The efficacy of Lemon (Citrus lemonirisso) juice on wound healing of albino wistar rat was investigated; also the potential haemostatic mechanism associated with administration of the extract was investigated. Results showed that lemon juice extract decreased haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume while it has no significant effect on platelet count, white blood cell count and white cell differential counts in albino rats. Furthermore, the bleeding and clotting times were shortened and the period of healing of wound using lemon juice could possess some elements that is affecting the haemostatic mechanism.
This study was designed to evaluate cytotoxic of
70% ethanolic crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L on normal
human lymphocytes (in vitro) In vitro two, parameters were
conducted; mitotic index (MI) and blast index (BI) .The cytotoxic
effect of plant extract of Portulaca oleracea at (6.4, 3.2, 1.6, 0.8,
0.4 and 0.2 mg/ml) on normal human peripheral lymphocytes in
vitro, for 72 hrs was studied. Results indicated a positive
relationship between Mitotic index (MI) values and concentration
of ethanolic plant extract (0.467±0.03, 0.467±0.09, 0.300±0.06,
0.267±0.07, 0.300±0.07 and 0.267±0.07) respectively, no
significant differences noted (P≥0.01) among effects of different
concentrations. Mitotic index value of positive control treatment
(PHA) (0.700±0.12) differed significantly (P≤0.01) with all
concentrations. Blast index (BI) values following treatment with
different concentration of ethanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea
(6.4, 3.2, 1.6, 0.8, 0.4 and 0.2 mg/ ml) were (4.03±0.37,
3.70±0.17, 3.30±0.61, 3.13±0.24 and 2.77±0.20), without
significant differences (P≥0.01).Following treatment with the
highest concentration of plant extract (6.4 mg/ml), the BI value
was (5.37±0.30) significantly higher (P≤0.01) than those
following treatment with other concentrations. Positive control
treatment showed highly significant elevation (P≤0.01) in BI
(7.67±0.56) compared with all treatments.
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
This study was designed to evaluate cytotoxic of
70% ethanolic crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L on normal
human lymphocytes (in vitro) In vitro two, parameters were
conducted; mitotic index (MI) and blast index (BI) .The cytotoxic
effect of plant extract of Portulaca oleracea at (6.4, 3.2, 1.6, 0.8,
0.4 and 0.2 mg/ml) on normal human peripheral lymphocytes in
vitro, for 72 hrs was studied. Results indicated a positive
relationship between Mitotic index (MI) values and concentration
of ethanolic plant extract (0.467±0.03, 0.467±0.09, 0.300±0.06,
0.267±0.07, 0.300±0.07 and 0.267±0.07) respectively, no
significant differences noted (P≥0.01) among effects of different
concentrations. Mitotic index value of positive control treatment
(PHA) (0.700±0.12) differed significantly (P≤0.01) with all
concentrations. Blast index (BI) values following treatment with
different concentration of ethanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea
(6.4, 3.2, 1.6, 0.8, 0.4 and 0.2 mg/ ml) were (4.03±0.37,
3.70±0.17, 3.30±0.61, 3.13±0.24 and 2.77±0.20), without
significant differences (P≥0.01).Following treatment with the
highest concentration of plant extract (6.4 mg/ml), the BI value
was (5.37±0.30) significantly higher (P≤0.01) than those
following treatment with other concentrations. Positive control
treatment showed highly significant elevation (P≤0.01) in BI
(7.67±0.56) compared with all treatments.
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Renal Toxicity Studies of Albino Rats Exposed to Common Emulsion Paint SolutionPremier Publishers
Emulsion paint solutions (EPS) are constantly used to decorate and protect different materials in the environment. The occupational exposure of professional painters and paint factory workers to EPS may predispose them to systemic toxicity. This work investigated the effects of EPS exposure on renal function indices in albino rats to assess potential renal toxicity. Twenty male albino rats weighing between 120-140g were collected and divided into four groups. Two groups were exposed to periodic intraperitoneal administration of 2.5mg/kg body weight (bw) of the EPS for 14days while the other two groups received the same dose of distilled water and served as control. The rats were sacrificed after 7and14days respectively, and their blood collected and analyzed for heavy metals, urea, creatinine and electrolytes, using standard methods. The rat kidneys were also excised, weighed and analyzed for total protein and histopathology. Results showed that bw, kidney weight, serum creatinine, urea and electrolytes decreased significantly(p<0.05) in the exposed groups compared to control. However, urea and Na+ increased significantly(p<0.05) after the initial 7days exposure. Kidney total protein increased by 20.83% and Pb, Ni, and Cd were detected in the exposed rats. Results of kidney histopathology showed intact renal tubules and glomeruli. These results suggest that exposure of albino rats to EPS caused significant alterations in the steady-state levels of renal function biomarkers. Therefore, prolonged exposure may exert deleterious effects on renal function.
Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Thrombolytic Prope...IOSR Journals
The rural and marginal people of Bangladesh are deprived of modern treatment facilities and hence greatly depend on medicinal plants. Besides, the higher cost and toxicity of synthetic drugs drives scientists towards search for natural source of medication for a number of diseases. Cost-effectiveness, easy availability and fewer side effects are making the herbal medicine more popular both among rural and city people. Plants with Cytotoxic and clot lysis potential are good candidate as source of novel anti-tumor agents and thrombolytic drugs. This study aimed at screening out of phytochemical constituents and evaluation of cytotoxicity and thrombolytic potential of an important medicinal plant Achyranthes aspera methanolic leaf extract. In vitro phytochemical screening of A. aspera leaf extract carried out by qualitative tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and saponins while phlobatannins were absent. Cytotoxicity test of A. aspera leaf extract carried out by Brine shrimp Lethality (BSL) Bioassay showed the highest percentage of mortality (90%) in 1250 μg/ml and LC50 value was 50.12 μg/ml. Thrombolytic test showed 32.87 ± 9.42% clot lytic activity for A. aspera while positive control (streptokinase) and negative control (water) showed 81.19 ± 3.78% and 6.67 ± 2.58% clot lysis, respectively. Synergistic effect of streptokinase and A. aspera extract also produced better result (56.30 ± 6.95%) than A. aspera alone.
The Eco-friendly Marine Gastropod Turbo brunneus (L. 1758) and its Vital role...rahulmonikasharma
Molluscs form valuable fisheries in various parts of the coast of India providing shell fish as food and as source of lime, pearls and decorative shells, as constituents of medicinal preparations etc. In the present study, the eco-friendly Turbo brunneus and its vital role in future pharmaceutical industry through GC-MS analysis was carried out. Almost eighteen compounds are obtained through GC-MS which might be responsible for antimicrobial, pharmaceutical, insect repellent, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiasthmatic, diuretic and antiarthritic activities.
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract and Chronic Myelogenous LeukemiaHakeem Zamano
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract Induces Apoptosis and
Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation in Human Chronic
Myelogenous Leukemia K562 Cells: Insight into the Underlying
Mechanism
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ2
In Vitro Cell Tests for Functional FoodInstitut Kurz
The relationship between the food we eat and our health is
clear. In the constant search for healthier foods rich in
bioactive compounds that promote health and healthy
ageing, a wide variety of functional foods have appeared on
the market.
To know the real function of these functional foods
in our body, it is necessary to carry out different types of in
vitro cell tests.
Institut Kurz specializes in conducting in vitro cell tests for functional foods.
Contact us for more information:
info@institut-kurz.com
https://www.institut-kurz.com/
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LU...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2
Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Cichorium intybus L. Seedsiosrjce
In this study, we aim to demonstrate, separately, the hepatoprotective activity of the total ethanolic
extract as well as the defatted ethanolic extract of Cichorium intybus L., using adult Wister albino rats
(120-170 g) as the experimental animals. The total as well as the defatted alcoholic extracts of Cichorium
intybus L., seeds possess significant hepatoprotective activity; which may be attributed to the individual or
combined effects of the phytoconstituents of each extract separately. In this study, hepatic injury caused by
carbon tetra chloride, was analyzed through estimation of AST (GOT), ALT (GPT), albumin and platelets in
blood samples taken from the veins of orbital plexus of each animal as well as the histopathological
examination of the liver. The effects of the extracts were comparable with standard drug Silymarin. On the other
hand a GC-MS analysis was performed on the fatty acid composition of the lipoidal fraction for the seeds. The
separated fatty acids were converted to their methyl ester and then subjected to the analysis.
