Evaluation of Genetic Variability and Genetic Advance to Qualitative and Quantitative For Selection of Expected Lines of Purple Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L)
In order to obtain superior varieties of bean that contain high antioxidant content and high yield, a
crossbred between local parent varieties (Mantili, Gilik Ijo and Gogo Kuning) by the introduction varieties
(Purple Queen and Cherooke Sun). Evaluation and selection are the main activities that must be done after
obtaining high variability initial population. Objectives of the research were to evaluate genetic variability and
genetic advance, as well as to select the expected lines of purple pod common beans and high yield in F3 and
F4 populations. From the previous research, 42 expected lines have been selected that based on pedigree
selection method, and result of the evaluation showed that 42 lines, which were tested in F3 population, have
high genetic variability on qualitative characters (growth type, pod color, pod shape, and the pod texture),
therefore, further selection is required to obtain the homogenous lines qualitatively. Results of the selection on
F3 population showed 13 expected lines and after being tested, they showed variability of growth type, pod
color, pod shape, and texture of the pod, despite uniform lines have been found qualitatively. On qualitatively
uniform lines, a selection may be done in order to obtain high yield lines. On characters of numbers of pod and
weight of pod per plant, they had moderate variability, high expected genetic advance and heritability, so that
selection on those characters can still be done. Results of the selection on F4 population showed some
qualitatively homogenous expected lines and they can be used as further breeding materials, such as PQGK1.1 and PQGI 169.1.
Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as percen...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to estimate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as a percent mean and character association for forty nine genotypes of Ethiopian mustards collected from different agro ecologies. The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for all traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the accessions which is important for improvement. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations were observed in seed yield per plot, oil yield per plot, and plant height. This shows that selection of these traits based on phenotype may be useful for yield improvement. The highest heritability in broad sense was recorded for thousand seed weight (68.80%) followed by days to flowering (65.91%), stand percent (63.14%), linolenic acid(62.58%), days to maturity (60.43%), plant height (59.63%), palmitic acid (58.19%), linoleic acid (57.46%),oil content (50.33%), oil yield (44.84%), seed yield per plot(42.99%),and primary branches(34.20%). This suggests that large proportion of the total variance was due to the high genotypic and less environmental variance. In the correlation coefficient analysis, seed yield per plot showed positive correlation with oil content, oil yield, plant height and seed yield per plant. In the path analysis, number of primary branches and oil yield showed positive direct effect on seed yield per plot. In this study, seed yield per plot, oil content, oil yield and primary branches were found to be the most important components for the improvement of seed and oil. Therefore more emphasis should be given for highest heritable traits of mustard and to those positively correlated traits to improve these characters using the tested genotypes.
Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as percen...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to estimate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as a percent mean and character association for forty nine genotypes of Ethiopian mustards collected from different agro ecologies. The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for all traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the accessions which is important for improvement. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations were observed in seed yield per plot, oil yield per plot, and plant height. This shows that selection of these traits based on phenotype may be useful for yield improvement. The highest heritability in broad sense was recorded for thousand seed weight (68.80%) followed by days to flowering (65.91%), stand percent (63.14%), linolenic acid(62.58%), days to maturity (60.43%), plant height (59.63%), palmitic acid (58.19%), linoleic acid (57.46%),oil content (50.33%), oil yield (44.84%), seed yield per plot(42.99%),and primary branches(34.20%). This suggests that large proportion of the total variance was due to the high genotypic and less environmental variance. In the correlation coefficient analysis, seed yield per plot showed positive correlation with oil content, oil yield, plant height and seed yield per plant. In the path analysis, number of primary branches and oil yield showed positive direct effect on seed yield per plot. In this study, seed yield per plot, oil content, oil yield and primary branches were found to be the most important components for the improvement of seed and oil. Therefore more emphasis should be given for highest heritable traits of mustard and to those positively correlated traits to improve these characters using the tested genotypes.
This study aims to determine the genetic components like Vg(Variance of genotype), Vp ( Variance of phenotype), GCV (Genotypic co-efficient of variation), PCV (Phenotypic coefficient of variation), Hb (Heritability) and GA% (Genetic advance in percentage of means) in F2 generation of the cross Nagina x Bushbeef-steak for predicting quantitative traits. Data was collected on P1, P2 F1 and F2 generation for various yield components and were analyzed. Analyzed data showed relatively high difference between, GCV, Vp and PCV for the traits: Flowers/cluster, Fruits/cluster and Fruit weight and relatively low difference was noted for Vg, GCV and Vp, PCV values in the traits: Fruit diameter, Fruit length and fruits/plant. Highest value of GCV (79.90%) and PCV (92.79%) were noted in the trait: yield/plant and the lowest values of GCV (14.68%) and PCV (16.78%) were noted for fruit-length. Highest value (84.08%) of broad sense heritability %(Hb%) was noted in fruit diameter and the lowest value of heritability(27.58) was noted for the trait fruits/cluster. Moderate value of heritability (74.13%) along with low value (15.22) of GA% was noted for yield/plant.
Variability, heritability and genetic advance analysis for grain yield in riceIJERA Editor
Ten diverse genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were crossed in a diallel fashion to study variability , heritability and genetic advance for 12 quantitative characters . A considerable amount of variability (gcv) varied from 5.95 for no. of leaves per tiller to 17.40 for grain yield per plant and the estimates of pcv varied from 7.08 for days to 50% flowering to 17.49 for grain yield per plant. The heritability estimates ranged from 0.721 for total biological yield per plant to 1.000 for plant height . Since the heritability in broad sense was estimated , therefore . other parameters should also be considered for selecting the genotypes. The genetic advance varied from 0.71 for no. of leaves per tiller to 46.23 for no. of spikelets per panicle. High estimates of genetic advance was reported for plant height , days to maturity , days to 50% flowering and total biological yield per plant . However, high heritability estimates was associated with high predicted genetic advance for plant height , days to maturity ,days to 50% flowering and no. of spikelets per panicle. The situation is encouraging since selection based on these characters being of additive in nature , is likely to be more effective for their improvement. As such phenotypic selection for those traits is likely to be more effective for their improvement. The estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation were higher than those of genotypic coefficient of variation for all the traits except plant height. High estimates of heritability and genetic advance were obtained for plant height , number of spikelets per panicle , days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity . These traits were mostly governed by additive gene action. And these characters are important for the breeder to construct selection indices.
Genetic Variability and Morphological Diversity among Open-Pollinated Maize (...Premier Publishers
A study to characterize and determine the magnitude of genetic variation among 60 open-pollinated maize varieties was conducted at two contrasting locations in Sierra Leone during the 2015 wet cropping season. Results revealed that traits such as grain moisture content, anthesis-silking interval, plant and ear heights, number of ears harvested, field weight and grain yield showed moderate to high values of the components of genetic variation while days to 50% anthesis and silking revealed low values of the components of genetic variation. The first two PCA axes explained 54% of the total variation, of which the first principal component (PC1) accounted for 35% and PC2 contributed 19% of the total variation. The cluster diagram grouped the genotypes into seven main clusters and results suggest that crosses involving clusters I and V with any other clusters would produce segregants with low grain yields while the crosses between clusters IV, VI and VII would be expected to manifest higher heterosis and could result in segregants with higher grain yields. There was significant genetic variability observed among the genotypes evaluated thereby suggest the scope to bring about traits improvement of genotypes through direct selection and hybridization.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Analysis in Upland Rice...Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield related traits in some upland rice genotypes. A total of 23 rice genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 at Pawe and Assosa. Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the genotypes for most of the traits at individual and across locations, and error variances of the two locations were homogenous for most of the traits including grain yield. Moreover, the genotypes showed wider variability for grain yield in the range between 3707-6241kg/ha, 4853-7282kg/ha and 4280-6761kg/ha at Pawe, Assosa and over locations, respectively. A relatively high (>20%) phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations were estimated merely for number of unfilled grains per panicle. High heritability estimates (> 60%) were obtained for all of the traits, except plant height and Protein content. A relatively high genetic advance was obtained for traits like unfilled grains per panicle and fertile tiller per plant. Thus, this study revealed that there was higher genetic variability among the tested genotypes, which could be potentially exploited in future breeding programs.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.19
ABSTRACT- By using gamma rays (physical) & EMS (chemical) mutagens the various genetic variability parameters
were estimated of two soybean cultivars i.e. PKV-1 & JS-335. Characters studied i.e. Plant height, no. of branches per
plant, no. of clusters per plant, no. of pods per plant, yield per plant, 100 grain wt. shows that genotypic coefficient of
variation (G.C.V.) & phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability was significantly high. In both the varieties, all
the mutagenic treatments were effective in inducing genetic variability.
