This study evaluated genetic diversity in 128 pea accessions based on 4 qualitative traits (flower color, testa color, cotyledon color, pod shape) and 11 quantitative traits (plant height, total pod number, pods per plant, total pod weight, pod weight per plant, average pod length, width, thickness, seed weight, seed weight per plant, seed index). Principal component analysis revealed that the first two principal components accounted for 55% of the variation. Traits like average pod thickness, length and width were positively correlated with weight per pod. Cotyledon color was negatively correlated with other yield traits. The study identified diverse groups of accessions that could be used as parents in breeding programs to generate transgressive seg
Dioscorea rotundata is a staple food crop for millions of people in the tropical and subtropical regions. In vitro germplasm conservation is a very useful tool in yam improvement strategies but very little is known about the genetic integrity and stability of in-vitro conserved yam plants. In this study, 42 accessions from in vitro and field populations were genotyped using 11 microsatellite markers and 23 morphological descriptors to assess variability within and between accessions. Out of the 23 morphological variables used, 13 were identified as most discriminate and were used to cluster the accessions into 4 clusters using the unweighted pair group arithmetic mean average (UPGMA). Accession maintained in field as well as in in-vitro showed high genetic similarity (R2 = 0.91, p-value: 1e-04). Out of the 42 accessions analyzed, nine accessions maintained in the field and in-vitro displayed different genetic profiles. This study provided basic information on the possible somaclonal variation of yam accessions maintained through in-vitro. Further study with advanced tools such as next-generation sequencing is required to elucidate the nature of the observed variation within clones.
Evaluation of Genetic Variability and Genetic Advance to Qualitative and Quan...iosrjce
In order to obtain superior varieties of bean that contain high antioxidant content and high yield, a
crossbred between local parent varieties (Mantili, Gilik Ijo and Gogo Kuning) by the introduction varieties
(Purple Queen and Cherooke Sun). Evaluation and selection are the main activities that must be done after
obtaining high variability initial population. Objectives of the research were to evaluate genetic variability and
genetic advance, as well as to select the expected lines of purple pod common beans and high yield in F3 and
F4 populations. From the previous research, 42 expected lines have been selected that based on pedigree
selection method, and result of the evaluation showed that 42 lines, which were tested in F3 population, have
high genetic variability on qualitative characters (growth type, pod color, pod shape, and the pod texture),
therefore, further selection is required to obtain the homogenous lines qualitatively. Results of the selection on
F3 population showed 13 expected lines and after being tested, they showed variability of growth type, pod
color, pod shape, and texture of the pod, despite uniform lines have been found qualitatively. On qualitatively
uniform lines, a selection may be done in order to obtain high yield lines. On characters of numbers of pod and
weight of pod per plant, they had moderate variability, high expected genetic advance and heritability, so that
selection on those characters can still be done. Results of the selection on F4 population showed some
qualitatively homogenous expected lines and they can be used as further breeding materials, such as PQGK1.1 and PQGI 169.1.
Variability, heritability and genetic advance analysis for grain yield in riceIJERA Editor
Ten diverse genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were crossed in a diallel fashion to study variability , heritability and genetic advance for 12 quantitative characters . A considerable amount of variability (gcv) varied from 5.95 for no. of leaves per tiller to 17.40 for grain yield per plant and the estimates of pcv varied from 7.08 for days to 50% flowering to 17.49 for grain yield per plant. The heritability estimates ranged from 0.721 for total biological yield per plant to 1.000 for plant height . Since the heritability in broad sense was estimated , therefore . other parameters should also be considered for selecting the genotypes. The genetic advance varied from 0.71 for no. of leaves per tiller to 46.23 for no. of spikelets per panicle. High estimates of genetic advance was reported for plant height , days to maturity , days to 50% flowering and total biological yield per plant . However, high heritability estimates was associated with high predicted genetic advance for plant height , days to maturity ,days to 50% flowering and no. of spikelets per panicle. The situation is encouraging since selection based on these characters being of additive in nature , is likely to be more effective for their improvement. As such phenotypic selection for those traits is likely to be more effective for their improvement. The estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation were higher than those of genotypic coefficient of variation for all the traits except plant height. High estimates of heritability and genetic advance were obtained for plant height , number of spikelets per panicle , days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity . These traits were mostly governed by additive gene action. And these characters are important for the breeder to construct selection indices.
This paper aims at a systematic approach to morphologically characterize of five types of white blood cells (WBC), and its nuclei from light microscopic image of blood samples. Hence, cellular and nuclei based geometric features are computed and analyzed statistically with t-test to show their discriminating potentiality among the species. In morphometry study, the length and breadth along with nucleus of leukocytes are compared between and within the species using oneway Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s pairwise comparison tests. In this study, the estimated values of Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus with respect to sex were compared. A total of 20 black and white rats (05 each from males and females) were collected. Blood samples were then collected from the caudal vein of anaesthetized rats. In differential leucocyte count, the parameters namely, lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil (p < 0.001) and eosinophil and basophil (p < 0.05) reveal significant difference. In morphometrical study, the cell length, breadth along with nucleus of lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil (p < 0.01) and eosinophil, basophil (p < 0.05) deviates significantly between and within the species.
Dioscorea rotundata is a staple food crop for millions of people in the tropical and subtropical regions. In vitro germplasm conservation is a very useful tool in yam improvement strategies but very little is known about the genetic integrity and stability of in-vitro conserved yam plants. In this study, 42 accessions from in vitro and field populations were genotyped using 11 microsatellite markers and 23 morphological descriptors to assess variability within and between accessions. Out of the 23 morphological variables used, 13 were identified as most discriminate and were used to cluster the accessions into 4 clusters using the unweighted pair group arithmetic mean average (UPGMA). Accession maintained in field as well as in in-vitro showed high genetic similarity (R2 = 0.91, p-value: 1e-04). Out of the 42 accessions analyzed, nine accessions maintained in the field and in-vitro displayed different genetic profiles. This study provided basic information on the possible somaclonal variation of yam accessions maintained through in-vitro. Further study with advanced tools such as next-generation sequencing is required to elucidate the nature of the observed variation within clones.