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kid...oyepata
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced
kidney Injury in rat
OYEPATA SIMEON JOSEPH*1, JUDE E2. OKOKON AND OPEYEMI TOSIN JOSEPH3
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin induced simeonoyepata
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced
kidney Injury in rat
OYEPATA SIMEON JOSEPH*1, JUDE E2. OKOKON AND OPEYEMI TOSIN JOSEPH
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Renal Toxicity Studies of Albino Rats Exposed to Common Emulsion Paint SolutionPremier Publishers
Emulsion paint solutions (EPS) are constantly used to decorate and protect different materials in the environment. The occupational exposure of professional painters and paint factory workers to EPS may predispose them to systemic toxicity. This work investigated the effects of EPS exposure on renal function indices in albino rats to assess potential renal toxicity. Twenty male albino rats weighing between 120-140g were collected and divided into four groups. Two groups were exposed to periodic intraperitoneal administration of 2.5mg/kg body weight (bw) of the EPS for 14days while the other two groups received the same dose of distilled water and served as control. The rats were sacrificed after 7and14days respectively, and their blood collected and analyzed for heavy metals, urea, creatinine and electrolytes, using standard methods. The rat kidneys were also excised, weighed and analyzed for total protein and histopathology. Results showed that bw, kidney weight, serum creatinine, urea and electrolytes decreased significantly(p<0.05) in the exposed groups compared to control. However, urea and Na+ increased significantly(p<0.05) after the initial 7days exposure. Kidney total protein increased by 20.83% and Pb, Ni, and Cd were detected in the exposed rats. Results of kidney histopathology showed intact renal tubules and glomeruli. These results suggest that exposure of albino rats to EPS caused significant alterations in the steady-state levels of renal function biomarkers. Therefore, prolonged exposure may exert deleterious effects on renal function.
Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Thrombolytic Prope...IOSR Journals
The rural and marginal people of Bangladesh are deprived of modern treatment facilities and hence greatly depend on medicinal plants. Besides, the higher cost and toxicity of synthetic drugs drives scientists towards search for natural source of medication for a number of diseases. Cost-effectiveness, easy availability and fewer side effects are making the herbal medicine more popular both among rural and city people. Plants with Cytotoxic and clot lysis potential are good candidate as source of novel anti-tumor agents and thrombolytic drugs. This study aimed at screening out of phytochemical constituents and evaluation of cytotoxicity and thrombolytic potential of an important medicinal plant Achyranthes aspera methanolic leaf extract. In vitro phytochemical screening of A. aspera leaf extract carried out by qualitative tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and saponins while phlobatannins were absent. Cytotoxicity test of A. aspera leaf extract carried out by Brine shrimp Lethality (BSL) Bioassay showed the highest percentage of mortality (90%) in 1250 μg/ml and LC50 value was 50.12 μg/ml. Thrombolytic test showed 32.87 ± 9.42% clot lytic activity for A. aspera while positive control (streptokinase) and negative control (water) showed 81.19 ± 3.78% and 6.67 ± 2.58% clot lysis, respectively. Synergistic effect of streptokinase and A. aspera extract also produced better result (56.30 ± 6.95%) than A. aspera alone.
The Eco-friendly Marine Gastropod Turbo brunneus (L. 1758) and its Vital role...rahulmonikasharma
Molluscs form valuable fisheries in various parts of the coast of India providing shell fish as food and as source of lime, pearls and decorative shells, as constituents of medicinal preparations etc. In the present study, the eco-friendly Turbo brunneus and its vital role in future pharmaceutical industry through GC-MS analysis was carried out. Almost eighteen compounds are obtained through GC-MS which might be responsible for antimicrobial, pharmaceutical, insect repellent, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiasthmatic, diuretic and antiarthritic activities.
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract and Chronic Myelogenous LeukemiaHakeem Zamano
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract Induces Apoptosis and
Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation in Human Chronic
Myelogenous Leukemia K562 Cells: Insight into the Underlying
Mechanism
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ2
In Vitro Cell Tests for Functional FoodInstitut Kurz
The relationship between the food we eat and our health is
clear. In the constant search for healthier foods rich in
bioactive compounds that promote health and healthy
ageing, a wide variety of functional foods have appeared on
the market.
To know the real function of these functional foods
in our body, it is necessary to carry out different types of in
vitro cell tests.
Institut Kurz specializes in conducting in vitro cell tests for functional foods.