Key-words- Gamma rays, EMS, Mutagens, Genetic Variability
Performance Improvement of Microstrip antenna using Fractal EBG structure and...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Factors Affecting Organizations Adopting Human Resource Information Systems: ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications
This study aims to determine the genetic components like Vg(Variance of genotype), Vp ( Variance of phenotype), GCV (Genotypic co-efficient of variation), PCV (Phenotypic coefficient of variation), Hb (Heritability) and GA% (Genetic advance in percentage of means) in F2 generation of the cross Nagina x Bushbeef-steak for predicting quantitative traits. Data was collected on P1, P2 F1 and F2 generation for various yield components and were analyzed. Analyzed data showed relatively high difference between, GCV, Vp and PCV for the traits: Flowers/cluster, Fruits/cluster and Fruit weight and relatively low difference was noted for Vg, GCV and Vp, PCV values in the traits: Fruit diameter, Fruit length and fruits/plant. Highest value of GCV (79.90%) and PCV (92.79%) were noted in the trait: yield/plant and the lowest values of GCV (14.68%) and PCV (16.78%) were noted for fruit-length. Highest value (84.08%) of broad sense heritability %(Hb%) was noted in fruit diameter and the lowest value of heritability(27.58) was noted for the trait fruits/cluster. Moderate value of heritability (74.13%) along with low value (15.22) of GA% was noted for yield/plant.
Variability, heritability and genetic advance analysis for grain yield in riceIJERA Editor
Ten diverse genotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were crossed in a diallel fashion to study variability , heritability and genetic advance for 12 quantitative characters . A considerable amount of variability (gcv) varied from 5.95 for no. of leaves per tiller to 17.40 for grain yield per plant and the estimates of pcv varied from 7.08 for days to 50% flowering to 17.49 for grain yield per plant. The heritability estimates ranged from 0.721 for total biological yield per plant to 1.000 for plant height . Since the heritability in broad sense was estimated , therefore . other parameters should also be considered for selecting the genotypes. The genetic advance varied from 0.71 for no. of leaves per tiller to 46.23 for no. of spikelets per panicle. High estimates of genetic advance was reported for plant height , days to maturity , days to 50% flowering and total biological yield per plant . However, high heritability estimates was associated with high predicted genetic advance for plant height , days to maturity ,days to 50% flowering and no. of spikelets per panicle. The situation is encouraging since selection based on these characters being of additive in nature , is likely to be more effective for their improvement. As such phenotypic selection for those traits is likely to be more effective for their improvement. The estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation were higher than those of genotypic coefficient of variation for all the traits except plant height. High estimates of heritability and genetic advance were obtained for plant height , number of spikelets per panicle , days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity . These traits were mostly governed by additive gene action. And these characters are important for the breeder to construct selection indices.
Genetic Variability and Morphological Diversity among Open-Pollinated Maize (...Premier Publishers
A study to characterize and determine the magnitude of genetic variation among 60 open-pollinated maize varieties was conducted at two contrasting locations in Sierra Leone during the 2015 wet cropping season. Results revealed that traits such as grain moisture content, anthesis-silking interval, plant and ear heights, number of ears harvested, field weight and grain yield showed moderate to high values of the components of genetic variation while days to 50% anthesis and silking revealed low values of the components of genetic variation. The first two PCA axes explained 54% of the total variation, of which the first principal component (PC1) accounted for 35% and PC2 contributed 19% of the total variation. The cluster diagram grouped the genotypes into seven main clusters and results suggest that crosses involving clusters I and V with any other clusters would produce segregants with low grain yields while the crosses between clusters IV, VI and VII would be expected to manifest higher heterosis and could result in segregants with higher grain yields. There was significant genetic variability observed among the genotypes evaluated thereby suggest the scope to bring about traits improvement of genotypes through direct selection and hybridization.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Analysis in Upland Rice...Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield related traits in some upland rice genotypes. A total of 23 rice genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 at Pawe and Assosa. Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the genotypes for most of the traits at individual and across locations, and error variances of the two locations were homogenous for most of the traits including grain yield. Moreover, the genotypes showed wider variability for grain yield in the range between 3707-6241kg/ha, 4853-7282kg/ha and 4280-6761kg/ha at Pawe, Assosa and over locations, respectively. A relatively high (>20%) phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations were estimated merely for number of unfilled grains per panicle. High heritability estimates (> 60%) were obtained for all of the traits, except plant height and Protein content. A relatively high genetic advance was obtained for traits like unfilled grains per panicle and fertile tiller per plant. Thus, this study revealed that there was higher genetic variability among the tested genotypes, which could be potentially exploited in future breeding programs.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.19
ABSTRACT- By using gamma rays (physical) & EMS (chemical) mutagens the various genetic variability parameters
were estimated of two soybean cultivars i.e. PKV-1 & JS-335. Characters studied i.e. Plant height, no. of branches per
plant, no. of clusters per plant, no. of pods per plant, yield per plant, 100 grain wt. shows that genotypic coefficient of
variation (G.C.V.) & phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability was significantly high. In both the varieties, all
the mutagenic treatments were effective in inducing genetic variability.
Key-words- Gamma rays, EMS, Mutagens, Genetic Variability
Performance Improvement of Microstrip antenna using Fractal EBG structure and...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Factors Affecting Organizations Adopting Human Resource Information Systems: ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications
Design and Analysis of Mechanism for Dynamic Characterization of Power Transm...iosrjce
Power transmission systems are being widely used for transmission of power between two members.
Once a particular transmission system is realized it needs to be qualified before its course of application. As
part of this intended torque of the transmission systems needs to be measured and tested. Conventional means of
dynamic characterization of power transmission system has got the demerit of energy consumption to a greater
extent. Because of this more effort is to be put in terms of power for the sake of testing the intended system.
Great need exists for a system which consumes less or ideally no energy while performing test. This project
aims at evolution of a novel technique for evaluating the torque transmitting capability of power transmission
systems without consuming more energy. To start with all the subsystems of the proposed design will be
identified and each of them will be designed for getting their dimensions. Then these dimensional models will be
transformed to solid model of the assembled configuration using 3D CAD software. Functional load which will
be experienced by this design will be assessed and structural analysis will be carried out against these loads
using Finite Element Method (FEM) in commercial FEA software i.e. ANSYS
Quality Of Life, Spirituality and Social Support among Caregivers of Cancer P...iosrjce
Caregiving can be both rewarding and challenging. Literature suggests that family caregivers may
experience increased symptoms of psychological and social malfunctioning. However, it may also provide one
with opportunities to renew relationships or feel connected to a higher power. The current study is an attempt to
investigate how caregiving influences a person’s general wellbeing. The sample consisted of 25 caregivers of
cancer patients and 25 appropriately matched control.World Health Organization- QOL (1991),
Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support by Zimet, et al (1988) and Spiritual Perspective Scale by
Reed (1986) were used to asses QOL, Social support and spirituality respectively. The obtained data was
analyzed in SPSS using independent sample t-test. Results indicated a significant difference between Caregivers
and the control group on QOL, spirituality and social support.
Mapping of Aquifer Contamination Using Geoelectric Methods at a Municipal Sol...iosrjce
Vertical electrical sounding, 2-D resistivity imaging and hydrogeochemical analysis have been
applied in the study of aquifer contamination in a municipal solid waste disposal site in Warri, southern
Nigeria. Fourteen sounding points were occupied in the area and the resistivity imaging employing the Dipole
dipole configuration was measured along two orthogonal traverse lines cutting across the dumpsite. The
geoelectric sections reveal four distinct layers namely topsoil, fine sand, medium grained sand and fine to
medium grained sand. The low resistivity values obtained beneath the dumpsite in the southern direction in the
N-S geoelectric section, could be attributed to the effect of leachate from the dumpsite. The results of the
resistivity imaging show contamination in the W-E and N-S direction, with values ranging from 22 to 100 ohmm,
because the area show low longitudinal conductance of < 0.05 mhos and 0.06 to 0.09 mhos, which depicts
weak and low protective capacity respectively. Finally, the results of the hydrogeochemical analysis confirm the
concentration of lead and total viable bacteria counts and this is an indication that the aquifer is gradually
receiving contamination from the dumpsite
The main focus of this study is to investigate the impact of expansion in economic growth on
government expenditure in Nigeria covering the periods 1970 to 2012. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was
used as a proxy for economic growth, and the GDP time series was decomposed using the partial sum approach
in order to achieve asymmetry in the variable. The asymmetric ARDL estimation technique was appropriately
employed in this study. The findings of this study revealed that expansion in economic growth has significant
impact on government expenditure in Nigeria. The study further provided evidence of long-run causality from
boom/expansion in economic growth to government expenditure in Nigeria but could not support any evidence
of short-run causality. The researcher recommended among others, that Governments in Nigeria should give
more impetus to policies that will guarantee sustainable economic growth.