Evaluation of Genetic Variability and Genetic Advance to Qualitative and Quan...iosrjce
In order to obtain superior varieties of bean that contain high antioxidant content and high yield, a
crossbred between local parent varieties (Mantili, Gilik Ijo and Gogo Kuning) by the introduction varieties
(Purple Queen and Cherooke Sun). Evaluation and selection are the main activities that must be done after
obtaining high variability initial population. Objectives of the research were to evaluate genetic variability and
genetic advance, as well as to select the expected lines of purple pod common beans and high yield in F3 and
F4 populations. From the previous research, 42 expected lines have been selected that based on pedigree
selection method, and result of the evaluation showed that 42 lines, which were tested in F3 population, have
high genetic variability on qualitative characters (growth type, pod color, pod shape, and the pod texture),
therefore, further selection is required to obtain the homogenous lines qualitatively. Results of the selection on
F3 population showed 13 expected lines and after being tested, they showed variability of growth type, pod
color, pod shape, and texture of the pod, despite uniform lines have been found qualitatively. On qualitatively
uniform lines, a selection may be done in order to obtain high yield lines. On characters of numbers of pod and
weight of pod per plant, they had moderate variability, high expected genetic advance and heritability, so that
selection on those characters can still be done. Results of the selection on F4 population showed some
qualitatively homogenous expected lines and they can be used as further breeding materials, such as PQGK1.1 and PQGI 169.1.
Variability, heritability and genetic advance analysis for grain yield in riceIJERA Editor
Ten diverse genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were crossed in a diallel fashion to study variability , heritability and genetic advance for 12 quantitative characters . A considerable amount of variability (gcv) varied from 5.95 for no. of leaves per tiller to 17.40 for grain yield per plant and the estimates of pcv varied from 7.08 for days to 50% flowering to 17.49 for grain yield per plant. The heritability estimates ranged from 0.721 for total biological yield per plant to 1.000 for plant height . Since the heritability in broad sense was estimated , therefore . other parameters should also be considered for selecting the genotypes. The genetic advance varied from 0.71 for no. of leaves per tiller to 46.23 for no. of spikelets per panicle. High estimates of genetic advance was reported for plant height , days to maturity , days to 50% flowering and total biological yield per plant . However, high heritability estimates was associated with high predicted genetic advance for plant height , days to maturity ,days to 50% flowering and no. of spikelets per panicle. The situation is encouraging since selection based on these characters being of additive in nature , is likely to be more effective for their improvement. As such phenotypic selection for those traits is likely to be more effective for their improvement. The estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation were higher than those of genotypic coefficient of variation for all the traits except plant height. High estimates of heritability and genetic advance were obtained for plant height , number of spikelets per panicle , days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity . These traits were mostly governed by additive gene action. And these characters are important for the breeder to construct selection indices.
This paper aims at a systematic approach to morphologically characterize of five types of white blood cells (WBC), and its nuclei from light microscopic image of blood samples. Hence, cellular and nuclei based geometric features are computed and analyzed statistically with t-test to show their discriminating potentiality among the species. In morphometry study, the length and breadth along with nucleus of leukocytes are compared between and within the species using oneway Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s pairwise comparison tests. In this study, the estimated values of Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus with respect to sex were compared. A total of 20 black and white rats (05 each from males and females) were collected. Blood samples were then collected from the caudal vein of anaesthetized rats. In differential leucocyte count, the parameters namely, lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil (p < 0.001) and eosinophil and basophil (p < 0.05) reveal significant difference. In morphometrical study, the cell length, breadth along with nucleus of lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil (p < 0.01) and eosinophil, basophil (p < 0.05) deviates significantly between and within the species.
Molecular Diversity Analysis of Some Local Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Genot...AI Publications
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes have been widely used as a spice and flavoring agent in foods and beverages in Bangladesh as well as in all over the world for its economical and medicinal values. The present investigation was undertaken for the assessment of 13 local ginger genotypes collected from different region of Bangladesh through 7 RAPD primers. Genomic DNA was extracted from ginger genotypes using CTAB method. A total of 34 distinct and differential amplification bands ranging from 150-1200 bp were observed with an average of 1.14 polymorphic bands per primer. The overall gene diversity was detected 0.8052 and the value of PIC was detected 0.7532. The RAPD marker generate enough polymorphism for possible use in diversity studies through cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). PCA classified 13 ginger genotypes into four groups and showed in two dimensional scatter plot. The genetic similarity coefficients among genotypes ranged from 0.103 to 0.654. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity-coefficient using UPGMA grouped the genotypes into two clusters: Cluster A and Cluster B. The cluster ‘A’ had only one genotype Kaptai local and the second cluster ‘B’ had rest of twelve genotypes. The prevalence level of polymorphism in the local genotypes of ginger will help to breeders for ginger improvement program.
Genetic diversity in pea germplasm using RAPD MarkersShujaul Mulk Khan
Selection of the genotypes using plasmid assisted technology provides an efficient and useful tool for elaborating genetic relationships among genotypes. In present study, 48 Pea (Pisum sativum var sativum L.) genotypes obtained from different sources were analyzed through 20 RAPD, DNA markers for assessment of intraspecific DNA variations. Results revealed that significant variations were present in minor bands. Major bands also showed significant diversity. Considerable variations were also recorded in density of some common bands. Maximum and minimum genetic diversity i.e., 80% and 20% was found among 08 and 23 comparisons, respectively from banding profile. These variations can be
used further for enhancing variability, a prerequisite for crop breeding. Phylogenetic clustering (through dendrogram analysis) of genotypes revealed that genetic diversity is independent of origin of genotypes. Forty eight genotypes of pea clustered in three main groups A, B and C comprising 23, 5 and 20 genotypes, respectively. Group A1 and C1 included the most distantly related genotypes and hence can be recommended for breeding to obtain genetically diverse segregating populations.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Responses of wheat seedling to varying moisture conditions and relationship b...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The following study was conducted to estimate the genotypic differences among 30 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under different moisture regimes and relationship between morphological and molecular characterization. Eight seedling parameters root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), chlorophyll rate (CR) and survival rate (SR) were studied at four different soil moisture conditions (T 1 40%,T 2 60%,T 3 80%,T 4 100%) using two factor factorial complete randomized design (CRD). Significant differences among genotypes were observed by analysis of variance. For heritability estimates, survival rate showed lowest heritability under all the treatments. Principal components analysis accounted 81.4% variation in T 1 , 81.9% in T2, 87.7% in T3 and 84.7% in T4 conditions in first PC. Selected diverse genotypes were further fingerprinted with 10 ISSR markers. A total of 74 DNA fragments were detected and 72.7% of was polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments were ranged from 4 (UBC-809) to 11 (UBC-808). PIC values were ranged from 0.32 to 0.81. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into 4 clusters on the basis of molecular and phenotypic characterization under T4 normal conditions whereas under T1 (moisture stress) conditions genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters explaining genotypic differences under different moisture conditions. The present results showed that phenotypic difference in wheat seedling expression under different water regimes is accompanied with molecular basis, which offer a prospective to enhance wheat adaptation under moisture stress conditions.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Somos un equipo de estudiantes y profesionales jóvenes que contribuye en la gestión del conocimiento, en el análisis prospectivo y estratégico, en la facilitación de procesos de toma de decisiones y al posicionamiento del Proyecto "Perú 2040" que lidera el Colegio de Ingenieros del Perú.