Contact us for more information:
info@institut-kurz.com
https://www.institut-kurz.com/
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LU...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2
Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Cichorium intybus L. Seedsiosrjce
In this study, we aim to demonstrate, separately, the hepatoprotective activity of the total ethanolic
extract as well as the defatted ethanolic extract of Cichorium intybus L., using adult Wister albino rats
(120-170 g) as the experimental animals. The total as well as the defatted alcoholic extracts of Cichorium
intybus L., seeds possess significant hepatoprotective activity; which may be attributed to the individual or
combined effects of the phytoconstituents of each extract separately. In this study, hepatic injury caused by
carbon tetra chloride, was analyzed through estimation of AST (GOT), ALT (GPT), albumin and platelets in
blood samples taken from the veins of orbital plexus of each animal as well as the histopathological
examination of the liver. The effects of the extracts were comparable with standard drug Silymarin. On the other
hand a GC-MS analysis was performed on the fatty acid composition of the lipoidal fraction for the seeds. The
separated fatty acids were converted to their methyl ester and then subjected to the analysis.
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kid...oyepata
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced
kidney Injury in rat
OYEPATA SIMEON JOSEPH*1, JUDE E2. OKOKON AND OPEYEMI TOSIN JOSEPH3
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin induced simeonoyepata
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced
kidney Injury in rat
OYEPATA SIMEON JOSEPH*1, JUDE E2. OKOKON AND OPEYEMI TOSIN JOSEPH
Investigation on Effects of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Seeds of Datur...semualkaira
This study investigation the effects of methanolic and aqueous
extracts of seeds of Datura metel on liver of Wistar rats. Datura
metel seed is believed to be a medicinal plant widely used in phytomedicine to cure diseases such as asthma, cough, convulsion and
insanity. Various parts of the plant (leaves, seeds, roots and fruits)
are used for different purposes in herbal medicine.
Investigation on Effects of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Seeds of Datur...semualkaira
This study investigation the effects of methanolic and aqueous
extracts of seeds of Datura metel on liver of Wistar rats. Datura
metel seed is believed to be a medicinal plant widely used in phytomedicine to cure diseases such as asthma, cough, convulsion and
insanity. Various parts of the plant (leaves, seeds, roots and fruits)
are used for different purposes in herbal medicine
Investigation on Effects of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Seeds of Datur...semualkaira
This study investigation the effects of methanolic and aqueous
extracts of seeds of Datura metel on liver of Wistar rats. Datura
metel seed is believed to be a medicinal plant widely used in phytomedicine to cure diseases such as asthma, cough, convulsion and
insanity. Various parts of the plant (leaves, seeds, roots and fruits)
are used for different purposes in herbal medicine. Fifteen male
albino rats were randomly distributed into three groups
Investigation on Effects of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Seeds of Datur...semualkaira
This study investigation the effects of methanolic and aqueous
extracts of seeds of Datura metel on liver of Wistar rats. Datura
metel seed is believed to be a medicinal plant widely used in phytomedicine to cure diseases such as asthma, cough, convulsion and
insanity. Various parts of the plant
Investigation on Effects of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Seeds of Datur...semualkaira
This study investigation the effects of methanolic and aqueous
extracts of seeds of Datura metel on liver of Wistar rats. Datura
metel seed is believed to be a medicinal plant widely used in phytomedicine to cure diseases such as asthma, cough, convulsion and
insanity. Various parts of the plant (leaves, seeds, roots and fruits)
are used for different purposes in herbal medicine
Investigation on Effects of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Seeds of Datur...semualkaira
This study investigation the effects of methanolic and aqueous
extracts of seeds of Datura metel on liver of Wistar rats. Datura
metel seed is believed to be a medicinal plant widely used in phytomedicine to cure diseases such as asthma, cough, convulsion and
insanity. Various parts of the plant (leaves, seeds, roots and fruits)
are used for different purposes in herbal medicine
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LU...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ
Anti neoplastic effect of Eclipta prostrata L. (HepG2) cell lines. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a tumor of the liver. HCC is responsible for over 12,000 deaths per year in the United States. It is one of the serious health problems in most developing countries. The present probe proved that ethanol extract of Eclipta prostrata L. significantly suppressed the growth and induced the apoptosis in the liver cancer (HepG2) cell lines. IC50 dose was measured with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium. 100 μg of extract showed 50% reduction of in HepG2 cell line growth at 48 h of incubation. The whole plant of E. prostrata L. extract-induced apoptotic features of cell death was stained with acridine orange. The intracellular enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase were slightly decreased in their activities when compared to control. Thus, the study resolves that E. prostrata L. extract is an effective to prevent or retard the spread of malignant cells and antineoplastic effect.