Tax Incentives and Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeriaiosrjce
Given the significance of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to economic growth and the use of tax
incentives as a strategy among government of various countries to attract FDI, this study examines the influence
of tax incentives in the decision of an investor to locate FDI in Nigeria. Data were drawn from annual statistical
bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria and the World Bank World Development Indicators Database. The work
employs a model of multiple regressions using static Error Correction Modelling (ECM) to determine the time
series properties of tax incentives captured by annual tax revenue as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product
(GDP)and FDI. The result showed that FDI response to tax incentives is negatively significant, that is, increase
in tax incentives does not bring about a corresponding increase in FDI. Based on the findings, the paper
recommends, amongst others, that dependence on tax incentives should be reduced and more attention be put on
other incentives strategies such as stable economic reforms and stable political climate.
Comparative Biochemical Study of Hydatid Cyst Fluid of Echinococcus granulosu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Category (Tribe and Non-Tribe) As a Factor in Educational Aspiration of Secon...iosrjce
Out of various problems faced by the students, the problem of setting the proper level of Educational
Aspiration is the most important. Not only Psychological factors but also various societal factors like culture,
opportunities, family background of the students, their socio-economic status, task oriented attitude, educational
system, school curricula, school environment and performance influence the formation of nature and fulfillment
of educational aspirations. The entry of tribal students of Odisha into the higher education and their
representation in various elite groups is very poor. The researcher assumed it is due to the improper level of
educational and career aspiration of the people of tribal community. Keeping these in view, the researchers
considered Educational Aspiration as an important variable to study and considered the problem titled
“Category (Tribe and Non-tribe) as a Factor in Educational Aspiration: An Investigation”. For this purpose,
researchers selected 680 (N =680) Secondary School going students from different sections studying in schools
running under the Board of Secondary Education Odisha. The Mazumder Educational Aspiration Inventory
(MEAI) has been used to measure the selected variable. Descriptive statistics along with t-test have been
employed to analyze the data. The category i.e. tribe and non-tribe was found an important factor in setting
Educational Aspiration.
Magic Illusion - A Tool For Encouraging Functional-Logical Thinking Presented...iosrjce
In order to meet the demands and perceptive abilities of the new generation (Generation ''Z''), we the
teachers as learning facilitators, must follow their interests.The offered content and the approaches to learning,
had better be prepared visually for viewing rather than for listening, it had better be attractive and engaging
and at the same time the content and the approaches have got to remain adjusted to the objectives of the
lessons.In this vein, the newly introduced course (Approaches of developing mathematical concepts at the
College of Vocational Studies in Subotica) included a recently conducted survey among students of the third
year on the topic of spatial geometric shapes - cubes.The Students have been presented with a video clip that
features a magic illusion whose decipherment one uses essential functional-logical mental schemata.The aim of
the presentation of the survey is to report on the findings that indicate insufficient ability of students to fulfill the
task.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Copper, iron, zinc and magnesium status of physically active young Indian malesiosrjce
Many of the nutritionally important elements present in traces (copper, iron and zinc) or in large
quantities (sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorous and magnesium) participate in a plethora of biological
processes in human body. Copper, iron, zinc and magnesium act as cofactors for several enzymes in energy
metabolism therefore it is important to study the interactions between exercise and nutritionally important
minerals [1]. Copper, iron, zinc and magnesium play important roles in facilitating the conversion of chemical
energy of food into potential energy for work and thereby integrate physiological functions to enhance physical
performance.
One Year Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders during Training among Boxing...iosrjce
Objective: To find out overall, gender specific, site specific and type of injury specific prevalence rate of
musculoskeletal injuries in boxing players.
Methodology: Study Design: Cross sectional, survey study, retrospective model.
Sample size: 105 boxing players (73 males and 32 females).
Method: Injury data was collected from each player using modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Injury
Questionnaire.
Data analysis: Data was entered into MS Excel for further analysis.
Results: 48 players out of 105 was injured leading to 46% overall prevalence of injury among boxing players.
Males injured slightly higher than females. Upper limb injuries were the most common area followed by lower
limb. Wrist & Hand, Knee & Leg, Low back the most common sites of injury. Sprain and strain accounted more
than 90% of total injuries.
Conclusion: Prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries is high among boxing players. Conditioning by coaches and
early rehabilitation by physiotherapists are essential to reduce the injury rate in this population.
A Secure QOS Distributed Routing Protocol for Hybrid Wireless Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Subsurface Models of Abitumen-Rich Area near Ode-Irele, Southwestern Nigeria.iosrjce
Subsurface geophysical investigation around Looda village, near Ode-Irele was carried out with the
principal objective of evaluating the depth to the bituminous sand and its thickness with a view to suggesting
better environmentally compatible exploitation technique.Electrical resistivity survey using the Schlumberger
array was employed to generate subsurface models. 13 VES points along three (3) traverses were established in
the study area with manual curve matching followed by Computer iteration of the vertical electrical sounding
(VES) data. A careful study of the results, together with the knowledge of the Stratigraphy of the area was used
to develop the subsurface models.Two distinct models were generated. The first model generated is
characterised by a thin top soil (less than 1m thick) comprising the overburden underlain by dry sand (1.0m -
4.6m thick) which overlies bituminous sand horizon (6m -19m thick). This horizon is underlain by sandy silty
clay. The second model generated is defined by top soil (0.5m -1.8m thick) underlain by bituminous sand
horizon (2.5m -14.8m thick) which overlies saturated sand (1.9-11.3m thick). A fairly impervious sandy silty
clay layer underlies this aquifer.Huge deposit of heavy oil sand with thickness ranging from about 2.5m to
19.0m was observed between a depth of about 0.5m and 5.4m in the study area. This depth is relatively shallow
andcan be exploited preferably by open cast mining. However, precaution must be taken to prevent burst out
and contamination of the aquifer sandwiched between the bituminous sand and sandy clay horizons in some
locations during exploitation.
Ground Water Conditions and Major-Ion Hydrogeochemistry of the Benin Formatio...iosrjce
Field determination of water table head from more than thirty randomly located dug wells have
been used to establish that the water table gradient in the shallow sandy Benin Formation aquifer that underlies
the Sapele urban area is generally inclined northwards. Groundwater flow is thus mainly northwards from the
city center towards the Ethiope River. Transmisivity of the sands at a deeper horizon has been estimated at
27.5m2
per day. Groundwater is mildly acidic at mean pH 6.5. TDS is generally low at mean 42mg/l and
lowest at 15.2 mg/l. Groundwater mixing and ion exchange processes prevent the dominance of specific cations
and water types range from Ca +Na + Mg at Shell Rd in the south east to Ca+ Mg at Urhobo Road in the city
center. The chloride ion dominates. Water in the Ethiope River is also mildly acidic at mean pH 6.5 and TDS is
lowest at PHCN, 12mg/l and highest at AT&P wood works, 184mg/l where sawmill wastes are dumped in the
river. Notwithstanding, indices of aquatic ecosystem health are well below recommended threshold values and
water in the area is of such exceptionally unique high chemical quality that it may be utilized for water supply
irrigation and industry
Studies on Effect of Waveguide Dimensions on Resonant Frequency of Shunt Tee ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Need for Financial Stability in Zimbabwe: Use of Derivatives Securitiesiosrjce
Financial stability contributes to the stability and growth of a nation. There has been a sharp growth
in use or trading of derivatives in both mature and emerging markets. The Zimbabwean financial sector is still
not trading in derivatives security, yet Zimbabwe Stock Exchange is among the oldest and largest in Africa.The
trading of derivatives is done in two types of markets: organized exchanges and over the counter.Investors
generally use derivatives for three purposes: risk management, price discovery, and reduction of transaction
costs.Apart from generating cash in the adverse states of the world, derivative instruments also can smooth cash
flows through its interaction with the operating decisions. The study rallies behind the development of
derivatives market in Zimbabwe in the face of liquidity challenges currently facing the economy. The impact of
market risk on corporate activities should never be undermined and hence the corporate sector should be aided
in the elimination of market risk. The study is a policy prescription, which examines the importance of
derivatives and their suitability in Zimbabwe, to strengthen the financial sector. The study identified the
derivatives sector as the missing link to viable financial sector and hence economic growth.
