This study evaluated the antimicrobial properties of three local Guyanese fruits - Morinda citrifolia (Noni), Persea americana (Avocado), and Musa sapientum (Banana). Fruit extracts were tested against bacterial and fungal strains using disc diffusion methods. The extracts showed antimicrobial activity against certain pathogens. Staphylococcus was most susceptible while Candida albicans was most resistant. Avocado extracts were effective against both bacteria and fungi. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like tannins and flavonoids in the fruit extracts that could contribute to antimicrobial effects. Statistical analysis showed ethanol extracts had significant antimicrobial activity while hexane and water extracts did not.
Evaluation of antifungal activity of gel based hand wash using Camellia sinen...IOSR Journals
Hydro-ethanolic extracts of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) were prepared and phytochemical screening analysis was done. Using Dr. Duke’s phytochemical and ethanobotanical databases, the bioactive compounds pooled out were used as ingredients in the formulated gel based hand wash. In vitro antifungal assay of extracts was performed; its MIC values were estimated and compared with antifungal agents. A gel based hand wash was formulated using Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg), and evaluated by physical parameters like, colour, odour, spreadability, pH and overall appearance of the formulation. The present study also assess the antifungal activity of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) handwash gel against target fungal species.
Estimation of Bioactive Compound of Catharanthus Roseus Leaf Extract by Phyto...ijtsrd
Plant derived compounds have played a vital role in the development of several chemotherapeutic agents. Catharanthus roseus is an important medicinal plant of the apocynaceae family. The leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The present study was aimed to carry out the phytochemical analysis and the GC-MS analyses of Cathranthus roseus leaf extract ensure biological activity in the presence bioactive compounds. The leaves designated to the presence of secondary metabolites (proteins, steroids, tannins,glycosides, reducing sugar, carbohydrates,saponins, sterols, terpenoids, acidic compounds, cardiac glycosides, phenols, alkaloids,flavonoids). In the GC-MS analysis the Cathranthus roseus extract result shows the presence of bioactive compounds which revealed a broad spectrum of many medicinal property and antioxidant activity were identified. This study is helped to identify bioactive compound formula and structure which can be used as pharmaceutical industries for drug discovery. S. Nathiya | N. Shaishta Jabeen | L. Jagapriya | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi"Estimation of Bioactive Compound of Catharanthus Roseus Leaf Extract by Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5926.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/5926/estimation-of-bioactive-compound-of-catharanthus-roseus-leaf-extract-by-phytochemical-screening-and-gc-ms-analysis/s-nathiya
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
Plants are the oldest remedies to cure ailments of mankind. They are a storehouse of bioactive compounds which serve as a lead for the development of therapeutics against many diseases including skin diseases. In the present study, leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos, Nerium indicum, Ricinus communis, and Ziziphus nummularia were selected and tested against common skin pathogens, namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methanolic extracts of all the four plants were subjected to an assay for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration. As antioxidants play a significant role in skin disease treatments, all the extracts were also evaluated for their antioxidant activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic content were carried out to establish its correlation with All the methanolic extracts showed good activity against the selected skin pathogens with significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. N. indicum and A. marmelos showed the highest zone of inhibition against all tested organisms. The extracts possessed potential antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species with N. indicum exhibiting most potent activity. Further, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated presence high amount of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in A. marmelos and N. indicum. R. communis and Z. nummularia had the highest amount of phenolic content. The results of the study indicate that traditional knowledge can serve as a guideline to provide leads for further testing of potentially interesting plants to be used as modern treatment alternatives.
Evaluation of antifungal activity of gel based hand wash using Camellia sinen...IOSR Journals
Hydro-ethanolic extracts of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) were prepared and phytochemical screening analysis was done. Using Dr. Duke’s phytochemical and ethanobotanical databases, the bioactive compounds pooled out were used as ingredients in the formulated gel based hand wash. In vitro antifungal assay of extracts was performed; its MIC values were estimated and compared with antifungal agents. A gel based hand wash was formulated using Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg), and evaluated by physical parameters like, colour, odour, spreadability, pH and overall appearance of the formulation. The present study also assess the antifungal activity of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) and Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) handwash gel against target fungal species.