Toxicity Studies of Aqueous-Methanol Extract of Dennettia tripetala (Pepper f...Scientific Review SR
Traditional medicine still remains the main recourse for a large majority of people for treating health problems in African. Therefore, the aim of this work is to assess the toxicological effect of the fresh ripe fruits using two solvents for extraction. The toxicological evaluation of aqueous-methanol extract of Dennettia tripetala fresh ripe fruits at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight for 14 days on some biochemical parameters in wistar rats was investigated. The extract at all the doses tested show non-significant (p > 0.05) increase from the control in ALT, AST, ALP, total protein, albumin, direct bilirubin, creatinine, Na+ and K+, while the level of total bilirubin and urea show significant (p < 0.05) increase from the control at 400mg/kg body weight. The levels of SOD, GPx, GST, and GSH in the serum were significantly (p < 0.05) decrease in the treated rats at 200 and 400mg/kg body weight, whereas the level of MDA and CAT showed non-significant (p > 0.05) increase in all the animals. The results of this finding indicated that the aqueous-methanol extract may not have serious effect on the liver and the kidney at 100 mg/kg b.d., but may be toxic at high doses as observed in the acute toxicity, sub-acute results and antioxidant parameters where it shows a dose-specific effects.
Similar to Evaluation of Efficacy of Lemon Juice Extract (Citrius Lemoni Risso) on Wound Healing and Haemostatic Mechanism of Albino Wister Rats (20)
"Heart failure is a typical clinical accompanied by symptoms syndrome (e.g. shortness of breath, ankle swelling and fatigue) that lead to structural or functional abnormalities of the heart (e.g. high venous pressure, pulmonary edema and peripheral edema).
In recent years, the significant role of B-type natriuretic peptide has been revealed in the pathogenesis of heart disease and the use of the drug sacubitril/valsartan has started. It has a positive effect on the regulation of the level of B-type natriuretic peptide in the body. It is obviously seen from the the world literature that natriuretic peptides play an important role in the pathophysiology of heart failure. For this reason, many studies suggest that the importance of natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure is recommended.
Due to this, we tried to investigate the effects of a comprehensive medication therapy with a combination of sacubitril/valsartan in the patients with chronic heart failure."
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Evaluation of Efficacy of Lemon Juice Extract (Citrius Lemoni Risso) on Wound Healing and Haemostatic Mechanism of Albino Wister Rats
1. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 2 Issue 9, September 2013
www.ijsr.net
Evaluation of Efficacy of Lemon Juice Extract
(Citrius Lemoni Risso) on Wound Healing and
Haemostatic Mechanism of Albino Wister Rats
1
F. N Oguwike, 2
D. P. M. Onubueze
1
Correspondence author: Department.of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences,
Anambra State University Uli, Anambra State Nigeria
2
Department of Community Medicine, Anambra State University Teaching Hospital Amaku,
Awka Anambra state Nigeria
Abstract: The efficacy of Lemon (Citrus lemonirisso) juice on wound healing of albino wistar rat was investigated; also the potential
haemostatic mechanism associated with administration of the extract was investigated. Results showed that lemon juice extract
decreased haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume while it has no significant effect on platelet count, white blood cell count and
white cell differential counts in albino rats. Furthermore, the bleeding and clotting times were shortened and the period of healing of
wound using lemon juice could possess some elements that is affecting the haemostatic mechanism.
Keywords: Haemostasis, haemoglobin, bleeding time, lemon juice, platelet count, wound healing.
1. Introduction
Crude extracts of some plants could play roles in
hastening the haemostatic activities in a damaged tissue or
vessels when applied topically on the wound or cut, to
arrest bleeding and hasten healing of wound. This study
on wound healing and haemostatic mechanism of albino
wister rats is to ascertain the acclaimed facts by
ethnomedical practitioners of its healing ability and to
ascertain its safe usage in humans. This study also
evaluated the effect of this lemon juice extracts on
bleeding time, clotting time, platelet count, haemoglobin
level, packed cell volume, white blood cell count and
white blood cell differentials of albino rats.