Determinants And The Impact Foreign Investment To Economic Growth And Unemplo...iosrjce
This study aims to find the determinants of foreign direct investment coming into the Java-Bali and
analyze the impact of foreign investment on economic growth and unemployment in the Java-Bali. The research
methodology used in this research is quantitative method using secondary data 2004-2012 period, using key
informants and some informants who cooperate with foreign investors for a deeper investigation of some of the
results of this study. This study uses Path analysis through partial least square (PLS). The study found wages
and no significant negative impact on FDI, Economic Stability does not significantly affect the FDI, Human
Capital and significant positive effect on FDI, Human Capital and significant positive effect on wages, FDI
positive and significant impact on economic growth, FDI effect positive and significant impact on
unemployment. Results of this study have implications for practical namely: 1) Changes in wages that always
happens every year in Java and Bali does not affect foreign investment, 2) Changes in economic stability did not
result in changes in foreign investment, 3) Changes in human capital resulted in a change in planting foreign
capital, 4) Changes in human capital resulted in a change in wages, 5) Changes in foreign investment will lead
to changes in economic growth, 6) Changes in foreign investment resulted in changes in unemployment. This
affects the results of theoretical research on: 1) Strengthening existing theories such as: The Theory of
Differential Rates of Return Hypothesis, Theory vicious circle of Nurkse, Harrod Domar growth theory, growth
theory Solow, Romer growth theory, theory of acceleration; 2). Not in line with the theory as: Country Risk
Hypothesis Theory, Theory of The Location Hypothesis, theory of capital accumulation Jhingan, balanced
growth Doctrine
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Similar to Evaluation of Genetic Variability and Genetic Advance to Qualitative and Quantitative For Selection of Expected Lines of Purple Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L)
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cic...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to assess the extent of genetic variability among yield and yield related traits in selected kabuli chickpea genotypes. Forty-nine kabuli chickpea genotypes were studied for thirteen traits at Debre Zeit and Akaki using 7x7 simple lattice design in 2018 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among genotypes for all traits studied, indicating the presence of considerable amount of variability among genotypes. High Phenotypic coefficients of variation and moderate genotypic coefficients of variation value were shown for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant, respectively, indicating the possibility of genetic improvement in selection of these traits. High broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance were obtained for hundred-seed weight (91.88 and 23.81), number of pods per plant (68.07 and 28.13), number of secondary branches (80.92 and 27.80), number of seeds per plant (67.86 and 31.840), grain yield (62.33 and 24.42) and harvest index (75.70 and 28.17), respectively. This indicates that these characters could be improved easily through selection.
Estimation of genetic parameters and selection of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L...Innspub Net
The purpose of this study was to obtain information about genetic parameters of agronomic characters of sorghum lines developed by Single Seed Descent as information for yield improvement through selection. The research was conducted from July to October 2014 in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia with an altitude of ± 240 m above sea level and a temperature of 27°C. The genetic materials used consisted of 201 RILs F5, and Numbu, Samurai-1, and Samurai-2 (national varieties), and a mutant B69 as check varieties. The experimental design used was augmented design. The results showed that the RILs F5 significantly different in the characters of seed filling period, plant height, leaf number, panicle length, circumference panicle, panicle weight, and grain weight panicle-1. High broad sense heritability values and broad genetic diversity were observed in the character of the seed filling period, plant height, leaf number, panicle length, circumference panicle, panicle weight and grain weight panicle-1. There were RILs F5 which have higher yield than the two parents and are uniform with lower within line variance. Selection was conducted based on grain weight panicle-1 increased 35.3% yield, but at the same time increased plant height by 5%. Simultaneous selection by grain weight panicle-1 and plant height increased yield by 21% and reduced plant height by -6.9%. This gives the opportunity to obtain shorter high yielding varieties.
Heritability and genetic advance in F5 segregating generation of Tomato (Sola...Open Access Research Paper
The present study investigated the yield and its contributing attributes among F5 segregating tomato lines so as to find degree of genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance. This research study was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) during season 2018-2019 at Agricultural Research Station Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The experimental material (23 segregating lines and 2 parental genotypes) were characterized for morphological days to first flowering, days to fruiting, plant height, stem diameter, cluster per plant, flowers per cluster, fruits cluster-1, fruits per plant, yield hectare-1. Analysis of variance regarding morphological attributes showed highly significant differences (P≤ 0.01) among tomato F5 segregating lines. Minimum days to first flowering and days to fruiting were recorded for ST-12, ST-14, ST-17 with values of (50.00), (78.33) each, respectively. Maximum plant height, stem diameter, clusters per plant, flowers per cluster, fruit per cluster, fruits per plant, single fruit weight were observed for ST-20, ST-17, ST-12, ST-21, Roma, ST-12, ST-8, Roma with values of (105.38), (1.69), (29.33), (6.18), (6.00), (150.27), (81.41). Very little differences were observed between phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation for all traits except cluster plant-1 and fruits plant-1 indicating that most of the traits were less influenced by environmental factors for their phenotypic expression. All traits had high h2 but only fruit plant-1 (0.37), single fruit weight (0.58), yield ha-1 (0.39) were found to be moderate and clusters plant-1(0.12) had low h2. Low genetic advance (20.0) was recorded for all traits except yield. Moderate to low genetic advance suggests the action of both additive and non-additive genes and favorable influence of environment in the expression. Desired morphological characterization on the basis of the yield attributing traits to fruit yield showed these lines ST-1, ST-2, ST-4, ST-5, ST-6, ST-7, ST-9, ST-11, ST-12, ST-14, ST-17, ST-18, ST-19, ST-21, could further be used for the development of improved varieties in future tomato breeding program.
Diallel Analysis of Cowpea Cultivar Ife Brown and its MutantsAI Publications
The present investigation of using half diallel analysis in Cowpea cultivar Ife Brown and its three mutants was conducted at Research plot of Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria during the rainy season of 2017. Four parents were used in this study consisting of three (3) mutants (Ife BPC, Ife Brown Yellow, Ife Brown Crinkled) and one (1) putative parent (Ife Brown) that were derived from the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The present study involves four parents and their seven resultant crosses were grown in a completely Randomized Design with five replications. Analysis of variance for general and specific combining ability(GCA and SCA) revealed that only SCA variances were significant for all the characters. Whereas, comparison of the error mean square of GCA in days to flowering, 100 seed weight and seed yield/plant was higher than the error mean square of SCA thus implying that additive gene action played a more important role in the inheritance of these traits than the non-additive (dominance and epistasis) gene action. Among the parents Ife BPC was observed to be the best general combiner for days to flowering and seed yield/plant. Among the crosses the crosses involving Ife Brown Yellow with Ife Brown in pod length and number of seeds/pod while with Ife Brown Crinkled for days to flowering were recorded. It is evident from present investigation that the hybrid combinations exhibited the high per se performance and sca effect for seed yield per plant and highly promising even in respect of other characters could be advanced by selecting desirable segregants and recombinants in each generation for funneling the new genotype or for using further advanced breeding programme. The present study based on two biometrical analysis (combining ability and genetic components of variances) revealed that the additive and non-additive were involved with preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of seed yield and its attributes. It is, therefore, suggested that biparental mating, intermatting of elite segregants and selection at later generations should be followed which meets the requirement of utilizing both types of gene actions.
Evaluation of Grain Cowpea for Protein and its Inheritance in Anyigba, Kogi S...Premier Publishers
Three cowpea lines are selected based on their percent crude protein and used as parents in crosses in the following Combinations: Sampea-6 (High): IT825-124 (Low); sampea-6 (High) x T89KD-286(Low) and I7825-124 (Low) x 1789KD-288 (Low). In the first cross, the following generations were obtained in addition to the parental reciprocals F1s, reciprocal backcrosses and F2 in the remaining two crosses. Only the reciprocal F1s and F2 population were obtained in addition to the Parental. The F1 means of per cent crude protein content were either closer to or lower than the low protein parent, thus indicating partial dominance to over dominance of low protein over high. No Significant differences were observed between reciprocal F1’s, indicating the absence of maternal effects. The F2 distributions for percent protein were normal, suggesting the involvement of multiple genes, thus supporting the estimate of three major genes with possible modifiers. Broad-sense heritability estimates ranged from 40.77 to 73.4% in the crosses low x low protein to high x low protein. Narrow-sense heritability estimates ranged from 26.8 to 40% in the crosses low x low protein to high x low protein. These estimates indicate considerable genetic influence, some of which were additive. In all crosses, negative phenotypic and genotypic correlations predominated for yield, numbers of seeds/pod and number of days to flowering with per cent protein. Significant negative phenotypic correlations were obtained between numbers of pods/plant and per cent protein while, 100-seed weight showed mostly positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations with per cent protein. Positive correlations predominated between days to maturity and per cent protein. Some high yielding segregants had high protein percentage, suggesting that high yield and high protein percentage can be combined into a suitable genotype most especially with the weak negative correlations between these characters.