Estimation of Bioactive Compound of Catharanthus Roseus Leaf Extract by Phyto...ijtsrd
Plant derived compounds have played a vital role in the development of several chemotherapeutic agents. Catharanthus roseus is an important medicinal plant of the apocynaceae family. The leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The present study was aimed to carry out the phytochemical analysis and the GC-MS analyses of Cathranthus roseus leaf extract ensure biological activity in the presence bioactive compounds. The leaves designated to the presence of secondary metabolites (proteins, steroids, tannins,glycosides, reducing sugar, carbohydrates,saponins, sterols, terpenoids, acidic compounds, cardiac glycosides, phenols, alkaloids,flavonoids). In the GC-MS analysis the Cathranthus roseus extract result shows the presence of bioactive compounds which revealed a broad spectrum of many medicinal property and antioxidant activity were identified. This study is helped to identify bioactive compound formula and structure which can be used as pharmaceutical industries for drug discovery. S. Nathiya | N. Shaishta Jabeen | L. Jagapriya | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi"Estimation of Bioactive Compound of Catharanthus Roseus Leaf Extract by Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5926.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/5926/estimation-of-bioactive-compound-of-catharanthus-roseus-leaf-extract-by-phytochemical-screening-and-gc-ms-analysis/s-nathiya
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
Plants are the oldest remedies to cure ailments of mankind. They are a storehouse of bioactive compounds which serve as a lead for the development of therapeutics against many diseases including skin diseases. In the present study, leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos, Nerium indicum, Ricinus communis, and Ziziphus nummularia were selected and tested against common skin pathogens, namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methanolic extracts of all the four plants were subjected to an assay for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration. As antioxidants play a significant role in skin disease treatments, all the extracts were also evaluated for their antioxidant activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic content were carried out to establish its correlation with All the methanolic extracts showed good activity against the selected skin pathogens with significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. N. indicum and A. marmelos showed the highest zone of inhibition against all tested organisms. The extracts possessed potential antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species with N. indicum exhibiting most potent activity. Further, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated presence high amount of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in A. marmelos and N. indicum. R. communis and Z. nummularia had the highest amount of phenolic content. The results of the study indicate that traditional knowledge can serve as a guideline to provide leads for further testing of potentially interesting plants to be used as modern treatment alternatives.
Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Caralluma lasiantha for scie...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma lasiantha is used as a traditional medicine in India to heal body
heat and inflammations. In order to find out a scientific validation for the Indian
traditional knowledge, antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts was studied
against inflammation causing bacteria (viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
along with other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Solvents with different
polarity were used for extraction from dry roots and stems. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MIC) were also studied. Differential antibacterial activity was
exhibited by extracts and higher inhibition potential against Gram-positive bacteria
was explained. The observed antibacterial activities were correlated with the chemical
structures of phytochemicals present in C. lasiantha. Anti-inflammation activities
are related to C. lasiantha extracts through their antibacterial activities.
Phytochemical investigation, screening of anti-inflammatory activity of Aspar...SriramNagarajan16
In India, Asparagus gonocladosBaker (Liliaceae) is commonly used as a phyto-therapeutic agent. The ethanolic
extract of Asparagus gonocladosBaker, was evaluated for Anti-inflammatory effect, induced by intra-plantar
administration of carrageenan to adult Albino rats. The percentage inhibition of paw edema of the alcoholic extract
of the plant Asparagus gonocladosBaker were carried out at a dose of 100,200,300 mg/kg. There was significant
inhibition (p< 0.05) in paw edema. Different physiochemical parameters such as Ash Value, Extractive Value,
Moisture Content and Chemical evaluation were carried out as per W.H.O recommended physiochemical
determination with authentic phyto chemical procedure.
The Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activity Of Monsoon Plant-Clerodendrum S...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The increasing demands of convenient food have led to rapid growth in the ready-to-eat product category. Many of the food ingredients contain unsaturated fatty acids that are quite susceptible to quality deterioration, especially under oxidative stress. To combat this, the best strategy is addition of antioxidants. Also, natural antioxidants in the daily diet need to be encouraged in order to improve human health and prevent degenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, coronary heart disease, neurogenetic disorders, cancer, atherosclerosis and inflammations by oxidation of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, DNA, etc. The DPPH method of free radical scavenging was carried out and the effect of the commercial, fresh, dried and cooked sample of Clerodendrum serratum were compared and calculated to check for its antioxidant activity. All samples showed antioxidant activity, highest being in cooked, followed by commercial, fresh and dried samples. Thus, it is advisable to consume the vegetable in cooked form at home as it shows highest radical scavenging power. The dried samples were over-heated, thereby showing minimum antioxidant activity.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)
K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
Md. Al Faruk1, Mohammad Firoz Khan2, Md. Yeunus Mian2, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman3
and Mohammad A. Rashid3
ABSTRACT- Medicinal Plants have been practiced for hundreds of centuries by tribes all over the world. From the earliest times until the end of nineteenth century plants are still the common source of medicinal treatment yet. Using natural, plant-derived medicines that are “healthier” then prescription drugs derived from synthesized products is something that appeals to consumers. The medicinal plants are of great importance because there are utilized as medicines. Aim of this research work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola plant against various patho-genic strains of bacteria. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia laureola were used against four bacterial strains Escherichia coli,Bacillus subti-lus, Staphylococcusaureus and Proteus mirabilis in order to check the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola. Antibacterial activity was conducted by agar well diffusion method. The Skimmia laureola showed different level of antibacterial activity. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia lau-reola showed antibacterial activity against the micro-organism but not too maximum. Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Skimmia Laureola, Antibacterial Activity.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Caralluma lasiantha for scie...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma lasiantha is used as a traditional medicine in India to heal body
heat and inflammations. In order to find out a scientific validation for the Indian
traditional knowledge, antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts was studied
against inflammation causing bacteria (viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
along with other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Solvents with different
polarity were used for extraction from dry roots and stems. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MIC) were also studied. Differential antibacterial activity was
exhibited by extracts and higher inhibition potential against Gram-positive bacteria
was explained. The observed antibacterial activities were correlated with the chemical
structures of phytochemicals present in C. lasiantha. Anti-inflammation activities
are related to C. lasiantha extracts through their antibacterial activities.
Phytochemical investigation, screening of anti-inflammatory activity of Aspar...SriramNagarajan16
In India, Asparagus gonocladosBaker (Liliaceae) is commonly used as a phyto-therapeutic agent. The ethanolic
extract of Asparagus gonocladosBaker, was evaluated for Anti-inflammatory effect, induced by intra-plantar
administration of carrageenan to adult Albino rats. The percentage inhibition of paw edema of the alcoholic extract
of the plant Asparagus gonocladosBaker were carried out at a dose of 100,200,300 mg/kg. There was significant
inhibition (p< 0.05) in paw edema. Different physiochemical parameters such as Ash Value, Extractive Value,
Moisture Content and Chemical evaluation were carried out as per W.H.O recommended physiochemical
determination with authentic phyto chemical procedure.
The Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activity Of Monsoon Plant-Clerodendrum S...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The increasing demands of convenient food have led to rapid growth in the ready-to-eat product category. Many of the food ingredients contain unsaturated fatty acids that are quite susceptible to quality deterioration, especially under oxidative stress. To combat this, the best strategy is addition of antioxidants. Also, natural antioxidants in the daily diet need to be encouraged in order to improve human health and prevent degenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, coronary heart disease, neurogenetic disorders, cancer, atherosclerosis and inflammations by oxidation of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, DNA, etc. The DPPH method of free radical scavenging was carried out and the effect of the commercial, fresh, dried and cooked sample of Clerodendrum serratum were compared and calculated to check for its antioxidant activity. All samples showed antioxidant activity, highest being in cooked, followed by commercial, fresh and dried samples. Thus, it is advisable to consume the vegetable in cooked form at home as it shows highest radical scavenging power. The dried samples were over-heated, thereby showing minimum antioxidant activity.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)
K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
Md. Al Faruk1, Mohammad Firoz Khan2, Md. Yeunus Mian2, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman3