Wound healing is the process of repair following injury to
the skin and other soft tissue. Initial stages of wound
healing involve an acute inflammatory phase followed by
synthesis of collagen and other extracellular matrix which
are later remodeled to form a scar (Ligha et al 2008).
Wound healing is influenced by many factors including
the kind of medicine is to accelerate the wound healing
process and to prevent infection (Prockop et al, 1995). The
healing response is characterized by the movement of
specialized cells into the wound site. Platelets and
inflammatory cells are the first cells to arrive at the site of
injury and they provide key functions and “signals”
needed for the influx of connective tissue cells and a new
blood supply. These chemical signals are known as
cytokines or growth factors (Lawrence et al, 1994).
Lemon tree is a perennial tree of the citrus family-
rutaceae. It grows up to 3m. it has toothed, ellipitical or
lanceolate leaves, pointed. It flowers are with inside, rosy
at the argin of the petals. The fruit is a herperidum till
12.5cm wide, with a thick rind, dark yellow when fully
ripe. It is cultivated because of its fruits and as a garden
tree in warm Meriditerranian places next to the sea. It
probably descends from the species Citrus medica L,
“native from India”. It grows successfully in the Eastern
part of Nigeria W. Africa.
2. Medicinal Value of Lemon (Citrus
Limonium Risso)
Lemon is an antioxidant which deactivates the free
radicals preventing many dangerous diseases like stroke,
cardiovascular disease and cancers. It also fights against
infection. It helps in production of WBC’s and antibodies
in blood which attacks the invading micro organisms and
prevents infection. Its healing ability could be due to its
bacteria ridding and astringent properties. Lemon juice
when applied in the site of bites and stings of certain
insects relieves its poison and pain. It relieves chilblains
and itchy skin. Its application to acne (pimples) dries the
existing ones and prevent from getting more. Chemical
contents of citrus limonum risso: its main active
ingredients are flavenoids, Ascorbic acid (vitamin c),
essential oil (Lignan 2005), caffeine, pectin, minerals
especially potassium and calcium, water fibers and
sucrose, (Wikipedia 2013).
3. Materials and Method
The phytochemical analysis for the constituents of the
plant extract LD50of the extracts were studied before the
haematological and haemostatic experiments were done
Animals: Sixty healthy adult male and female albino rats
of wistar strain weighing between 180-200g were used in
the study. The animals were housed separately, keeping
males and females apart under standard conditions of
temperature (23 + 20
c) and humidity, receiving 12h light
(7:00a.m-7:00pm). They were kept in wire meshed cages
and fed with commercial rat pellets and drinking water ad
libitum. The animals were handled in accordance with
national and institutional guidelines for the protection of
animal welfare.
Paper ID: 19081302 190
2. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 2 Issue 9, September 2013
www.ijsr.net
4. Experimental Design
The animals were randomly assigned into three groups of
20 rats each. Group A served as control and was treated
with normal saline. Group B (males) and C (females) was
the test groups treated with lemon juice extracts orally and
topically respectively.
4.1 Preparation of Extract
Fresh fruits of lemon were selected, weighed, washed, cut
and their juice contents pressed out in a clinical glass
beaker. There after 100mls of the juice filtered out using
Whatman no.1 filter paper: the juice was dried by
evaporation to dryness 0.5g of the dried extract was
dissolved in 100ml of sterile water to give a concentration
of 5mg/kg. This was given to the animals with blunt
sterile needle while giving them their normal rat pellets
and drinking water ad libitum.
4.2 Phytochemical Analysis of Lemon Juice
The pressed out lemon juice was screened for the presence
or absence of various secondary metabolites that could be
of therapeutic values using standard phytochemical
screening procedures described by Harbourne (1973)
Trease and Evans (1996). The extract was tested for
Glycosides, Flavenoids, Alkaloids, Tannins, Reducing
sugar, Calcium, Saponins, Acidic compounds, Resins, Fat
and Oil, Carbohydrates and steroids.