Introgression of Plantain Fruit Parthenocarpy (pfp) Genes in Land Races of Pl...Premier Publishers
Trials were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, to investigate the transfer and effects of parthenocarpy gene on ploidy and bunch traits of plantain and banana hybrids using five different banana and plantain clones with each serving differently as a male and female parent that gave a total of 10 crosses. The ten crosses were laid out in Randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The Experimental materials consisted of three plantain cultivarsS: Agbagba, ObinaiEwai and UST Px/02/01; and two banana clones: Calcutta 4 and Yangambi (km5). The potential for indirect marker- assisted election through the utilization of predictive multiple regression equations, heritability (h2) and repeatability (R) in the selection of parthenocarpy progenies was tested. In all viable crosses between ObinaiEwai and Calcutta 4, one of these pfp genes segregates in euploid hybrid progenies resulting in the production of parthenocarpy and non-parthenocarpy progenies. Linear correlation and regression analysis showed that bunch weight, fruit size, bunch hand and fruit number were positively influenced by each ploidy increases and change of recessive to dominant in pfp genes alleles. Although ploidy increase and pfp allele substitution accounted for more than 50 per cent of the Heritability(h) value for the afore-mentioned traits, other genetic factors (pleiotropic) also affect the manifestation of these traits. This implies that ploidy and the effect of allele substitution did not explain all the genetic variation for bunch and fruit traits. This work has proved the use of indirect marker assisted selection which is cheap and reliable for the selection of the F1 2n and 4n parthenocarpy progenies which would be used for the production of superior secondary 3x progenies.
Varietal differences in seed germination and seedling vigour characteristics ...Open Access Research Paper
An experiment was conducted using twenty-two (accession, local and improved) cowpea genotypes evaluated for their laboratory seed quality attributes. The laboratory experiment was set-up in a complete randomized design with three replicates between February and March, 2023 at the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Oyo State. Data collected on seed quality attributes in the laboratory were subjected to analysis of variance. Treatment means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5 % level of probability, correlation, and principal component analysis. Germination percentage ranged from 94.0 % for NGB07614 to 31.33 % for NGB07593. Germination percentage also had highly significant negative correlation with germination index, abnormal seedling, dead seed and seedling dry weight. Germination percentage also had positive and significant correlation with root length and seedling vigour index. Principal component analysis revealed that the seed quality attributes such as germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigour index, shoot length, root length and seedling dry weight contribute significantly to the variation within the 22 genotypes of cowpea evaluated. The cluster analysis for seed quality attributes included in this study placed cowpea genotypes into four clusters with sub clusters for each, except cluster four with only three genotypes of one accession, one local and one improved, respectively. The mean performance of laboratory seed quality attributes revealed that NGB07614, Abewere, 150-Ex and Modupe were outstanding in some of seed quality attributes. This shows that selection for superior seed quality traits is possible among these cowpea accessions.
Genetic diversity and association analysis for different morphological traits...Open Access Research Paper
Capsicum annuum L. is the extensively cultivated species of peppers (chilies) in all over the world. Its fruits are used for spiciness (capsaicin) and color (capsanthin) in our daily foods. Pakistan is the leading chili consuming country. Genetic divergence among 25 accessions (local and exotic) collected from Ayub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad, Pakistanwas estimated from the data collected during the year 2014 in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan for different morphological and growth parameters viz fruit width, fruit length, peduncle length, number of primary branches, inter nodal length, plant height, seed index, 1000 seed weight, fresh and dry fruit weight, pericarp thickness, leaf area and seeds per fruit. Based on this characterization the plants were grouped into 5 clusters and diversity among accessions was indicated by the wide range of D2 values whereas phenotypic correlation for all the characters was found significant. Five components were selected as principle components with Eigen values > 1. These components exhibited 77.2% of the variation. The first principal component (PC I) explained 27.2% of total variation in original data, second component (PC II) explained 18.9%, and third principal component (PC III) explained 12.5% of variation. The other principal components (PC IV and PC V explained an additional 18.6% of the variation (a total 77.2% of explained variation. Accessions with distinct identity were marked, which are likely to be quite suitable for breeding through hybridization by combining desirable traits. High estimates of broad sense heritability (90%) for all the characters except peduncle length predicted that selection could be awarding in late segregating generations and above accessions could be utilized in hybridization programme for C. annuum crop improvement.
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
Genetic Diversity and Selection Criteria in Blast Resistance Rice (Oryza sati...Premier Publishers
Genetic diversity has been a critical step in knowing the different growth traits for selection and varietal improvement of rice. The present study aimed to estimate the phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients among the growth traits and to work out how to select between traits. Three field experiments were carried out in Malaysia during the cropping season of 2016/2018. Sixteen advanced blast resistant rice lines were studied in order to find out the genetic diversity in some quantitative characters and to find out the relationship between yield and yield related components by using the multivariate analysis. The field trials were conducted in a split-plot design replicated three times in a plot of 35 × 28.5 m2. The planting distant was 25 × 25 cm spacing and the plot size was 2 × 1.5 m2 unit for genotype in each replication. There was a significant difference among the characters, most of the genotypes responded significantly. The high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability, relative distance and genetic advance indicated that different traits especially tonnes per hectare (Tha), grain weight per plot (GWTPP) and kilogram per plot (kgplot) significantly influenced the yield trait. In addition, the genotypes were grouped into 9 major clusters based on the assessed characters by using the UPGMA dendrogram. Group 1 with Group VII could be hybridized in order to attain higher heterosis or the best between the genotypes, which becomes helpful in developing a good selection in rice.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Open Access Research Paper
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Pruning, cropping pattern and spacing regulation to enhance growth, productio...Innspub Net
The research was aimed to enhance growth, production, and seed quality of Jack Bean through pruning, cropping pattern and spacing regulation. The research was carried out from Mei to October 2016 at Puwasari Village, Dramaga, Bogor – Indonesia and be countinued by seed testing (December 2016) at Seed Testing Laboratoty, Bogor Agricultural University. The research was arranged in a Completely Randomyzed Block Design (CRBD) with 6 treatments, consisted of: Without pruning treatment using square spacing pattern and spacing 100cm x 100cm, Without pruning treatment using square spacing pattern and spacing 70cm x 70cm, Without pruning treatment using double row pattern and spacing 50cm x 50cm x 100cm, Pruning treatment using square spacing pattern and spacing 50cm x 50cm, Pruning treatment using square spacing pattern and spacing 70cm x 70cm, Pruning treatment using double row pattern and spacing 50cm x 50cm x 100cm. The experiment was replicated by three replications. The result research showed spacing regulation and pruning has significantly effect to some variables observed. The wider spacing showed the better growth. The treatment of without pruning treatment using square spacing pattern and spacing 70cm x 70cm (P2) resulted better growth, while the treatment of pruning treatment using square spacing and spacing 70cm x 70cm (P5) resulted better seed quality, however the highest production was reached by pruning treatment using double row pattern and spacing 50cm x 50cm x 100cm (P6).
“Evaluation of aromatic short grain rice cultivars and elite lines for yield ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Brief introduction about the Greengram, and Case studies detailing the interpretation of genetic divergence studies in Greengram.