Okra is one of the most popular vegetables in subtropical Asia and Eastern Africa.
Warm climates and are very productive, producing 100 okras per plant.
A tall-growing, warm-season, annual vegetable
Okra is a tropical vegetable
Molecular Diversity Analysis of Some Local Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Genot...AI Publications
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes have been widely used as a spice and flavoring agent in foods and beverages in Bangladesh as well as in all over the world for its economical and medicinal values. The present investigation was undertaken for the assessment of 13 local ginger genotypes collected from different region of Bangladesh through 7 RAPD primers. Genomic DNA was extracted from ginger genotypes using CTAB method. A total of 34 distinct and differential amplification bands ranging from 150-1200 bp were observed with an average of 1.14 polymorphic bands per primer. The overall gene diversity was detected 0.8052 and the value of PIC was detected 0.7532. The RAPD marker generate enough polymorphism for possible use in diversity studies through cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). PCA classified 13 ginger genotypes into four groups and showed in two dimensional scatter plot. The genetic similarity coefficients among genotypes ranged from 0.103 to 0.654. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity-coefficient using UPGMA grouped the genotypes into two clusters: Cluster A and Cluster B. The cluster ‘A’ had only one genotype Kaptai local and the second cluster ‘B’ had rest of twelve genotypes. The prevalence level of polymorphism in the local genotypes of ginger will help to breeders for ginger improvement program.
Genetic diversity in pea germplasm using RAPD MarkersShujaul Mulk Khan
Selection of the genotypes using plasmid assisted technology provides an efficient and useful tool for elaborating genetic relationships among genotypes. In present study, 48 Pea (Pisum sativum var sativum L.) genotypes obtained from different sources were analyzed through 20 RAPD, DNA markers for assessment of intraspecific DNA variations. Results revealed that significant variations were present in minor bands. Major bands also showed significant diversity. Considerable variations were also recorded in density of some common bands. Maximum and minimum genetic diversity i.e., 80% and 20% was found among 08 and 23 comparisons, respectively from banding profile. These variations can be
used further for enhancing variability, a prerequisite for crop breeding. Phylogenetic clustering (through dendrogram analysis) of genotypes revealed that genetic diversity is independent of origin of genotypes. Forty eight genotypes of pea clustered in three main groups A, B and C comprising 23, 5 and 20 genotypes, respectively. Group A1 and C1 included the most distantly related genotypes and hence can be recommended for breeding to obtain genetically diverse segregating populations.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Responses of wheat seedling to varying moisture conditions and relationship b...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The following study was conducted to estimate the genotypic differences among 30 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under different moisture regimes and relationship between morphological and molecular characterization. Eight seedling parameters root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), chlorophyll rate (CR) and survival rate (SR) were studied at four different soil moisture conditions (T 1 40%,T 2 60%,T 3 80%,T 4 100%) using two factor factorial complete randomized design (CRD). Significant differences among genotypes were observed by analysis of variance. For heritability estimates, survival rate showed lowest heritability under all the treatments. Principal components analysis accounted 81.4% variation in T 1 , 81.9% in T2, 87.7% in T3 and 84.7% in T4 conditions in first PC. Selected diverse genotypes were further fingerprinted with 10 ISSR markers. A total of 74 DNA fragments were detected and 72.7% of was polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments were ranged from 4 (UBC-809) to 11 (UBC-808). PIC values were ranged from 0.32 to 0.81. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into 4 clusters on the basis of molecular and phenotypic characterization under T4 normal conditions whereas under T1 (moisture stress) conditions genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters explaining genotypic differences under different moisture conditions. The present results showed that phenotypic difference in wheat seedling expression under different water regimes is accompanied with molecular basis, which offer a prospective to enhance wheat adaptation under moisture stress conditions.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Somos un equipo de estudiantes y profesionales jóvenes que contribuye en la gestión del conocimiento, en el análisis prospectivo y estratégico, en la facilitación de procesos de toma de decisiones y al posicionamiento del Proyecto "Perú 2040" que lidera el Colegio de Ingenieros del Perú.
Okra is one of the most popular vegetables in subtropical Asia and Eastern Africa.
Warm climates and are very productive, producing 100 okras per plant.
A tall-growing, warm-season, annual vegetable
Okra is a tropical vegetable
An old world cool season annual legume crop.
A popular crop in world since a long time.
With broad genetic base.
Consumed in multiple forms.
Long history of cultivation and adaptation.
Different crop forms are present based upon the harvest time.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable Cultivation”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences is an online academic journal that has been published biannually since 2007. It is an open-access, international journal that follows a double-blind peer-review process.
Topic- Genetic Variability and Stability Analysis in Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
PRESENTED
BY
CHIRANJEEV
Id. No. – 4213, M. Sc. (Ag.)