and Mohammad A. Rashid3
ABSTRACT- Medicinal Plants have been practiced for hundreds of centuries by tribes all over the world. From the earliest times until the end of nineteenth century plants are still the common source of medicinal treatment yet. Using natural, plant-derived medicines that are “healthier” then prescription drugs derived from synthesized products is something that appeals to consumers. The medicinal plants are of great importance because there are utilized as medicines. Aim of this research work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola plant against various patho-genic strains of bacteria. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia laureola were used against four bacterial strains Escherichia coli,Bacillus subti-lus, Staphylococcusaureus and Proteus mirabilis in order to check the antibacterial activity of Skimmia laureola. Antibacterial activity was conducted by agar well diffusion method. The Skimmia laureola showed different level of antibacterial activity. The hot and cold water extract of Skimmia lau-reola showed antibacterial activity against the micro-organism but not too maximum. Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Skimmia Laureola, Antibacterial Activity.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
Membrane Stabilizing And Antimicrobial Activities Of Caladium Bicolor And Che...IOSR Journals
The crude methanol extracts of whole plant of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. and leaf of Chenopodium album L. as well as their pet-ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions were evaluated for membrane stabilizing and antimicrobial activities. At concentration 1.0 mg/ml, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction of C. bicolor inhibited 43.92±1.63% and 38.08±0.83 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs, respectively. Among the extractives of C. album, the aqueous soluble fraction inhibited 47.11±0.49 % and 36.73±0.76 % hypotonic solution and heat induced haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 72.79 % and 42.12 % by acetyl salicylic acid (0.10 mg/ml), respectively. C. bicolor test samples demonstrated zone of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 mm. The chloroform soluble fraction showed the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus. The test samples of C. album displayed zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0 to 13.0 mm. The highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) was showed by the chloroform soluble fraction against Salmonella paratyphi
Comparative Phytochemical and Physicochemical Study of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)...BRNSS Publication Hub
Curcuma longa belongs to family and ocimum sanctum belongs to family lamiaceae. The phytochemical and physicochemical analysis was carried out for tulsi and haldi and haldi and a comparative study were done. Determination of total ash, acid insoluble, water soluble ash of tulsi and haldi were carried out by using standard procedure. The phytochemical screening has been done for different extract it revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavanoid, tannin, carbohydrate. Phytochemical and physicochemical parameters of Tulsi and haldi were stablished for their identification. The present study is focused on phytochemical and physicochemical study on haldi and tulsi. The qualitative physicochemical analysis was performed for the detection of secondary metabolites (viz. alkaloid, protein, tannin, saponin etc.).
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against ...ijtsrd
The some plants have been good source of drugs for microbial resistance. The research for newer source of antibiotics is a global challenges in pharmaceutical companies. Present time plants are being extensively explored for harboring medicinal properties. Phytochemical are naturally occurring compounds present in the medicinal plants such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Psidium guajava is a phototherapeutic plant used in folk medicine and is believed to have active components that helps in treatment and management of various disease such as wounds, ulcers, etc. Guava extract has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. This study investigates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity at the plant extract were determined against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli. Psidium guajava leaf extracts provided scientific evidence for the rational use of P. juajava leaves in prevention of disorders due to Presence of some useful phytochemicals and in the treatment of disease caused by some bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, B. cereus, K. pneumonae, E. coli. The present work demonstrates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaves extracts by using various solvents. Pooja Soudawat | Anand Verma "Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against Some Clinical Pathogens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29134/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-psidium-guajava-against-some-clinical-pathogens/pooja-soudawat
ABSTRACT- The phytochemicals are the most important sources for the treatment of common diseases. The present
investigation deals with the qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of ten medicinal plants. These are Bauhinia
variegata Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) Don.
(Apocynaceae), Lantana camara (Linn.) Var. (Verbenaceae), Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae), Moringa oleifera
Lamk. (Moringaceae), Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae), Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth. (Mimosaceae), Solanum
nigrum Linn. (Solanaceae), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Mier. ex Hook. f. and Th. (Menispermaceae). Methonolic
extracts of powder of leaves were screened for qualitative determination of different phytochemicals like alkaloids,
carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, flavonoids, protein and amino acid, diterpenes, phenols and tannin. All plant
materials were collected from Shivpuri district (M.P.).