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A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
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Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
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Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
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Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
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A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
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A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
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Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
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Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
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Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
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Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
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Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Evaluation of Genetic Variability and Genetic Advance to Qualitative and Quantitative For Selection of Expected Lines of Purple Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L)
1. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS)
e-ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume 8, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan. 2015), PP 44-50
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2380-08114450 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
Evaluation of Genetic Variability and Genetic Advance to
Qualitative and Quantitative For Selection of Expected Lines of
Purple Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L)
Very Andriani1
, Andy Soegianto2
, Kuswanto3
1,
Center for Plant Variety Protection and Agricultural Permits, Secretariat General, Ministry of Agriculture
Jl. Harsono RM No. 3 Bulding B of 5th
Floor, Ragunan, South Jakarta
2, 3
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya Jl. Veteran Malang 65145
Abstract: In order to obtain superior varieties of bean that contain high antioxidant content and high yield, a
crossbred between local parent varieties (Mantili, Gilik Ijo and Gogo Kuning) by the introduction varieties
(Purple Queen and Cherooke Sun). Evaluation and selection are the main activities that must be done after
obtaining high variability initial population. Objectives of the research were to evaluate genetic variability and
genetic advance, as well as to select the expected lines of purple pod common beans and high yield in F3 and
F4 populations. From the previous research, 42 expected lines have been selected that based on pedigree
selection method, and result of the evaluation showed that 42 lines, which were tested in F3 population, have
high genetic variability on qualitative characters (growth type, pod color, pod shape, and the pod texture),
therefore, further selection is required to obtain the homogenous lines qualitatively. Results of the selection on
F3 population showed 13 expected lines and after being tested, they showed variability of growth type, pod
color, pod shape, and texture of the pod, despite uniform lines have been found qualitatively. On qualitatively
uniform lines, a selection may be done in order to obtain high yield lines. On characters of numbers of pod and
weight of pod per plant, they had moderate variability, high expected genetic advance and heritability, so that
selection on those characters can still be done. Results of the selection on F4 population showed some
qualitatively homogenous expected lines and they can be used as further breeding materials, such as PQGK1.1
and PQGI 169.1.
Keywords: common bean, phaseolus vulgaris, genetic variability, genetic advance
I. Introduction
Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are vegetables, which are mostly consumed by society because
they contain high nutrients and cheap. It is admitted that common beans contain high protein, carbohydrate,
fibers, and isoflavonoid (Anderson, et al., 1999), besides that, common beans contain iron, phosphor,
magnesium, mangaan, zinc, and calcium (Broughton, et al., 2003). The demand of common beans for
consumption in Indonesia has increased along with the rapid growth of population. The growth of common
beans production had increased in 2007 – 2010, for about 0.12%, but the consumption growth was about 0.26%,
the growth of common beans availability per capita - 0.34 %, and average of the imported growth rate for
common beans was 6.59% (Center of Data and Information System of Agriculture, 2012).
Today, the commercial beans at the market, which is mostly consumed by the public, is the green pod
beans, whereas in fact the beans have wider ranges of variability and each of them has specific and superior
properties. Beans breeding that were intended to increase the yield has not enough; therefore an idea emerges to
combine the superior properties of local beans and introduction through a set of crops breeding to increase yield
and nutritive contents (high anthosianin).
This research is intermediate of the previous research, in which a crossbred has been done between
local beans derived from Surakarta that have high yield and green pod (Mantili, Gogo Kuning and Gilik Ijo)
and the introduction beans that contain anthosianin and have purple pod (Purple Queen), as well as high beta-
carotene and have yellow pod (Cherokee Sun) and result of the evaluation showed that the descendant (progeny)
as a result of crossbred between local beans and Cherokee Sun have maternal effect, but not with the Purple
Queen, in which the resulted descendants (progeny) have purple pods (Oktarisna, et al,. 2013).
It is presumed that the purple pod beans contain high anthosianin. Anthosianin plays as antioxidant
because it could avoid any free radicals; prevent any cell damages that could initiate the emergence of various
diseases, particularly coronary attack and stroke, with high antioxidant content. According to Kuswanto (2012),
anthosianin could protect the body cells from internal attack, such as instable emotion and stress, so that it could
inhibit cell aging and makes the skin smoother. Anthosianin plays important role for the crops itself, synthesis in
petal as trap for pollinator insects, synthesis in fruits and seeds as seed dispersion (Holton and Cornish, 1995). In
2. Evaluation of Genetic Variability and Genetic Advance to qualitative and quantitative for…
DOI: 10.9790/2380-08114450 www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
legumes with purple pods are avoided by aphids due to most parts of the stems, leaves, and pods have trichome,
which could reduce the decreasing production due to some disease infection (Hardinaningsih, 2012).
Study on genetic variability is important to be known in genetic improvement program because it
would give information about the effect of heterocyst and separate them in recombinant, increase possibility in
gaining superior genotype in progeny (Silva et al., 2008 in Cabral et al ., 2011). Result of the evaluation on F2
population showed variability, heritability, and high genetic advance on characters of pod color, numbers of pod
per plant, and weight of pods per plant (Handayani, 2014), so that those characters should be selected to choose
the potential lines for further breeding materials. High heritability and genetic variability will determine success
of the selection. The higher genetic variability, the greater opportunity is to obtain lines or varieties that conform
to the expected criteria. Heritability estimation is useful to find out the relative value of the selection based on
phenotypic expression of the different characters (Safavi et al., 2011). Heritability has also shown whether a
character is being controlled by genetic factor or environmental factor, therefore it can be found out to the extent
of the character could be passed on to the next descendant. The estimation value of the selection advance to
estimate the extent of increasing that will be reached from the selected characters. So that, the selection will run
more effectively on characters that have high estimation values for heritability and genetic advance because of
little environmental effect.
II. Material and Method
The research had been conducted for two planting seasons, 1) September – December 2013 (planting
F3), 2) January - April 2014 (planting F4) in Batu Malang, East Java, which comprised of several stages: 1)
individual selection on F2 population as planting material for F3, 2) evaluation of variability and selection on F3
population as planting material for F4, 3) evaluation of variability and selection of F4 population to obtain
potential lines as breeding materials for the next generation.
Planting materials, which were used in planting season 1, were resulted from selection of pedigree on
F2 and in planting season 2 used planting materials as a result of selection on pedigree of F3 as presented in
Table 1. Selection on F2 population was 10% out of total individuals that have purple pods and high yields,
while selection on F3 was 30% out of population that have purple pods and high yields. The selected lines were
planted as single plant without replication along with 5 parental varieties and 1 comparative variety on the same
field.
Table 1. The result of pedigree selection lines on F2 and F3
42 lines as a result of pedigree selection on F2 include :
PQM.2, PQM.11, PQM.19, MPQ.27, MPQ.36, MPQ.39
GKPQ.1, GKPQ.7, GKPQ.12, GKPQ.19, GKPQ.31, GKPQ.36, GKPQ.44, GKPQ.50
PQGK.1, MCS.1, 9, 10, 13
GIPQ.1, GIPQ.4, GIPQ.12, GIPQ.19, GIPQ.21, GIPQ.23, GIPQ.25, GIPQ.35, GIPQ.39, GIPQ.41, PQGI.46, PQGI.169
GKCS.6, GKCS.11, GKCS.49, GKCS.53, GKCS.54, GKCS.56, GKCS.57, GKCS.83, GKCS.91, GKCS.97, GKCS.108
13 lines as a result of pedigree selection on F3 include :
GKPQ.12.4, GKPQ.19.4, PQGK.1.12
GIPQ.12.2, GIPQ.19.10, GIPQ.23.10, GIPQ.35.11, PQGI.169.1
GKCS.6.6, GKCS.54.11, GKCS.97.2, GKCS.108.1, MCS.13.3
Notes: PQM is the crossbred line between Purple Queen x Mantili, MPQ is the crossbred line between Mantili
x Purple Queen, GKPQ is the crossbred line between Gogo Kuning x Purple Queen, PQGK is the crossbred line
between Purple Queen x Gogo Kuning, GIPQ is the crossbred line between Gilik Ijo x Purple Queen, PQGI is
the crossbred line between Purple Queen x Gilik Ijo, GKCS is the crossbred line between Gogo Kuning x
Cherokee Sun, MCS is the crossbred line between Mantili x Cherokee Sun. Numbers following the name of
lines show the individual number of the selected plant based on the pedigree method.
Plant breeding has been done such as in common beans of creeping type, in general, and observation
has been done on qualitative characters (growing type, stem color, leaf color, whether anthosianin coloration in
leaf exists or not, standard color of the flower, pod color, pod shape, and texture of the pod), and quantitative
characters (days of flowering, days of harvest time, numbers of pod per plant, pod‘s length, diameter of the pod,
weight per pod, and weight of pods per plant).
The qualitative data was analyzed descriptively by calculating percentage of morphological character
variability on each population and cluster analysis based on the method of UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Cluster
Method Arithmetic) through the program of MVSP (Multi Variate Statistical Package) version 3.22 along with
simple matching coefficient. Objective of such cluster analysis was to find out the extent of relationship and
closeness of the genetic distance between individuals in population. Different genetic distance between
individuals in population described the genetic variability. Such grouping of individuals that have similar
characters will facilitate the selection process.