In the presence of External examiner and Members of Advisory Committee
Venue: Seminar class room
On date: 27/10/2020
DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY MEERUT-250110 (U.P.) India
Genetic Variability in Proximate, Mineral, Vitamin, Carotene and Anti Nutrien...ijtsrd
is study aimed to evaluate genotypic variability in twenty fluted pumpkin Telfairia occidentalis accessions for nutrient composition and anti nutrient contents. The trials were in Teaching and Research Fields of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State and Akwa Ibom State University, Obio Akpa Campus, Akwa Ibom State, laid in Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD with three replications. Analysis of variance was used to partition the variability into the components due to genetic and non environmental factors, genetic GCV , phenotypic PCV and environmental ECV components of variation, estimates of broad sense heritability h2Bs and Genetic advance GA . High range of variability and high genetic variance were observed for all the traits in both locations. Close differences between genotypic and phenotypic variances and genotypic, phenotypic and environmental coefficient of variations were observed for all the traits. The lower variances observed indicates that the genotypic component was the major contributor to the total variances for the characters in both locations. In Obio Akpa moderate broad sense heritability and genetic advance was observed which indicated the influence of environmental variance is more than genetic variance. Based on the parameters observed, considerable selection program for the improvement of these traits is possible in Telfairia occidentalis. Udo Imo Okon | Ekpoke Okurube Silver | Nwofia Godson Emeka "Genetic Variability in Proximate, Mineral, Vitamin, Carotene and Anti-Nutrients Content of Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia Occidentalis Hook F)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52001.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/52001/genetic-variability-in-proximate-mineral-vitamin-carotene-and-antinutrients-content-of-fluted-pumpkin-telfairia-occidentalis-hook-f/udo-imo-okon
This study aims to determine the genetic components like Vg(Variance of genotype), Vp ( Variance of phenotype), GCV (Genotypic co-efficient of variation), PCV (Phenotypic coefficient of variation), Hb (Heritability) and GA% (Genetic advance in percentage of means) in F2 generation of the cross Nagina x Bushbeef-steak for predicting quantitative traits. Data was collected on P1, P2 F1 and F2 generation for various yield components and were analyzed. Analyzed data showed relatively high difference between, GCV, Vp and PCV for the traits: Flowers/cluster, Fruits/cluster and Fruit weight and relatively low difference was noted for Vg, GCV and Vp, PCV values in the traits: Fruit diameter, Fruit length and fruits/plant. Highest value of GCV (79.90%) and PCV (92.79%) were noted in the trait: yield/plant and the lowest values of GCV (14.68%) and PCV (16.78%) were noted for fruit-length. Highest value (84.08%) of broad sense heritability %(Hb%) was noted in fruit diameter and the lowest value of heritability(27.58) was noted for the trait fruits/cluster. Moderate value of heritability (74.13%) along with low value (15.22) of GA% was noted for yield/plant.
Principal Component Analysis for Evaluation of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The present study was conducted to study the variability among the genotypes by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in order to select those that are most suitable for breeding programme. This study included ten quantitative traits. The result of principal component analysis showed that the first four principal components with Eigen value greater than 0.88 contributed about 76.10 per cent of total variation in the population. The variability of the genotypes was interpreted based on four principal components, the first principal component described the yield level, the second principal component described the productivity and quality and the last two principal components described the quality of the fodder which indicating that the identified traits within the axes exhibited great influence on the phenotype and this could be effectively used for selection among the tested entries for further development of Guinea grass varieties with improved fodder yield and quality.
Analysis of Seed Proteins in Groundnut Cultivars (Arachis hypogaea L.)IJERA Editor
The seed protein contents and protein banding pattern were studied in commonly cultivated groundnut cultivars.
The groundnut cultivars such as ICGV00351, TMV-7, CO-4,CO-6 and TG-374 were used for quantitative and
qualitative analysis of seed proteins. The protein contents varied among the different varieties of groundnut. The
maximum protein content was observed in CO-6 followed by CO-4, TMV-7, ICGV00351 and TG-374. There
was a slight differences in protein content among the different cultivars. All the five cultivars of groundnut were
subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis. The results revealed that the variation in total number of bands and MW-Rf
values. The maximum number of MW-Rf value was noticed in TG-374 and ICGV00351, and the minimum
MW-Rf value was 11 recorded in CO-6 and TMV-7.
Varietal differences in seed germination and seedling vigour characteristics ...Open Access Research Paper
An experiment was conducted using twenty-two (accession, local and improved) cowpea genotypes evaluated for their laboratory seed quality attributes. The laboratory experiment was set-up in a complete randomized design with three replicates between February and March, 2023 at the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Oyo State. Data collected on seed quality attributes in the laboratory were subjected to analysis of variance. Treatment means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5 % level of probability, correlation, and principal component analysis. Germination percentage ranged from 94.0 % for NGB07614 to 31.33 % for NGB07593. Germination percentage also had highly significant negative correlation with germination index, abnormal seedling, dead seed and seedling dry weight. Germination percentage also had positive and significant correlation with root length and seedling vigour index. Principal component analysis revealed that the seed quality attributes such as germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigour index, shoot length, root length and seedling dry weight contribute significantly to the variation within the 22 genotypes of cowpea evaluated. The cluster analysis for seed quality attributes included in this study placed cowpea genotypes into four clusters with sub clusters for each, except cluster four with only three genotypes of one accession, one local and one improved, respectively. The mean performance of laboratory seed quality attributes revealed that NGB07614, Abewere, 150-Ex and Modupe were outstanding in some of seed quality attributes. This shows that selection for superior seed quality traits is possible among these cowpea accessions.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Potato (Solanum Tube...Premier Publishers
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) used as fresh products and commercially processed foods such as French fries and chips.The objective of the experiment was to assess the nature and magnitude of variability in potato genotypes for tuber quality, yield and yield-related traits. Twenty four potato genotypes were evaluated at Holetta Agricultural Research Centre using a randomized complete block design with three replications during the growing season of 2017. The results of the analysis of variance indicated there was highly significant differences among the genotypes for all traits excepted peel content. The phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficient of variation ranged between 0.90 to 46.43% and 0.75 to 40.0%. Heritability in the broad sense (H2) and genetic advance as percent of the mean (GAM) ranged from 38.13 to 91.64% and 1.28 to 73.50%. High phenotypic coefficients of variation and genotypic coefficients of variation coupled with high heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean were observed for shoot dry mass weight, average tuber number, average tuber weight, unmarketable tuber yield, small size tuber and large size tubers. Therefore, selection for these characters would be effective for the emerging processing industry and could be selected as parents for future crossing program in Ethiopia.