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Phytochemical study, Methanolic extracts
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
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1. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding author: Email: kurup_rajini@yahoo.com;
Original Research Article
Journal of Biology and Nature
3(3): 87-93, 2015
International Knowledge Press
www.ikpress.org
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF THE FRUIT PULP OF
THREE LOCAL FRUITS: Morinda citrifolia, Persea americana
AND Musa sapientum IN GUYANA
GINEL NEDD1
, RAJINI KURUP2*
, ABDULLAH ADIL ANSARI1
AND KEISHA HOLDER1
1
Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, Guyana.
2
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Guyana, Guyana.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors GN and AAA designed the study, wrote
the protocol and interpreted the data. Authors RK and GN anchored the field study, gathered the initial data and
performed preliminary data analysis. Author KH did the biochemical analysis. While authors RK and AAA
managed the literature searches and produced the initial draft. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.
Received: 5th
May 2015
Accepted: 22nd
May 2015
Published: 17th
June 2015
__________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
The present study aim to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of Morinda citrifolia (Noni), Persea americana
(Avocado) and Musa sapientum (Banana) fruits against certain bacterial and fungal strains using disc diffusion
method. All the test extracts exhibited significant antimicrobial activity on certain pathogens. The highest zone
of inhibition occurred on Staphylococcus sp. by the ethanol avocado extract. Overall, Staphylococcus was most
susceptible to the ethanol extracts while Candida albicans was the most resistant. The extracts were proved as
strong inhibitors against bacteria than fungi, however the test extracts of Avocado found to be effective on both
bacteria and fungi. The phytochemical chemical analysis of the fruit extracts revealed the presence of common
phytochemicals such as tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, reducing sugar, saponins and glycosides. These
phytoconstituents found in the fruit extracts would be viable in treating infectious diseases.
Keywords: Antimicrobial activity; phytochemicals; Morinda citrifolia; Persea americana; Musa sapientum;
disc diffusion.
1. INTRODUCTION
According to World Health Organization, medicinal
plants are the best source to obtain a variety of new
herbal drugs [1]. Considering the vast potentiality of
plants as sources for antimicrobial drugs with
reference to antibacterial and antifungal agents, an
investigation was undertaken to screen three local
fruits of Guyana for their antibacterial and antifungal
properties. Previous studies have shown that
medicinal plants are one of the best resources for the
isolation and development of novel bioactive
molecules [2]. Moreover, plant-derived preparations
have drawn attention of people worldwide because of
their fewer side effects and lesser toxicity in
comparison to synthetic drugs. To date, many
medicinal plants have been screened for their
therapeutic potential and their pharmacological
2. Nedd et al; JOBAN, 3(3): 87-93, 2015
88
properties like antimicrobial and antioxidant effects
[3]. Extensive search for natural antioxidants that
could minimize free radical induced damage to bio
molecules like lipids, proteins and nucleic acids is
going on worldwide. These natural antioxidants might
play an important role in combating oxidative stress
associated degenerative diseases such as cancer,
cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, atherosclerosis,
Alzheimer’s disease and aging [4]. Peels and seeds
are often the waste part of various fruits. Interestingly,
the peel and seed fractions of some fruits were found
to show higher antimicrobial and antioxidant activity
than the pulp fractions [5-8]. Different studies have
proved that the pulp of Banana has a significant
healing effect due to their antioxidant activities and
have potential antifungal and antibiotic properties
[9-11]. The phytochemical components of banana,
tannins, eugenol and tyra-mine have been proven to
have antibacterial effects [12]. Other active
compounds present in banana such as alkaloids,
glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, serotonin
and dopamine also contribute to pharmacological
effects [13].
Medicinal plants have been used by the indigenous
communities in Guyana for long time in the treatment
of various illnesses, but the science of the
effectiveness has not been explored much to provide
the scientific understanding of the concept of holistic
healing. In this series of experiment, the research was
done to prove the effectiveness of traditional medicine
using fruits with relevant causative factors
systematically explored.
2. METHODS
For the purpose of this experiment, triangulation
methodology was used. In the socio sciences,
triangulation is often used to indicate that more than
two methods are used in the study.