The quantitative data was analyzed by calculating the mean values, range, standard deviation and
variability. Estimation of the variability components comprised of phenotypic variability, genotypic variability,
3. Evaluation of Genetic Variability and Genetic Advance to qualitative and quantitative for…
DOI: 10.9790/2380-08114450 www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page
and environmental variability. The phenotypic variability is variability of each population of generation; it is
presumed that the environmental variability is derived from mean values of phenotypic variability of both
parents and genetic variability is the differences between phenotypic variability and environmental variability.
Measurement of variability coefficient is counted in accordance with equation : KKG =
√σ ²g
X
x 100%, criteria of
assessment for genetic variability according to Knight (1979) Narrow : 0-10%, Medium:10-20%, and
Wide:>20%. The estimation value of heritability is counted in accordance with equation (Singh and Chaudary
1979), h²=
σ²g
σ²F
, criteria of assessment for heritability according to Stanfield (1983), high: x > 0,50, medium: 0,2 ≤
x ≤0,5 and low: 0 ≤ x ≤ 0,2. Analysis of the genetic advance is counted in accordance with equation, R = i.
h2
.σp. R = genetic advance, i = intensity of the selection, h² = heritability and σp = standard deviation of
phenotypic variability. Percentage of the expected genetic advance is counted using the equation: KGH=
R
x
x
100%, in which KGH = expected genetic advance, R = selection advance and x = mean. According to Hadiati
and Rostini (2003), criteria of the expected genetic advance included high: > 14.1%, medium: 7,1 – 14%, and
low: 0 - 7%. In fact, genetic advance is the difference between the genetic advance of population after selection
and the expected genetic advance before selection.
III. Result And Discussion
Qualitative Character Variability
Results of the research showed high variability on characters of growth type, pod color, pod shape, and
pod texture, particularly in the descendant population as a result of crossbred between local parents and the
Cherokee Sun. These were due to both parents having extremely different and allele segregation has still
occurred in the heterozygote lines. The previous research stated that crossbred between local parents and
Cherokee Sun showed ―maternal effect―, but the crossbred between local parents and Purple Queen did not
show ―maternal effect‖ on pod color (Oktarisna, 2013), on descendant (progeny) of Mantili x Cherokee Sun was
presumed to have epistasis that control the purple color even though both parents have green and yellow pods
(Handayani, 2014).
Dendogram as a result of cluster analysis on F3 population showed qualitative character variability,
both intra-lines and inter-lines. The individual plant in each line has still joined in different groups that indicated
that the population has still varied, so that further selection is required to obtain homogenous lines qualitatively.
Pod color determines the success of beans breeding that contains high anthosianin. Paramitha (2014) states that
legumes with Dark Grayish Purple pods contain the highest anthosianin in comparison with other pods. Diverse
colors of pod in F3 are divided into 7 groups, such as deep purple (Greyed Purple Group N 186 A-B), light
purple (Greyed Purple Group N186 C-D), greenish purple (Greyed Purple Group N 187 A-B), purplish green
(Greyed Green Group 189 A-B), reddish green, greenish red (Greyed Red Group 181 A-D), green (Green Group
141).
Results of the individual selection, based on color character of purple pod and high yield, have brought
about 13 lines as planting material of F4, and after being evaluated, the results showed character variability in
growth type, pod shape, and the pod texture. All populations have purple pods (Greyed Purple Group N 186 A
and Greyed Purple Group N 186 C). Dendogram showed that PQGK.1.12 and PQGI.169.1 lines have uniformity
on 8 qualitative characters, which have been observed (Figure 1).
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Figure 1. Dendogram of cluster analysis result on PQGI.169.1 and PQGK.1.12 population towards 8
qualitative characters that being observed.
The pod shape has changed as shown on F3, which was previously dominant round and fine texture of
the surface pod becoming medium, but on F4 tended to be varied from fine, medium, and coarse (Figure 2). It
was presumed as a result of selection. Selection on F3 was only based on individual that having the character of
purple pod and high yield without considering shape and texture of the pod. It is presumed that selection on pod
color could affect shape and texture of the pod, moreover if the character was controlled by the same genes or
the connected genes. Syukur et al. (2009) stated that, in general, selection on one character is easier to be done
but it can affect other characters. It may occur if those characters are controlled by the same genes or the
connected genes. Besides that, numbers of individual, which were planted in each F3 population, are limited so
that a character could not well-expressed. In order to make the selection process of F5 to be more effective, the
homogenous seeds could be mixed (bulk) so that variability of the pod shape and pod texture would be high.
High variability in shapes and textures of the pod on F5 population has provided great opportunity to choose
superior genotypes as expected. Allard (1960) stated that modification of pedigree selection can be done by pure
pedigree selection method, so that F4 would be followed by bulk of the selected plants. On F5, emphasizing on
selection has changed totally from observable properties to subjective properties, which are more difficult to be
determined. Such properties sometimes are easily observed if per plant was treated in many rows than just a
single row. According to Kuswanto (2006), in order to increase variability between lines in F5 population of
legumes as a result of crossbred, the seeds were mixed from 1-2 pods of one plant to another, and followed by
genetic variability test between the available bulk populations. The change in shape and texture of the pods
could be caused by the change of environmental factors, even though the qualitative characters are only
controlled by the simple gene and not easily affected by the environment. In the same phenomena, the
environmental condition for growing (length of days and temperature) during the emergence has affected on the
emergence of multi-foliolate expression on the growth of soybean (Orf et al. (2006)) in Musalamah and
Suyatmo (2006).
Figure 2. Variability of pod shape 1) round, 2) slightly flattened, 3) flat
The pod shape and pod texture of beans is one of the determinant factors of the consumer‘s desire.
Permadi and Dini (2000) stated that consumers prefer the shape of round pods to the flat pods, relative even
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surface, massive with the pod length of 15-22 cm, so that those characters are important in breeding purple
common beans.
Quantitative Character Variability
Tables 2 and 3 show the tested lines on F3 and F4 populations that have high genetic variability on
numbers of pod and weight of pods per plant. A research by Nechifor et al. (2011) also showed high genetic
variability on numbers of pod per plant and weight of pods per plant.
Yield quality of the plants is affected by numbers of component, such as pod length, pod diameter, pod
weight, and numbers of pod. For the characters of pod length and pod diameter, they showed low variability
along with lower value of the genetic variance than the environmental variance, which meant that both
characters were dominantly affected by the environmental factors. Selection on both characters could be done
tightly, but the results would not be effective. Pod length, pod diameter, and weight per pod are the quantitative
characters, which are controlled by polygenic and easily affected by environment. For characters of early
flowering and early harvesting, they showed low genetic variability, so that the selection would be ineffective to
be done. Sofie et al. (2011) stated that 42 germplasm of ―exotic‖ beans, which were grown at the valley of
Kashmir in order to obtain superior genotype of beans ―under temperate condition‖ have genetic variability for
days of flowering (13,304) and days of harvesting (13,430) or they are categorized as low – medium.
Mean for numbers of pod, pod length, pod weight, and weight of pod per plant on F4 population are
lower than on F3 population (Table 2 and 3). This is due to the environmental factor where the plants grown, F4,
is less supporting the optimal growth of the beans. The climatic condition (rainfall, humidity, high wind
velocity), impact of eruption from Mount Kelud and high infection of disease have inhibited the beans to grow
optimal and could not produce maximum pods. As comparison, 5 parental varieties and 1 national superior
variety of beans, Lebat, were planted and the yield reduced for almost 30-40% numbers of pod per plant and
weight of pod per plant from traits that they possessed.
Besides that, the seed as planting material on F4 population derived from 1 individual plant. If the plant
does not have any resistant to the environmental stress, it would have difficulty to adapt, so that it produced less
pods and it would affect on weight of pods per plant. According to Kuswanto (2006), natural selection will
occur in each population due to inability of the plant to overcome the environmental stress. The plants that grow
and produce pods are plants, which could overcome the environmental stress naturally. The increasing mean
values of pod weight per plant will be followed by numbers of pod per plant. However, the increasing length
and diameter of the pods could not increase weight of pods per plant. Many factors have affected them, and one
of them is the existence of connected genes. The connection between characters or traits/properties from one to
another could simultaneously affect other characters that have close relationship.