Genetic diversity and association analysis for different morphological traits...Open Access Research Paper
Capsicum annuum L. is the extensively cultivated species of peppers (chilies) in all over the world. Its fruits are used for spiciness (capsaicin) and color (capsanthin) in our daily foods. Pakistan is the leading chili consuming country. Genetic divergence among 25 accessions (local and exotic) collected from Ayub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad, Pakistanwas estimated from the data collected during the year 2014 in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan for different morphological and growth parameters viz fruit width, fruit length, peduncle length, number of primary branches, inter nodal length, plant height, seed index, 1000 seed weight, fresh and dry fruit weight, pericarp thickness, leaf area and seeds per fruit. Based on this characterization the plants were grouped into 5 clusters and diversity among accessions was indicated by the wide range of D2 values whereas phenotypic correlation for all the characters was found significant. Five components were selected as principle components with Eigen values > 1. These components exhibited 77.2% of the variation. The first principal component (PC I) explained 27.2% of total variation in original data, second component (PC II) explained 18.9%, and third principal component (PC III) explained 12.5% of variation. The other principal components (PC IV and PC V explained an additional 18.6% of the variation (a total 77.2% of explained variation. Accessions with distinct identity were marked, which are likely to be quite suitable for breeding through hybridization by combining desirable traits. High estimates of broad sense heritability (90%) for all the characters except peduncle length predicted that selection could be awarding in late segregating generations and above accessions could be utilized in hybridization programme for C. annuum crop improvement.
Sixteen genotypes of maize were evaluated for genetic variability and character associations in the Research
Farm of the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria for 90 days in the 2012, 2013 and 2014
cropping seasons. Perforated polythene bags (18 × 9 cm) were filled with 6kg sandy-loam soil and were spaced
at a distance of 10 cm apart between rows. Three seeds from each genotype were then planted per bag without
treatment in three replicates. Data on plant and stem height, leaf width, leaf length and number of leaves were
collected after planting at 14 days interval on each replicate for a particular genotype. The plant height of
EVDT.Y200STRQPM genotype was significantly (p < 0.05) different from other genotypes, while genotype
pairs; TZE-OR2DTSTRQPM and 2009TZE-ORIDTSTRQPM, TZEI 22, TZEI 98 and OBANTAPA, TZEI 4,
TZEI 161, BODIJA as well as EVDT-W99STR, OJO, 98SYNWECSTRQPM were similar to each other. The
result of correlation coefficient shows that stem height was highly significant and positively correlated with the
plant height (p < 0.01; r = 0.91). The genotype is negative and non-correlated with plant height, stem height, leaf
width and number of leaves, but positive and non-significantly associated with leaf length, replicate and week
after planting.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.19
ABSTRACT- By using gamma rays (physical) & EMS (chemical) mutagens the various genetic variability parameters
were estimated of two soybean cultivars i.e. PKV-1 & JS-335. Characters studied i.e. Plant height, no. of branches per
plant, no. of clusters per plant, no. of pods per plant, yield per plant, 100 grain wt. shows that genotypic coefficient of
variation (G.C.V.) & phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability was significantly high. In both the varieties, all
the mutagenic treatments were effective in inducing genetic variability.
Key-words- Gamma rays, EMS, Mutagens, Genetic Variability
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and seed weight). Factor analysis showed that two factors described 61% of total proteins variation. Correlated
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Therefore, the second factor was named “phenologic proteins”. Genotypes were located in four groups by these
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Similar to Evaluation of genetic diversity in pea (Pisum sativum) based on morpho-agronomic characteristics for yield and yield associated traits (20)
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Evaluation of genetic diversity in pea (Pisum sativum) based on morpho-agronomic characteristics for yield and yield associated traits
1. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
321 | Umar et al
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Evaluation of genetic diversity in pea (Pisum sativum) based on
morpho-agronomic characteristics for yield and yield
associated traits
Hafiz Muhammad Imran Umar1
, Shoaib-Ur-Rehman1
, Muhammad Bilal1
, Syed Atif
Hasan Naqvi2
, Syed Amir Manzoor3
, Abdul Ghafoor4
, Muhammad Khalid4
,
Muhammad Tayyab Iqbal1
, Abdul Qayyum1
, Farah Ahmad5
, Malik Ahsan Irshad1
1
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, FAST, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan.
2
Department of Plant Pathology, FAST, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan
3
Department of Forestry, FAST, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan
4
Institute of Agri Biotechnology and Genetic Resources, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
5
Department of Biotechnology, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Article published on May 23, 2014
Key words: Genetic diversity, Accessions, PCA, Pisum sativum, Traits.
Abstract
The genetic diversity in 128 exotic pea accessions from diverse origin was determined for four qualitative traits
flower color (FC), testa color (TC), cotyledon color (CC) and pod shape (PS) and eleven quantitative attributes i.e.,
plant height (PH), total pod number (TPN), number of pods per plant (NOPPP), total pod weight (TPW), pod
weight per plant (PEPP), average pod length (APL), average pod width (APW), average pod thickness (APT), seed
weight (SW), seed weight per plant (SWPP) and seed index (SI) through statistical software using a
nonhierarchical, PCA. The projection of attributes on PC1 and PC2 revealed that average pod thickness, average
pod length and average pod width are positively correlated to weight per pod. The projection pattern of the
attributes on first two PCs depicted that key pod weight contributing attributes were pod thickness, length and
width while the cotyledon color was opposite to weight per pod and other yield contributing traits on PC1,
therefore, it had negative correlation with all other traits. The projection of accessions on first two PCs was useful
to identify diverse groups of parents for better transgressive segregation. Promising accessions showing the
variation in the desired parameters can be utilized in the future breeding programs.
