Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kidney Injury in rat OYEPATA SIMEON JOSEPH*1, JUDE E2. OKOKON AND OPEYEMI TOSIN JOSEPH3
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced
kidney Injury in rat
OYEPATA SIMEON JOSEPH*1, JUDE E2. OKOKON AND OPEYEMI TOSIN JOSEPH3
Influence of gongronema latifolium leaf extracts treatment on some hepatic...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of extracts from the leaves of Gongronema latifolium on hepatic enzyme activity in rats. Rats were treated with various doses of ethanolic and water extracts for 7 days. Blood samples were then analyzed for liver enzyme levels. The results showed that the extracts increased the activity of AST and ALT liver enzymes at doses of 25mg/kg, indicating potential liver cell damage. The extracts also increased serum amylase levels in a dose-dependent manner. However, the extracts did not significantly affect blood urea levels. The conclusion is that while G. latifolium extracts may have some medical benefits, chronic high dose use could adversely impact liver function.
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ2
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2,
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LU...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2
This study evaluated the prophylactic (preventive) and curative effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera pods on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Rats were pre-treated or post-treated with three different doses of the extract (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) for 14 days before or after being administered CCl4 to induce liver injury. Biochemical markers, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and histopathological examination of the liver were used to assess the degree of liver damage and the protective effects of the extract. The extract was found to significantly reduce liver damage markers and bilirubin levels in a dose-dependent
Effect of Administration Ethanol Leaf Extract of Terminalia Chebula on Liver ...oyepata
Effect of Administration Ethanol Leaf Extract of
Terminalia Chebula on Liver of Wister Rat
Joseph Oyepata Simeon1*, Modupe Builders2, Wazis Chama Haruna3, Joseph Opeyemi Tosin4, Sabastine Aliyu
Zubairu5, Musa Tabitha Lubo6, Moh’d A. Sadiq
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LU...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
Influence of gongronema latifolium leaf extracts treatment on some hepatic...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of extracts from the leaves of Gongronema latifolium on hepatic enzyme activity in rats. Rats were treated with various doses of ethanolic and water extracts for 7 days. Blood samples were then analyzed for liver enzyme levels. The results showed that the extracts increased the activity of AST and ALT liver enzymes at doses of 25mg/kg, indicating potential liver cell damage. The extracts also increased serum amylase levels in a dose-dependent manner. However, the extracts did not significantly affect blood urea levels. The conclusion is that while G. latifolium extracts may have some medical benefits, chronic high dose use could adversely impact liver function.
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ2
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2,
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LU...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2
This study evaluated the prophylactic (preventive) and curative effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera pods on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Rats were pre-treated or post-treated with three different doses of the extract (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) for 14 days before or after being administered CCl4 to induce liver injury. Biochemical markers, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and histopathological examination of the liver were used to assess the degree of liver damage and the protective effects of the extract. The extract was found to significantly reduce liver damage markers and bilirubin levels in a dose-dependent
Effect of Administration Ethanol Leaf Extract of Terminalia Chebula on Liver ...oyepata
Effect of Administration Ethanol Leaf Extract of
Terminalia Chebula on Liver of Wister Rat
Joseph Oyepata Simeon1*, Modupe Builders2, Wazis Chama Haruna3, Joseph Opeyemi Tosin4, Sabastine Aliyu
Zubairu5, Musa Tabitha Lubo6, Moh’d A. Sadiq
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LU...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Fema...YogeshIJTSRD
Celosia argentea is a plant of family Amaranthaceae used as traditional medicine for various diseases. The aim of the study is to evaluate the acute toxicity effect of Celosia argentea leaf extract for 14 days in female albino rats. The aqueous extract of Celosia argentea showed no evidence of single dose toxicity 2000 mg kg when studying acute toxicity on biochemical, hematological or histological parameters. The results showed that .C. argentea does not cause toxicity at the doses studied. M. Sridevi | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi "Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Female Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39811.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/39811/acute-oral-toxicity-study-of-aqueous-leaf-extract-of-celosia-argentea-in-female-albino-rats/m-sridevi
Biochemical and histopathological changes in wistar rats following chronic ad...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of chronic administration of three oral doses (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight) of an ethanol extract of a diherbal mixture of Zanthoxylum leprieurii and Piper guineense on biochemical parameters, liver histology, and testicular histology in male Wistar rats. The study found significant increases in liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) in test groups compared to the control in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological examination revealed distortion of seminiferous tubules and delayed germ cell maturation in testes, as well as micro- to macrovesicular steatosis (fatty change) in livers,
Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Studies of Ethanol Extracts of Annona Muric...Premier Publishers
The study determined the effects of administration of ethanol extracts of Annona muricata leaves (AML) and Fagara zanthoxyloide roots (FZR) on liver and kidney indices in zidovudine (ZDV)-induced Wistar rats. Animals were grouped into five (5); group 1 served as normal control, groups 2-5 were induced with 100g/mlZDV/Kgbw and group 3 treated with 35IU/Kgbw of erythropoietin, group 4 with 4.5g/mlAML/Kgbw and group 5 with 3.8g/mlFZR/Kgbw for six weeks. Serum liver enzymes, other biochemicals (total protein, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, urea and creatinine), organ weights and histological examination were used to assess the impact on the liver and kidney using standard methods. A significant elevation (p≤0.05) in the activities of serum liver enzymes and bilirubin accompanied by a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the other biochemicals were observed in group 2. Treatment with extracts resulted in a modulation of the induced effects of ZDV causing a significant decrease in the serum liver enzymes, bilirubin and increase in the total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations. Histology of the liver showed altered architecture, blood vessel congestion and necrosis; while the kidneys were hypoplastic with signs of swelling (group 2) which was gradually reverted on treatment with extracts. The study suggests that extracts of AML and FZR may confer some degree of protection to the liver and kidney.