Heritability and Genetic Advance
Effectiveness of the selection is not only determined by greater genetic variability, but also affected by
high heritability value and the genetic advance. Heritability is a genetic effect of a phenotypic appearance that
can be bequeathed from the parents to the descendants (progeny). High heritability shows great genetic
variations and less environmental variation. The expected genetic advance is a shift of population‘s median
value from condition of the population to condition after selection, under assumption of differential quantity
(Aryana, 2010). In the wide sense, heritability is important to find out the effect of additive genes can be
bequeathed to their descendant (progeny) (Bello, 2012).
Result of the research showed that high heritability and genetic advance were seen on characters for
numbers of pod per plant and weight of pods per plant. High heritability values, followed by high selection
response, are a result of additive genes. On the contrary, trait or property that has high heritability and low
selection response, was affected by non additive genes (dominant, epistasis). An analogous research on beans
was reported by Nechifor et al. (2011) that numbers of pod per plant and numbers of seed per pod have medium
heritability values and high genetic advance. The genetic (additive gene) factors are more dominant than the
environmental factors.
Breeding to improve the characters can be done through selection process on characters that have high
heritability values and genetic advance (Mohamed et al., 2012, Selvaraj et a.l, 2011). Selection on F3 population
has increased the genetic advance on days of flowering, as proved that almost all lines have early flowering than
before. If the flowering time comes earlier, the harvest time will be sped up. The increasing genetic advance on
a character, as a result of selection, is not always followed by the increasing genetic advance of other characters.
However, it is affected by some other factors, such as: selection or choosing the individual, which is going to be
planted, extreme environmental factors, and genes connection (interrelated genes).
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Table 2. Mean, variance, heritability, and the expected genetic advance of F3 population
Value
Character
Early
flowering
(dap)
Early
harvest time
(dap)
Σ pod/plant Pod length
(cm)
Pod diameter
(cm)
Weight per
pod (gram)
Weight pods
per plant
(gram)
Mean 33,06 45,03 53,87 13,94 0,66 7,10 368,15
Phenotypic
variance (%)
2,18 2,96 66,68 2,59 0,00 0,73 3.065,82
Environment
variance (%)
1,23 1,52 19,72 1,54 0,00 0,32 1.021,25
Genetic
variance (%)
0,95 1,44 46,96 1,05 0,00 0,41 2.044,57
Coefficient
of Genetic
Variability
(%)
2,96 2,66 12,72 7,36 4,11 9,00 12,28
Heritability 0,44 0,49 0,70 0,41 0,20 0,56 0,67
Genetic
Advance
3,44 3,27 18,79 8,26 3,20 11,86 17,65
Note : CGV based on Knight (1979) 0-10% = low, 10-20%=medium, >20% =high, heritability based on
Stanfield (1983) 0≤x≤0.2 = low 0,2≤x≤0.5 = medium, x>0.50 = high, GA based on Hadiati et al. (2003), 0-7%
= low, 7-14% = medium and >14,1 = high
Table 3. Mean, variance, heritability, and the expected genetic advance of F4 population
Value
Character
Early
flowering
(dap)
Early
harvest time
(dap)
Σ
pod/plant
Pod
length
(cm)
Pod
diameter
(cm)
Weight
per pod
(gram)
Weight pods
per plant
(gram)
Mean 31,84 44,84 49,92 12,83 0,66 6,09 306,80
Phenotypic variance 1,92 0,54 71,65 1,85 0,01 0,56 2.579,84
Environmental variance 0,90 0,35 27,33 0,90 0,01 0,44 1.021,70
Genetic variance 1,02 0,19 44,32 0,95 0,00 0,12 1.558,14
Coefficient of Genetic
Variability
3,18 1,37 13,34 7,59 4,51 5,75 12,87
Heritability 0,53 0,35 0,62 0,51 0,08 0,22 0,60
Genetic Advance 4,08 0,97 18,46 9,57 2,27 4,73 17,60
Note : CGV based on Knight (1979) 0-10% = low, 10-20%=medium, >20% =high, heritability based on
Stanfield (1983) 0≤x≤0.2 = low 0,2≤x≤0.5 = medium, x>0.50 = high, GA based on Hadiati et al. (2003), 0-7%
= low, 7-14% = medium and >14,1 = high
Table 4. Mean for numbers of pod and weight of pod per plant on F4
Lines Mean σ²p σ²e σ²g CPV (%) CGV (%) h² GA (%)
(Lines) (Mean) (Phenotip
variance)
(Environm
ent
variance)
(Genetic
variance)
(Coefficient
of Phenotip
variance)
(Coefficient
of Genetic
variance)
(Herit
abilit
y)
(Genetic
Advance)
Numbers of pod per plant
GKCS.6.6 61,57 107,36 43,38 63,97 174,36 103,90 0,60 17,65
GKCS.54.11 52,50 291,53 43.38 248,1 555,29 472,66 0,85 48,72
GKCS.97.2 45,63 89,55 43.38 46,2 196,27 101,19 0,52 18,82
GKCS.108.1 52,94 164,76 43.38 121,9 311,20 229,26 0,74 31,43
GIPQ.12.2 58,13 311,27 72.72 238,6 535,44 410,35 0,77 40,94
GIPQ.23.10 48,39 81,43 72.72 8,71 168,28 18,00 0,11 3,51
GIPQ.35.11 57,75 174,72 72.72 102,0 302,55 176,63 0,58 23,52
GIPQ.19.10 31,25 75,33 72.72 2,61 238,67 8,27 0,03 1,68
PQGI.169.1 45,50 85,63 72.72 12,91 188,20 28,38 0,15 5,40
GKPQ.12.4 50,85 218,56 76.97 141,6 429,80 278,43 0,65 33,15
GKPQ.19.4 49,16 136,14 76.97 59,2 276,95 120,36 0,43 18,16
PQGK.1.12 36,44 101,73 76.97 24,8 279,19 67,94 0,24 11,86
MCS.13.13 58,82 386,77 55.21 331,6 669,41 573,86 0,86 51,36
Weight of pod per plant (gram)
GKCS.6.6 337,36 7.064,18 2.606,75 4.457,43 2.093,98 1.321,28 0,63 27,67
GKCS.54.11 325,04 11.442,81 2.606 8.836,06 3.520,40 2.718,43 0,77 44,73
GKCS.97.2 271,75 4.309,71 2.606 1.702,96 1.585,91 626,67 0,40 16,80
GKCS.108.1 305,03 8.651,10 2.606 6.044,35 2.836,16 1.981,57 0,70 37,50
GIPQ.12.2 419,33 23.617,07 4.208 19.408,48 5.632,09 4.628,44 0,82 53,01
GIPQ.23.10 311,27 5.052,04 4.208 843,45 1.623,04 270,97 0,17 6,71
GIPQ.35.11 372,75 26.549,74 4.208 22.341,15 7.122,75 5.993,67 0,84 64,74
GIPQ.19.10 227,32 5.657,84 4.208 1.449,25 2.469,82 632,64 0,26 14,80
7. Evaluation of Genetic Variability and Genetic Advance to qualitative and quantitative for…
DOI: 10.9790/2380-08114450 www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
PQGI.169.1 318,63 5.450,56 4.208,59 1.241,96 1.679,66 382,73 0,23 9,12
GKPQ.12.4 263,34 6.698,80 3.692 3.006,68 2.543,82 1.141,76 0,45 24,55
GKPQ.19.4 231,98 3.810,57 3.692 118,45 1.616,35 50,24 0,03 1,43
PQGK.1.12 305,70 9.740,87 3.692 6.048,75 3.186,45 1.978,68 0,62 35,28
MCS.13.13 298,91 19.019,76 3.254,04 15.765,72 6.279,17 5.204,89 0,83 66,42
Note : CGV based on Knight (1979) 0-10% = low, 10-20%=medium, >20% =high, heritability based on
Stanfield (1983) 0≤x≤0.2 = low 0,2≤x≤0.5 = medium, x>0.50 = high, GA based on Hadiati et al. (2003), 0-7%
= low, 7-14% = medium and >14,1 = high
IV. Conclusion and Suggestion
1- High variability has been shown on qualitative character, such as pod color, pod shape, and texture of the
pod, so that a selection on those characters is required in order to obtain homogenous lines. On quantitative
characters, medium variability can be shown in numbers of pod per plant and weight per pod per plant, so
that further selection is required in order to obtain lines that having high yield.
2- In homogenous lines, based on qualitative characters such as PQGK.1, PQGI.169, may follow consumer‘s
preferential test and anthosianin test, by choosing individual that has high yield character.
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