*Corresponding Author: Syed Amir Manzoor amir.kzd@gmail.com
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 4, No. 5, p. 321-328, 2014
http://www.innspub.net
2. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
322 | Umar et al
Introduction
The pea (Pisum sativum L., 2n = 14) member of
Papillonacea family is an annual cool season nitrogen
fixing crop having high percentage of digestible
protein (23-33%) along with other biomolecules such
as carbohydrates and vitamins (Gatti et al., 2011). It is
an important legume crop which is thought to be
originated from Southwest Asia (Hulse, 1994). Being
a self pollinated crop, main focus of breeding in
recent times was to develop pure lines which led to
narrow genetic diversity among pea varieties
(Baranger et al., 2004). But a considerable level of
genetic variance among peas of diverse origin has also
be reported by some breeders (Nisar et al., 2011).
In order to produce transgressive segregants,
genetically different parents must to be selected for
recombination breeding in self pollinated crops. The
characterization of genetic diversity in crop species
has long been based on morphological attributes,
however, morphological variation is often found to be
of limited use because the expression of
morphological attributes may be affected by
environmental conditions, thereby constraining the
analysis of genetic variation (Nisar et al., 2008). On
the basis of morphological data, genetic diversity
assessments needs a high precision of field
experiments through recommended design and
analysis so that the germplasm may be exploited to
develop better genotypes for the upcoming scenario
(Sajjad et al., 2011). Knowledge of genetic diversity is
a useful tool in gene bank management and in
planning experiments, as it facilitates efficient
sampling and utilization of germplasm by identifying
and/or eliminating duplicates in the gene stock, and
helps in the establishment of core collections
(Ghafoor et al., 2005).
In order to maintain, evaluate and utilize germplasm
efficiently and effectively, it is important to
investigate the extent of genetic diversity it contains
(Smith et al., 1990). Many of the landraces and wild
species are maintained in the world as genetic
resources for crop improvement, but their use for
breeding is still limited and we are challenged as to
how to use this biodiversity for practical crop
improvement (Ali et al., 2007). Broad based plant
genetic resources are imperative for sound and
successful crop improvement program (Jatoi et al.,
2011). Unfortunately, the yield of pea is low in
Pakistan as compared to the world average yield
owing to the narrow genetic base and limited
variability used in the development of local varieties.
Crop improvement depends largely on the availability
of diverse germplasm and their judicial utilization
(Sardana et al., 2007).
If we are dealing with a large number of genotypes,
multivariate analytical techniques i.e., principal
component analysis (PCA), principal coordinate
analysis and cluster analysis at present are mostly
utilized to asses’ genetic diversity present in the data
set whether the data set comprises of biochemical,
morphological or molecular data. Usually a
nonhierarchical multivariate analysis technique, PCA,
is employed by the plant breeders to check the pattern
of variation in the given data. Therefore, the present
study was undertaken to study the genetic diversity
in exotic germplasm of pea accession of diverse origin
and for the determination of extent of variation in the
given accession for four qualitative traits and eleven
quantitative attributes through statistical software
using a nonhierarchical, PCA.
Material and method
Study area
The experiment was conducted during autumn season in
glass house condition in Plant Genetic Resource
Institute (PGRI), National Agriculture Research Center
(NARC), Islamabad (30° 42′ N and 37° 08′ E) Pakistan.
Planting Material
Pea germplasm used in this study consisting of 128
exotic accessions obtained from ICARDA gene bank.
Origin of material was from various Western
countries. Recommended plant production measures
were adopted to raise the crop. Plant to plant distance
was maintained at 6 inches (Table 1).
3. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
323 | Umar et al
Table 1. List of accessions and their origin.
Accession
#
Origin
country
Accession
#
Origin
country
Accession
#
Origin
country
Accession
#
Origin
country
IG 50545 DEU IG 50754 NLD IG 50937 GBR IG 123040 ITA
IG 50547 ETH IG 50777 SWE IG 50946 FRA IG 123091 ITA
IG 50556 NLD IG 50782 NLD IG 50953 AS GBR IG 123092 ITA
IG 50564 FRA IG 50785 NLD IG 50953 BR GBR IG 123094 ITA
IG 50566 DEU IG 50788 BEL IG 50954 GBR IG 123131 COL
IG 50580 RUS IG 50792 ETH IG 50955 USA IG 123208 CHN
IG 50581 DEU IG 50805 FRA IG 50957 DEU IG 123308 KAZ
IG 50591 UNK IG 50810 FRA IG 50958 USA IG 123317 PRT
IG 50602 NLD IG 50818 DEU IG 50959 DEU IG 123336 MAR
IG 50604 DEU IG 50820 DEU IG 50963 DEU IG 123349 TUR
IG 50611 DEU IG 50821 USA IG 50978 POL IG 123356 CHL
IG 50613 UKR IG 50828 GBR IG 50982 DEU IG 123451 ITA
IG 50615 FRA IG 50830 BEL IG 50987 DEU IG 125371 RUS
IG 50622 NLD IG 50836 DEU IG 51004 GBR IG 125379 BLR
IG 50623 NLD IG 50837 DEU IG 51008 DEU IG 125407 BLR
IG 50624 NLD IG 50838 DEU IG 51009 DEU IG 125410 SWE
IG50625 NLD IG 50840 DEU IG 51016 USA IG 125413 RUS
IG 50626 NLD IG 50845 PRT IG 51017 USA IG 125421 RUS
IG 50632 DEU IG 50863 USA IG 51019 NLD IG 125439 ITA
IG 50634 DEU IG 50870 DEU IG 51025 GBR IG 125448 RUS
IG 50638 DEU IG 50871 DEU IG 51029 DEU IG 125461 RUS
IG 50646 NLD IG 50878 GRC IG 51069 GBR IG 125470 GEO
IG 50662 ROM IG 50898 GRC IG 51072 FRA IG 125525 AFG
IG 50663 FRA IG 50903 DEU IG 51077 CHN IG 125556 ITA
IG 50686 DEU IG 50905 GBR IG 51083 DEU IG 125593 ITA
IG 50689 DEU IG 50907 DEU IG 51085 DEU IG 125614 RUS
IG 50694 ETH IG 50910 DEU IG 51094 GBR IG 128865 CYP
IG 50712 DEU IG 50920 USA IG 51097 CAN IG 128911 MNG
IG 50730 CZE IG 50923 FRA IG 51100 SWE IG 129819 RUS
IG 50733 GBR IG 50924 DEU IG 51103 UNK IG 128950 CHL
IG 50734 SWE IG 50932 DEU IG 51128 FIN IG 129052 FIN
IG 50735 BGR IG 50933 CZE IG 51133 FRA IG 1254116 Unknown
Qualitative and quantitative attributes
Observations were recorded on both qualitative
attributes i.e., flower color (FC), testa color (TC),
cotyledon color (CC) and pod shape (PS) and
quantitative attributes i.e., plant height (PH), total
pod number (TPN), number of pods per plant
(NOPPP), total pod weight (TPW), pod weight per
plant (PEPP), average pod length (APL), average pod
width (APW), average pod thickness (APT), seed
weight (SW), seed weight per plant (SWPP) and seed
index (SI). Five samples of pod of each accession were
taken for the data recording.
4. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
324 | Umar et al
Statistical analysis
Mean data of each parameter viz., Mean (M),
Variance (Var), and Standard deviation (Std. D) for
average plant height (APH), number of pod (NOP),
number of pod per plant (NOPPP), pod weight (PW),
pod weight per plant (PWPP), seed weight (SW), seed
weight per plant (SWPP), average pod length (APL),
average pod width (APW), average pod thickness
(APT), seed index (SI), was calculated and the data
was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) for
simple statistics through SPSS (Version 6.0) PAST
and Microsoft Excel 2007. Principal component
analysis was carried out through Microsoft Excel
2007, SPSS v16.0 and PAST software to find the
pattern of variation in the data.
Results
Morphological traits
Morphological characteristics of 128 pea genotypes
were determined on five randomly selected pods per
genotype. Variability was observed among the
accessions studied for qualitative attributes i.e.,
flower color (white and purple), testa color (green and
creamy), cotyledon color (yellow and green) and pod
shape (straight and curved). Traits frequency
distributions revealed that accessions were
predominantly vigorous. Frequency distribution of
128 pea germplasm for qualitative attributes is shown
in (Table 5). High variation along with range was
observed for most of the characters that indicated the
scope of simple selection. The result of analysis of
variance (ANOVA) revealed that the accession
included in this study had significant variation for
most of the traits as illustrated in (Table 3).
Maximum variations were observed for cotyledon
color, testa color and pod shape whereas minimum
variations were recorded for flower color. Basic
statistics including mean, standard deviation and
variance have been presented in the. The extent of
range for average plant height was 14.39-245.53 cm.
Total number of pods per accession ranged from 2-
210. The range of number of pods per plant was 1-70.
Pod weight of accessions ranged from 0.7-107 g while
pod weight of each plant ranged from 0.45-47.63 g.
The extent of range per seed weight accession was
0.4-90 g while seed weight per plant ranged from 0.3-
70.1 g. The range for average pod length, average pod
width and average pod thickness was recorded from
1.73-8.55 cm, 0.2-0.9 cm and 0.2-0.8 cm respectively.
The range for seed index was recorded from 8-31.3
(Table 2).
Table 2. Basic statistical analysis of 11 quantitative traits of Pisum sativum germplasm
Mean
Standard
error
Standard
deviation
Sample
variance
Range
Minimum Maximum
APH (cm) 93.04302 4.783274 54.11657 2928.603 14.39 245.53
TPN 26.63281 2.59459 29.35444 861.683 2 210
NOPPP 15.85677 1.233895 13.95993 194.8796 1 70
PW (g) 18.75086 1.735965 19.6402 385.7375 0.71 107
PWPP (g) 11.27113 0.933075 10.55654 111.4405 0.45 47.63
SW (g) 15.49203 1.489706 16.8541 284.0608 0.44 90
SWPP (g) 9.466419 0.899909 10.18131 103.6591 0.31 70.12
APL (cm) 4.917459 0.101251 1.145529 1.312236 1.72 8.55
APW (cm) 0.49478 0.009917 0.112195 0.012588 0.17 0.85
APT (cm) 0.612728 0.009267 0.104842 0.010992 0.20 0.81
SI 17.90914 0.465629 5.267987 27.75168 8 31.3
5. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
325 | Umar et al
Table 3. Analysis of variance (ANONA)
Source of Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 973650.3 14 69546.45 213.7604 0 1.697004
Within Groups 614907.2 1890 325.3477
Total 1588558 1904
Principal component analysis
Out of 15 principal components (PCs), first 5
exhibited eigenvalue greater than 1 (significant) while
the rest of 10 PCs exhibited non significant variation
so they were not worth interpreting (Table 4). The
first 5 PCs showed 79.406% variation in the
accession. The first PC accounted 40.298% variation,
second PC showed 15.027% variation, third PC
showed 9.664% variation, fourth PC accounted for
6.925% variation while fifth PC accounted for 5.987%
variation (Figure 1). The first PC was highly related to
weight per pod, seed weight, pod weight, seed weight
per pod, number of pods per plant and total pod
number, average pod thickness, average pod length
and average width. This implies that PC1 is a
weighted average of these nine attributes. The traits
of significant importance in PC2 were average pod
thickness, average pod length, average width and seed
index. PC3 was related to cotyledon color and testa
color. The fourth PC was related to average plant
height and pod shape while the fifth PC was related to
flower color (Table 5). The projection of attributes on
PC1 and PC2 revealed that average pod thickness,
average pod length and average pod width are
positively correlated to weight per pod. The projection
pattern of the attributes on first two PCs depicted that
key pod weight contributing attributes were pod
thickness, length and width. Cotyledon color was
opposite to weight per pod and other yield
contributing traits on PC1, therefore, it had negative
correlation with all other attributes. The projection of
accessions on first two PCs was useful to identify
diverse groups of parents for better transgressive
segregation (Figure 2). The projection of accessions
on first 2 PCs showed population structure and
illustrated the identified hetrotic accessions. The
accession IG_50547 was most distinct and variant
among rest of all. Accession IG_51094, IG_123451
and IG_50566 were opposite to accession IG_51128,
IG-123040 and IG_125448. The genotype IG_123208
was contrasted to accession IG_125439. IG_128950
was opposite to IG_125470 etc. On the basis of this
analysis, promising genotypes have been identified
and these are suggested to use in genetic
improvement through selection or involving these in
hybrid program for crop improvement (Figure 3).