2.1 Fruit Selection and Collection
Banana, Avocado and Noni fruits with healthy
appearance were selected, washed with distilled
water, peeled, sliced into small pieces and shade dried
for about four weeks on stainless steel zinc with the
support of concrete blocks. Subsequently, it was
grinded into fine powder form using an electric mill
and was then stored in zip lock bags [14].
2.2 Solvent Extraction
Approximately, 10 g each of the fruit powder was
soaked in 100 ml of distilled water, hexane and
ethanol. The powder was weighed and placed into the
different solvents. Pure ethanol was used to extract
both the polar and non-polar components of the fruits;
it was poured in the conical flask with the grinded
fruits and was soaked for 48 hours. After 48 hours of
soaking the fruit powder, the solvent was decanted.
The powder was then soaked in hexane to extract non-
polar components for 48 hours was then decanted. It
was finally soaked in distilled water for 24 hours to
extract the polar components. After extraction, the
solutions obtained from the soaked fruit powder were
filtered using filter papers and subsequently stored in
air tight glass containers a room temperature. The
filtrates were vacuum dried using rotary evaporator
and concentrates were stored at 4°C [15].
2.3 Identification Test for Phytochemicals
(Secondary Metabolites)
Tests were done to detect the presence of Flavonoids,
Tannins, Reducing sugars, Alkaloids, Glycosides,
Terpenoid and Steroid. These test for the various
phytochemicals were done for both hexane and
ethanolic extracts of all the three fruits.
2.4 Flavonoid
Four millilitres (4 ml) of extract solution was treated
with 1.5 ml of 50% methanol solution. The solution
was warmed after which metal magnesium was added.
To this solution, 5 - 6 drops of concentrated
hydrochloric acid was then added, a red colour was
observed which indicated the solution was positive for
flavonoids and while an orange colour indicated the
presence of flavones [16].
2.5 Tannins
To 0.5 ml of extract solution 1 ml of water and 1 - 2
drops of ferric chloride solution was added. The
presence of gallic tannins was indicated through the
appearance of a blue colour and green black for
catecholic tannins [17].
2.6 Reducing Sugar
To 0.5 ml of extract solution, 1 ml of water and 5 - 8
drops of Fehling’s solution was added hot and
observed for brick red precipitate [18].
2.7 Alkaloid
Alkaloid solution produces white yellowish
precipitate when a few drops of Mayer’s reagents
were added [16]. The residue of the alcoholic extract
was heated on a boiling water bath with 2%
hydrochloric acid. It was allowed to cool after which
the mixture was filtered and treated with a few drops
of Mayer's reagent [19].
3. Nedd et al; JOBAN, 3(3): 87-93, 2015
89
2.8 Glycoside
To the solution of the extract, few drops of ferric
chloride and concentrated sulphuric acid were added,
and observed reddish brown coloration at the junction
of two layers and the bluish green colour in the upper
layer which was an indication of the presence of
glycoside [16].
2.9 Terpenoid and Steroid
Four milligrams of extract were treated with 0.5 ml of
acetic anhydride and 0.5 ml of chloroform,
concentrated solution of sulphuric acid were then
added slowly and red violet colour indicated a
positive test for terpenoid and green bluish colour for
steroids [16].
2.10 Test Microorganisms
The microbial strains investigated were pathogenic
organisms; Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923),
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Aspergillus flavus
and Candida albicans Ampicillin and Nystatin was
used as a positive control. The pathogens were
collected from Georgetown Public Hospital
Cooperation from different clinical samples. The
bacterial and fungal stock cultures were incubated for
24 hours at 37°C on nutrient agar and potato dextrose
agar (PDA) medium, respectively, following
refrigeration storage at 4°C. The bacterial strains were
grown in Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) plates at 37°C
(the bacteria were grown in the nutrient broth at 37°C
and maintained on nutrient agar slants at 4°C),
whereas the yeasts and moulds were grown in
Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and PDA media,
respectively, at 28°C. The stock cultures were
maintained at 4°C.
2.11 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (Disc
Diffusion Method)
Disc diffusion method was used to screen the
antimicrobial activity using NA, SDA and PDA media
plates. Concentration of the bacterial and fungal
suspensions was adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standards
(optical density) by using a spectrophotometer.
