800s for use in Asian medicine and as an ornamental vine. It has become an invasive species that can form dense mats, blocking sunlight and killing other vegetation. The document describes Japanese hop's habitat requirements, how it reproduces and spreads rapidly, identification features, and various control methods including manual, biological, cultural, and chemical approaches. It also provides a case study of how Japanese hop overtook a riparian forest planting on a Missouri farm after a flood.
This document discusses the non-native common reed (Phragmites australis), including its invasive characteristics and methods for control and management. The non-native common reed forms dense monocultures that degrade wildlife habitat and increase fire risk. It has competitive advantages over native plants through elevated levels of allelopathic biochemicals. Effective control methods include applying herbicides like imazapyr and glyphosate in late summer or fall. Follow-up treatments may use fire or additional herbicides to prevent regrowth. Long-term monitoring is needed to manage the invasive populations over time.
The Brittle Naiad is a non-native annual plant that was first discovered in the U.S. in the 1930s, reproduces by seed and fragmentation, tolerates moderate turbidity and fertile water, and outcompetes native plants by reducing diversity and choking water bodies which can impede use and affect aesthetics. Control options include grass carp and aquatic herbicides such as Diquat, Endothall, Fluridone, and Flumioxazin.
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Biology and Management of Eurasian Watermilfoil
1. Biology and Management
of Eurasian Watermilfoil
(Myriophyllum spicatum)
1 BUILDING STRONG®
2. Eurasian watermilfoil
Myriophyllum spicatum L.
Family Haloragaceae
Submersed plant forming
surface mats, rooted to
bottom, commonly grows
in water from 0.3 to 5 m
deep, occasionally
deeper depending on
water clarity
Native to Eurasia
Spread by boat trailers,
human activity, wildlife
BUILDING STRONG®
3. Eurasian milfoil (Invasive Exotic)
- Rapid Canopy Formation – no native plants fill this niche
- Evergreen (PHS under ice) - bolts rapidly in the spring
- Bicarbonate use – efficient photosynthesis
- Not preferred by grass carp
- Spreads rapidly by fragments (boats, wildlife, harvesters)
- Native weevil has some impact, but is not predictable
- Where possible, drawdowns can be effective
- Herbicides are the most widely used option in glacial lakes
BUILDING STRONG®
4. Large Rootcrowns can
Survive Overwinter
Primed for rapid growth
in early spring
Dependence on recovery
From vegetative tissue
- can be a weak point in life cycle
4 BUILDING STRONG®
5. Prolific Seed Production –
Estimated – between 500,000
to 1 M seed heads/acre
- 12 to 24 seed heads per square foot
Up to 300 Million Seeds / Acre
Good viability
Seedlings – very fragile
Hybridity shows seeds are
important
5 BUILDING STRONG®
6. Several Species with Similar Morphology
Coontail Eurasian Milfoil Variable Milfoil
Limnophila
Cabomba
Parrotfeather
Bladderwort
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7. Advanced Identification
Eurasian Hybrid Northern
Typically – Genetic analysis < 14 Leaflets
4 Leaves per node
14 Leaflets (6-16) per node
7 BUILDING STRONG®
8. Significant Milfoil and Hydrilla Presence
500
Biomass (g DW m-2)
Cold Water North Temperate
Reservoirs vs
400
300
200
100
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Lakes
500
Warm Water North Temperate
Biomass (g DW m-2)
400
300
200
100
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
450
Biomass (g DW m-2)
400
350
300
250
200
150 Warm Water South Temperate
100
J F M A M J J A S O N D
A Large Area of the Eastern US – High Energy Reservoirs /
Turbid and high water level fluctuation
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9. EWM History via Literature
1950’s – Invasive traits in the Chesapeake Bay
► Patten 1956 – Notes on the Biology of M.
spicatum New Jersey Lake
1960’s - Large-scale control in Chesapaeke
Bay and TVA with 2,4-D
► TVA = 1.1 Million lbs of 2,4-D acid – 1962-69
► Large unexplained declines in Chesapeake(?)