Table 4. Eigen value and % variance
PC Eigen value
%
Variance
PC Eigen value
%
Variance
PC Eigen value
%
Variance
1 6.0447 40.298 6 0.898085 5.9872 11 0.217124 1.4475
2 2.25404 15.027 7 0.678066 4.5204 12 0.0747416 0.49828
3 1.44956 9.6638 8 0.453869 3.0258 13 0.061935 0.4129
4 1.12389 7.4926 9 0.362197 2.4146 14 0.00869331 0.057955
5 1.03875 6.925 10 0.334112 2.2274 15 0.00023018 0.0015345
6. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
326 | Umar et al
Table 5. Principal components for fifteen attributes
Traits
Eigen values
PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5
Weight/ Pod 0.931 -.077 0.020 -0.074 -0.102
Seed Weight 0.920 -0.183 0.192 0.085 -0.048
Pod Weight 0.915 -0.174 0.254 0.099 -0.015
Seed weight/ Pod 0.867 -0.085 -0.064 -0.082 -0.150
Number of Pods per Plant 0.861 -0.323 0.082 -0.166 -0.034
Pod Number 0.813 -0.366 0.280 0.005 0.071
Average Pod Thickness 0.557 0.490 -0.247 0.207 0.122
Average Pod Length 0.572 0.739 -0.010 0.015 -0.007
Average Pod Width 0.535 0.723 0.021 -0.044 -0.020
Seed Index 0.332 0.577 -0.265 0.227 0.054
Testa Color 0.211 -0.327 -0.744 0.087 -0.348
Cotyledon Color -0.437 0.311 0.672 0.057 -0.120
Average Plant Height -0.017 -0.129 0.278 0.802 -0.201
Flower Color 0.155 0.171 0.183 -0.536 0.027
Pod Shape 0.218 -0.218 -0.106 0.172 0.896
Table 6. Frequency distribution of qualitative traits
S. No Traits Frequency Frequency %
1 Flower Color
i) White
ii) Purple
121
7
94.5
5.5
2 Testa Color
i) Green
ii) Creamy
104
24
81.2
18.8
3 Cotyledon color
i) Yellow
ii) Green
55
73
43
57
4 Pod Shape
i) Straight
ii) Curved
105
23
82
18
7. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2014
327 | Umar et al
Fig. 1. Scree plot between eigen values and number
of principal components
Fig. 2. Principal component biplot of yield traits
IG_50545
IG_50547
IG_50556
IG_50564
IG_50566
IG_50580
IG_50581
IG_50591
IG_50602
IG_50604
IG_50611
IG_50613
IG_50615IG_50622
IG_50623
IG_50624
IG50625IG_50626
IG_50632
IG_50634
IG_50638
IG_50646
IG_50662
IG_50663
IG_50686
IG_50689
IG_50694
IG_50712
IG_50730
IG_50733IG_50734
IG_50735IG_50754
IG_50777
IG_50782
IG_50785
IG_50788
IG_50792
IG_50805
IG_50810
IG_50818
IG_50820
IG_50821
IG_50828
IG_50830
IG_50836
IG_50837
IG_50838
IG_50840
IG_50845
IG_50863
IG_50870
IG_50871
IG_50878
IG_50898
IG_50903
IG_50905IG_50907
IG_50910
IG_50920
IG_50923
IG_50924
IG_50932
IG_50933
IG_50937
IG_50946
IG_50953_AS
IG_50953_BR
IG_50954
IG_50955
IG_50957
IG_50958
IG_50959IG_50963
IG_50978
IG_50982
IG_50987
IG_51004
IG_51008IG_51009
IG_51016
IG_51017
IG_51019
IG_51025
IG_51029
IG_51069
IG_51072
IG_51077
IG_51083
IG_51085
IG_51094
IG_51097
IG_51100
IG_51103
IG_51128
IG_51133
IG_123040
IG_123091IG_123092
IG_123094
IG_123131
IG_123208
IG_123308
IG_123317
IG_123336IG_123349
IG_123356
IG_123451
IG_125371
IG_125379
IG_125407
IG_125410IG_125413
IG_125421
IG_125439
IG_125448
IG_125461
IG_125470
IG_125525IG_125556
IG_125593
IG_125614
IG_128865
IG_128911
IG_129819
IG_128950
IG_129052
IG_1254116-1.8 -1.2 -0.6 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6
Principal Component 1: 40.298%
-4.0
-3.2
-2.4
-1.6
-0.8
0.8
1.6
2.4
PrincipalComponent2:15.027%
Fig. 3. Two dimensional ordinations of 128 pea
accessions on PC1 and PC2
Discussion
Phenotypic characterization is the first step towards
the classification of crop germplasm (Nisar et al.,
2008), the outcome of this study revealed that there
is immense diversity in the present exotic pea
germplasm. Considerable degree of allelic variation
was observed for flower color, cotyledon color and
seed surface as well. All these parameters are of much
importance for description of the genotypes. As the
quantitative traits are economically more important
and are generally used for the improvement of the
crop. Similar results were obtained by (Nisar et al.,
2008). Analysis showed that high degrees of
variations were observed for average plant height,
number of pods, number of pods per plant per
accession, pod weight per plant, seed weight per
accession and seed weight per pod, our results are in
agreement with the findings of (Ali et al., 2007) which
described pod length showed low degree of variations
similarly our results are in agreement with findings of
(Ali et al., 2007). Whereas contrasting results were
obtained by (Gritton, 1980) and (Duke, 1981)
reported that pod length range from 4 to15cm. Pod
width and pod thickness showed a very narrow
genetic background, our results are in disagreement
with the findings of (Ali et al., 2007) which may due
to the exotic nature of germplasm in the same
climate. Number of pods per plant showed high
degree of diversity and can be used directly for the
improvement of the crop. The results are in
accordance with the findings of (Ali et al., 2007)
which observed the consistency of the diversity of the
trait in the pea germplasm. 100 seed weight exhibited
low degree of variations; our results are in agreement
with findings of (Duke, 1981).
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