4.3 Toxicity Study
The LD50 of the extracts in albino rats was determined by
Lorke’s (1981), The procedure of determining the lethal
done is by increasing the concentration of extracts
administered into rats (after weighing them), in each
group consisting of eight (8 rats) per group for five (5)
days. The concentration was given at the rate of 100ml/kg,
1,500mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg. The percentage rate of their
death and survival is noted and a graph plotted to
determine the LD50. The Haemoglobin estimation was
determined by Baker et al (1985). The packed cell volume
estimation was determined by simple method of
microhaematocrit centrifugation method. The total white
blood cell count and differentials were also determined by
method of Baker 1985. The platelet count estimation was
done by method of Brecher (1950). The whole blood
clotting time was estimated by the method of Lee and
White (1985). The bleeding time was determined by the
method of Dejana et al (1982).
5. Inflicting Wounds on Albino Rats
The animals were made to acclimatize to housing
condition in animal house for one week and were fed very
well. Prior to the commencement of the experiment, the
test rats were injected with 0.4ml of thiopentine injection
to anaesthesize them. The area for wound infliction was
chosen preferable on the back. The hairs were shaved off
with surgical blade and lancet was used to cut the skin.
The wounds was in form of square (the length and width)
of the wounds were measured and the result expressed in
centimeter. Equal area of wounds was given to both the
control and the test rats. Measurement was taken on the
first day, the wound was inflicted.
The control rats were rubbed with normal saline while
lemon juice extract was rubbed on the test rats.
The wounds were treated every day and the areas
measured to check difference in size in all the animals.
6. Collection of Blood Sample and Duration
of Study
2.0ml of blood sample were collected from each rat in all
the groups into EDTA bottle to determine the initial blood
pictures before feeding them on the extracts. Their
weights, full blood count (FBC), including platelet count,
bleeding time, clotting time were measured. At the end of
the acute study (28 days) of feeding on the extracts, blood
sample were again obtained by cardiac puncture for the
haemostatic and hematological analysis as was done
initially.
6.1 Statistical Analysis
The data obtained from the study were expressed as mean
and standard deviation (mean + S.D) while student’s t-test
was used to compact the result of the control and the test.
A p-value of less than or equivalent to (p<0.05) or p=0.5)
was noted statically significant.
7. Results
Table 1: Indicates the photochemical study
Alka
l -
oids
Acidic
Compou
nd
Reducin
g Sugar
Flaven
-
oids
Calciu
m
Potassiu
m
Steroid,
tannins,
saponins,
resin,
terprnoid
s, fats
and oils,
glycoside
s.
Degree
of
Concen
t-ration
+ ++ ++ ++ +++ +++ -
-Negative (absent)
+ Present in small concentrations
++ Present in moderately high concentrations
+++ present in very high concentration
Table 2: shows the effect of lemon juice extract on
duration of healing in albino rats. Lemon juice extracts
fastened healing more than normal saline. (p<0.05)
Groups Extract Days Mean ± S.D P.value
Control (n=20) N/Saline 15±0.2 -
Test Rats Male (n=20) Lemon Juice 9±0.5 P<0.05
Female (n=20) Lemon Juice 8±0.7 P<0.05
Paper ID: 19081302 191
3. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 2 Issue 9, September 2013
www.ijsr.net
Table 3: shows the effect of lemon juice extract on
complete blood count, platelet count, bleeding and clotting
times of albino wister rats
Extracts Hbg/dl PCVL/
L
Platelet count
x 109
/l
Bleeding time
Min + S.D
Clotting Time
Min + S.D
Control rat
(extract free)
13.4 +
0.5
40 +
0.1
170 ± 16.0 2.7 ± 0.8 5.6 ± 0.5
Day 1 before
lemon juice
Male (n=20)
13.8 +
0.7
41 +
0.3
160 + 42 2.8 ± 0.2 5.4 ± 0.7
Female (n=20) 13.7 +
0.4
41 +
0.5
180 + 30 2. ± 0.2 5.4 ± 0.6
28 days
administration
of Lemon juice
Male (n=20)
9.4 +
0.6
27 +
0.4
150 + 10.0 1.5 ± 0.2 3.7 ± 0.8
Female (n=20) 9.1 +
0.4
27 +
0.2
152 + 8.0 1.3 ± 0.3 3.4 ± 0.6
Significance P<0.05 P<0.05 P<0.05 P<0.05 P<0.05
Table 4: White blood cell counts and differentials in
albino rats before the administration of lemon juice and 28
days after the administration of lemon
EXTRACTS WBC/MM3
+ S.D
N%+
S.D
L%+
S.D
M%+
S.D
E%+
S.D
B%+
S.D
Control rat
(n=20) Extract
free
4,120±650 52±1.5 44±0.7 3±0.4 1±0.6 0±0
Day 1 before
Lemon juice 4,200±420 50±0.8 47±1.7 2±0.6 1±0.5 0±0
Male (n=20)
Female (n=20) 4,400±250 53±1.2 45±1.4 1±0.4 1±0.2 0±0
28 days after
administration
of Lemon juice
3,100±140 50±1.2 48±1.0 1±0 1±0.2 0±0Male (n=20)
Female (n=20) 3000±260 51±1.6 47±1.5 1±0 1±0 0±0
Significance P<0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05
N=Neutrophils, L=Lymphocytes, M=Monocytes,
E=Eosinophils, B=Basophils.