Effectiveness of drawdowns
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10. EWM History
1970’s increased reports in inland lakes
► MI,WI, NY, NJ
► TVA and UW – several papers
► EWM in Canada
Numerous publications on “Milfoil Biology”
► Grace and Wetzel 1978, Aiken 1979
Additional focus on 2,4-D use
10 BUILDING STRONG®
11. EWM History
1980’s
► Sediments/Water Quality – invasive growth
► More 2,4-D
► Further concern in Canada and Pacific NW
1990’s
► Movement into Minnesota
► Invasions and Declines
► Milfoil Weevils
► Herbicide selectivity – fluridone/triclopyr
11 BUILDING STRONG®
12. EWM Literature
2000’s
► Low rate fluridone – whole-lake mgmt.
• MI, VT
► More research on Weevils
► Milfoil hybridity and implications for mgmt.
► More herbicide selectivity
• Early timing with auxin mimics
► Abiotic factors that influence growth (China)
► Milfoil/Management/Fisheries
12 BUILDING STRONG®
13. Managing Plants vs. Expectations
There is a general view that a “right way”
exists to manage invasive aquatic plants
► The problem:
• it is typically done in a state other than your own
Why do management strategies vary so
significantly?
• State to State (rules/laws)
• Region to Region (problem)
Lakes vs. Reservoirs
13 BUILDING STRONG®
14. To Manage or Not to Manage ?
While an Invasive Exotic, Eurasian milfoil (EM) does not
justify treating an entire aquatic system
• Fisheries - EM provides beneficial habitat
• Ecologists - chemical disturbance > biological
EM is “now a naturalized citizen” (damage already done)
• EM is a symptom of the problem - nutrients
Proper Management Reduces EM and negative impacts
• As an invasive exotic, EM is the problem
• Reduce EM and let native vegetation expand
Manage to Remove EM & Native Plants will Recover
• Restore the system by removing the exotic plant
• Prevent spread to surrounding water bodies (Hydrilla – ME, WI)
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15. Managing Eurasian watermilfoil
Adirondack Park, NY (3000 water bodies) Back Bay
)
"
► Hand-pulling via divers $385,000/year on Saranac )
"
Square Bay
Little Square Bay )
"
► Very limited use of herbicides Adirondack Park
Bottle Bay )
"
Fish Creek Bay )
"
)
"
)
"
)
"
Buck Island
Saginaw Bay
Pork Bay
Eagle Island
Maine DEP –
Gilpin Bay )
"
¹
)
"
)
" N. Gull Bay
Dear Island )
" )
" S. Gull Bay
Meters
0 500 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000
► No herbicides for milfoil control 4200 acres
► Hydrilla eradication w/herbicides for 6+ years
Idaho Dept. of Ag.
► 2008 – $2M Eradication program initiated - Herbicides
WA DOE
► Aggressive use of herbicides in select areas
15 BUILDING STRONG®
16. 3 Midwestern States – Different
Approaches to EWM Control
State Fluridone Liquid 15% State Fishery
(whole-lake) 2,4-D Littoral Matching /APM
Trmt . Rule Grants Friction
MI Y N N N Y
(6+6 ppb)
DNRE
MN DNR N N Y Y Y
(state (exceptions)
grants)
WI DNR N Y N Y Y
Which is the “Right Way” ?
16 BUILDING STRONG®
17. Classical Biological Control
Alligatorweed and flea beetle Eurasian milfoil and weevil
(Euhrychiopsis lecontei)
-Most relevant question – will the organism
provide “a timely & desired level of control”
- Some organisms are very consistent
- others are inconsistent
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18. Mechanical Control
- Little has changed in 30+ yrs
- Increased Milfoil Spread
Drawdowns
-Effective on many species (winter)
-Effective for Milfoil control
-Reservoirs vs. Lakes
BUILDING STRONG®
19. At the end of the day, we treat
where people live,work, & play !