Isolates were spread on MHA plates, SDA and PDA
respectively by using sterilized cotton swabs [20-23].
The previously prepared discs of hexane and ethanolic
extract (10 µL of the extract) of Banana, Avocado and
Noni fruits were arranged radially on the agar plate.
Antibiotic discs were used as positive control and
sterilized distilled water disk was used negative
control. The zones of growth inhibition around the
disks were measured after 18 to 24 hours of in
incubation at 37°C for bacteria and 48 to 96 hours for
fungi at 28°C. The sensitivities of the microorganism
species to the extracts were determined by measuring
the sizes of inhibitory zones (including the diameter
of disk) on the agar surface around the disks, and
values <8 mm were considered as not active against
microorganisms.
2.12 Statistical Analysis
The collected data was analyzed using the following
statistical test (SPSS 20.0)
1. Mean value and standard deviation
2. One-way analysis of variance
3. RESULTS
Major Phytochemicals that were present in the fruit
extracts with different solvents are shown in Table 1.
The results indicated that only the water and noni
extract contained flavonoids while it was absent in the
others, whereas only the water and avocado extracts
contained flavones. From the results, none of solvent
extracts contained gallic tannins, alkaloids and
terpenoids.
All the assays were conducted in triplicates and
repeated thrice for consistency of results and
statistical purpose. Statistical analysis (descriptive and
comparison of means) were performed using ANOVA
for antimicrobial data to compare means of zone of
inhibition among the fruit extracts, solvents used and
the positive controls. The results from antimicrobial
assay indicated that the fruit extracts containing
ethanol, with highest antimicrobial activity Table 2.
The solvents hexane, ethanol and water alone did not
produce any zone of inhibition.
The Two-Factor without replication analysis at a P ≤
0.05 showed that the F value is less than critical F
value for hexane and water extracts; indicating there
was no significant difference on colonies of C.
albicans, A. flavus, E. coli and Staphylococcus. With
ethane extract there was significant difference on
colonies of microbes with F value > F Table 3. On the
other hand different extracts showed significant
difference on different type of microbe, which
indicates the extracts are statistically and clinically
effective in inhibiting theses microbes. Low residual
mean square demonstrates that most variation in the
data is accounted for by the separate effects of fruit
extract and type of microbe.
4. Nedd et al; JOBAN, 3(3): 87-93, 2015
90
Table 1. Major phytochemicals present in the fruit extracts containing different solvents
Solvent
extracts
Phytochemicals
Flavonoid Flavones Gallic
tannins
Catecholic
tannins
Reducing sugars Alkaloids Glycosides Steroids Terpenoid
Water &
Noni
+ - - + + - + - -
Water &
Avocado
- + - + + - + - -
Water &
Banana
- - - - + - - - -
Hexane &
Banana
- - - + - - - - -
Hexane &
Noni
- - - + - - - - -
Hexane &
Avocado
- - - - - - - + -
Ethanol &
Banana
- - - + + - + + -
Ethanol &
Noni
- - - + + - + + -
Ethanol &
Avocado
- - - + + - + + -
Table 2. The diameter of inhibition zones of three fruit extracts (Avocado, Noni and Banana) with
ethanol, methanol and aqueous solution
E. coli S. aureus C. albicans A. flavus
Ethanol & Avocado 8.75 14.75 0.33 10.25
Ethanol & Noni 11.25 13.25 0.56 11.5
Ethanol & Banana 3.25 11.75 0.53 8.5
Hexane & Avocado 0 12 0 9.25
Hexane & Noni 0 6.25 0.5 0
Hexane & Banana 0 0 0 0
Water & Avocado 0 0 0 11
Water& Banana 0 6.25 0 0
Water & Noni 0 4.75 0 13
Positive control 0 35 28.5 28.5
Table 3. The statistical analysis (ANOVA) of the
zone of inhibition seen on C. albicans, A. flavus,
E. coli, Staphylococcus when treated with solvent
extracts of Avocado, Noni and Banana
4. DISCUSSION
A number of studies have reported the potential
antibacterial activities of medicinal plant including
fruits such as banana [24]. Although some of the
antibacterial activities of medicinal plant is well-
documented, their antibacterial capacity in-vitro may
have a wide degree of variation depending on several
factors such as test medium, different methods, tested
organisms and the different in nature of the plant [25].