Figure 1: Lethality studies showing the effects of
administering graded doses (1,000-4,000 mg/kg IP rat) of
the lemon juice against the percentage mortality
8. Discussion
The efficacy of lemon juice extract on wound healing
haemostatic mechanism has been evaluated. Most times
plant extracts are given to humans in excessive doses by
the ethnomedical practioners. Toxicity may affect the
result of this study and so acute toxicity studies using
LD50were carried out before the extract was administered
to the animals. The result of lethality studies showed that
the LD50 in rats using lemon extract was 3,000mg/kg (fig.
1). The dose in this study (5mg/kg) was far below the
lethal dose and so was considered safe to the animals used
throughout the period of study. Local medicinal herbs
have been employed in the management of various
diseases and their protective effect on the body from
damage due to free radical and lipid peroxidation has been
reported (Wikipedia, 2010). Evaluation of efficacy of
lemon juice extracts on wound healing and haemostasis
activity provides physiological information on a proper
blood assessment in the body (Ita et al, 2007). In this
study the test rats fed with lemon juice recorded
significance decrease in Haemoglobin concentration and
packed cell volume (p<0.05) Table 3.
The reported decrease in HB in rats treated in lemon juice
by earlier workers (constable, 1963) indicates that the
indiscriminate consumption of lemon juice could
predispose to anaemia to susceptible individuals. Anaemia
by definition is a state of lower than normal concentration
of haemoglobin which can also result from low packed
cell volume below 30% have been reported as indicative
of anaemia (chen et al, 1998).On healing of wounds, it
was observed that rats whose wounds were treated with
lemon juice had their days shortened in wound healing
(Table 1) compared with their corresponding control
whose healing lasted longer (15+0.20 days). I imagine that
it’s due to its bacteria ridding and astringent properties.
The presences of vitamin c in the citrus plant could also
play role in the healing of wounds.
The bleeding and clotting times in the test rats were
shortened (p<0.05) compared to their corresponding
control. This could be due to moderate presence of
calcium and potassium in the juice. Calcium ions are
physiologically active in coagulation mechanics calcium
ions are essential for the conversion of prothrombin to
thrombin and for the normal action of the heart muscle
and for neuromuscular conduction. The presence of
calcium in the lemon juice might have contributed to the
shortening of bleeding and clotting times respectively in
albino rats. Calcium ions present in the extracts probably
act in the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation mechanic to
convert prothrombin to thrombin, which in turn converts
fibrinogen to fibrin strand (Seegers, 1950). Haemostasis
involves the spontaneous arrest of bleeding from damaged
blood (Okoli et al, 2007) vessels and the prevention of
tissue death through haemorrage.
References
[1] Baker F.J and Silverton E (1985): investigation for
haemostatic abnormalities. Introduction to medical
Laboratory Technology pp 348. Butter Worths
publication Woburn London
[2] Brecher and Cronkite (1950). Platelet count in Dacie
J.V ed. Basic Haematological Techniques, Practical
Melbourne.
[3] Chen L.T and Chang P.E (1998). Intrasplenic
induced Anaemic Rats. Am. J. haematol 11: 403-
407.
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[4] Constable B.J (1963). Changes in blood volume and
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[7] Lawrence W.T, DiegeImann R.F (1994). Growth
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[9] Ligha A.E, FAwehinin H.B (2008). Histological
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