19 BUILDING STRONG®
20. Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum
aquaticum)
• Non-native aquatic plant from
South America
• Brought to U.S. in the late 1800’s
likely as an ornamental plant
• Has been, and continues to be,
spread by the aquarium and water
garden industries
• Plant providers in San Francisco
used to plant parrotfeather in the
drainage canals behind their stores
to have readily available plants
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22. • Parrotfeather is heterophyllous
• Plants can grow emergent leaves and/or submersed
leaves
• May have implications for selection of control techniques
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23. Plant Description
• Emergent leaves are greyish green, stiff and waxy, and
occur in whorls around the stem
• Submersed leaves are red to orange, in whorls larger
than Eurasian watermilfoil
• Dioecious species, however only pistillate plants are
found outside of its native range
• Staminate plants are rare even in native populations
• Seed production is not known to occur
• Reproduction is exclusively vegetative via fragmentation
and stolons
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25. Parrotfeather Impacts
• Parrotfeather can impede
streams, ditches, and small
water-bodies
• Impeding of runoff results in
flooding of adjacent lands
• Increases flood duration and Waterfowl Pond in Alabama
intensity
• Provides a refuge from
predation for mosquito larvae
• Poses a threat to drinking water
supplies in South Africa
BUILDING STRONG
Irrigation Canal in Idaho. Tom Woolf ®
26. Infestation near Lake, Mississippi ~ 0.20 acres (743 m2)
January 2006 April 2006
Impedes access to livestock
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27. Biology and Ecology
• Parrotfeather will invade highly 10
y = 19.345 - 18.311x + 5.022x2
disturbed sites with high 8
r2 = 0.82
nutrient availability
Mean Total Myriophyllum aquaticum Biomass (g DW pot-1)
6
• Invasion will occur from 4
eutrophic>mesotrophic>oligo- 2
trophic waters 0
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
Nitrogen
2.8 3.0
10
• Parrotfeather can survive well y = 15.072 + 85.315x - 145.075x2
r2 = 0.78
8
on water column nutrients
6
• Shallow habitats are more 4
susceptible to invasion than 2
deeper sites (10 ft) 0
Phosphorus
0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
% Tissue Nutrients
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28. Biology and Ecology
Stolons - 40-95% total biomass
2006 2007
Emergent Shoot
Starch (% DW)
8
Starch allocation is greatest 6
4
(16.3%) in stolons 2
0
Submersed Shoot
Starch (% DW)
15
Roots stored less than 3.8% 10
starch 5
0
Starch (% DW)
20
Low points in both biomass and
Stolon
15
10
starch allocation occurred from 5
0
October to March
Starch (% DW)
8
6
Root
4
2
0
May
May
Nov
Nov
Oct
Apr
Oct
Dec
Jan
Feb
Apr
Jun
Aug
Sep
Jun
Aug
Mar
Dec
Jan
Feb
Sep
Dec
Jan
Jul
Mar
Jul
Time
BUILDING STRONG®
29. Management Recommendations
Management - exploit times of low energy reserves (fall and
winter), or remove emergent shoots to gain access to the
stolons and other submersed tissues.
► Herbicide applications are effective
► Water level manipulations are effective
Management activities that target only the emergent shoots
will not be effective at controlling this species
Management - dictated by use patterns of the infested water
body
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30. 700
Peak Biomass 2006
600
• Parrotfeather is 500
Target Management Target Management
Mean Myriophyllum aquaticum
400
Total Biomass (g DW m-2)
probably still in Missouri 300
200
100
0
• Climate will support this 60
50
2007
species 40
30
20
• Problematic infestations
10
0
will be limited to small 100
Peak Starch Content 2006
80
ponds and slow moving
Mean Total Starch Content (g m-2)
Target Management Target Management
60
streams where nutrients 40
20
are in abundance 0
2007
4
3
2
1
0
y y h il y ne ly t r er er er
u ar ar rc Ap
r
Ma Ju Ju us be ob emb emb
an ru Ma ug tem ct
J eb A p O v c
F
Se No De
Month
BUILDING STRONG®