The phytochemical activity of Noni, Avocado and
Banana demonstrated the presences of common
phytoconstituents such as glycosides, tannins,
flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and alkaloids, the
results are supported by Kumar and co-workers [26]
who reported that these fruits are likely to contain
these phytochemicals among others. However, not all
the phytochemicals were present when the test was
carried out. The extracts contained phytochemicals
except gallic, tannins, alkaloids and terpenoids.
In vitro studies have showed that these three fruits
Noni, Avocado and Banana showed inhibitory activity
effective against bacteria unlike fungi. Avocado,
however showed highest antibacterial effect. These
fruits are not only used for their antimicrobial effect
ANOVA: Two factor without replication
Hexane extract of 3 samples F P value F crit
Rows 1 0.5 2.8
Columns 9.9 0.0 4.8
Ethane extract of 3 samples
Rows 3.3 0.0 2.8
Columns 5.6 0.0 4.8
Water extracts of 3 samples
Rows 0.3 0.3 2.8
Columns 3.9 0.1 4.8
5. Nedd et al; JOBAN, 3(3): 87-93, 2015
91
but also for dietary purposes, inflammation, cold,
dysentery among several other disorders caused by
microbes. The results found for fruit extract was most
effective against bacteria than fungi, especially
Staphylococcus aureus. From the data it is evident
that the ethanol extracts is active against both bacteria
and fungi but more active against former. The highest
antibacterial activity was found towards S. aureus,
while it was less active against C. albicans. S. aureus,
a gram positive pyrogenic bacterium is a causative
agent towards skin diseases including superficial and
deep follicular lesion also food poisoning along with
other infections [18]. The phytochemical activity of
Noni, Avocado and Banana demonstrated the
presences of common phyto-constituents such as
glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids
and alkaloids, the results are supported by Kumar and
co-workers [26] who reported that these fruits are
likely to contain these Phytochemicals among others.
The most critical problem related with health and
causes of mortality rates in society is infectious
disease. Since last decade, there has been an
increasing evidence of bacterial and fungal infections
due to population explosion, pollution, changed
environmental conditions, wastes from different
sources, which may affect food with perfect nutrition
value. Yadav and Agarwal investigated the qualitative
and quantitative phytochemical analysis of seven
plants of North-eastern region of India and reported
evidence of medicinally important bioactive
compounds which could be used as medicines [27]. A
similar study showed antimicrobial activity of Noni
with an increasing effect on microbial growth
inhibition with increasing concentration of the extract
[28]. Moreover, surprisingly ethanolic extract
Moreover, surprisingly ethanolic extract of Noni fruit
induce cell growth inhibition induce cell growth
inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia
coli and cell growth inhibition on B16-F10 cells. This
could lead to a much promising improvement in
therapeutic approach to infectious diseases and
melanoma treatment [29].
Similar to the same study, antimicrobial activity of a
defensin – an antimicrobial peptides produced by
avocado could be useful in the control of pathogens
[30]. Along with antimicrobial effect, avocado also
shares vasorelaxant effect, analgesic and anti-
inflammatory activity, hypotensive activity,
anticonvulsant effect, antiviral activity, wound
healing activity, antiulcer effect, antihepatotoxic
activity, antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic
activity [31]. Similar to other studies methanol extract
of banana extracts showed an excellent antimicrobial
property than aqueous extract [32,33]. No
antibacterial activity was shown for fruit extract with
aqueous solution in this study, which could be due to
low phenolic content extracted by the water [34].
Similar to other studies that has found water more
likely to have low selective properties as it unable
to dissolve enough bioactive compounds for
antibacterial activity [35,36].
5. CONCLUSION
The results of the present study supports folkloric
usage of the studied fruit extracts of Noni, Avocado
and Banana, all three fruit extracts possess
compounds with antimicrobial properties that need to
be explored for other viable components. It can be
safely concluded that as a result of the essential
properties that are found in the fruit extracts of Noni,
Avocado and Noni, Avocado and Banana, they are as
effective are as effective as synthetic products to
remedy infectious diseases.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing interests
exist.
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