Hypoglycemic effect of gongronema latifolia extracts in ratsAlexander Decker
This study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of water and ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolia leaves in rats. Phytochemical analysis found both extracts contained alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and high levels of polyphenols. Rats treated with various doses of both extracts for 21 days had significantly reduced blood glucose levels compared to controls, in a dose-dependent manner. The polyphenol content may cause insulin-like effects by binding insulin receptors or stimulating insulin release, reducing blood glucose similarly to insulin and justifying G. latifolia's traditional use for treating diabetes.
Antigonadotrophic effect of spondias mombin leaf extract in male wistar ratsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of an aqueous leaf extract of Spondias mombin on male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into three groups: a control group and two experimental groups that received oral doses of 400mg/kg or 800mg/kg of the leaf extract daily for 28 days. After sacrifice, the anterior pituitary glands were examined and serum levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone were measured. The experimental groups showed regression of gonadotropin cells in the anterior pituitary compared to controls. Hormonal assays also revealed significantly lower levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone in the experimental groups. The study concludes that the Spondias mom
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study on the toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extract. The study found:
1) The tolerated dose of the extract in rats was 800mg/kg while the toxic dose was 1600mg/kg, with behavioral and neurological signs observed at toxic doses.
2) The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was calculated to be 2663.92 mg/kg in acute toxicity testing.
3) In a 28-day sub-acute toxicity study, rats administered 800mg/kg of the extract daily showed no changes in body weight, hematological, or biochemical parameters compared to controls.
Histomorphology and biochemical effects of sida acuta leaf extract on the kid...Alexander Decker
The study assessed the effects of ethanolic extract of Sida acuta leaf on the kidney morphology of Wistar rats. Rats were divided into groups that received either 100mg/kg or 200mg/kg of the extract daily for 14 days or served as the control. Histological analysis found compressed renal corpuscles, increased Bowman's space, and constricted collecting tubules in treated rats, which may negatively impact renal function. The extract also significantly decreased body weight in treated rats compared to controls. This suggests that chronic doses of the Sida acuta extract adversely affected the kidney morphology of rats and may impair renal function. Further studies on physiological and biochemical parameters are needed to corroborate these morphological findings.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic and cytoprotective effects of the ethanolic root extract of Salacia nitida on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings of the study include:
1) The ethanolic extract of S. nitida roots showed significant antidiabetic activity, demonstrated by a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose levels and increase in body weight of treated diabetic rats.
2) Histological examination showed the extract helped restore damaged pancreatic and kidney tissues in treated diabetic rats closer to normal.
3) The extract demonstrated significant glucose tolerance effects and may lower blood glucose through mechanisms like stimulating insulin production or protecting pancreatic beta cells.
Effects of Acalypha torta (Muell) Leaf Extract on Histological Indices of the...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Sub chronic toxicity potential of the alcoholic extract of biophytum reinward...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the sub-chronic toxicity potential of the alcoholic extract of Biophytum reinwardtii, a whole plant used ethnobotanically to treat various ailments. Key findings from the study include:
1) The median acute toxicity value (LD50) of the B. reinwardtii extract in mice was determined to be 588.88 mg/kg body weight when administered intraperitoneally.
2) In a 30-day sub-chronic toxicity study in rats, doses of 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg of the extract did not significantly affect food/fluid intake, body weight, organ weights, or liver/hematological
This study investigated the acute oral toxicity of 9 Malaysian medicinal herbs in female Sprague Dawley rats based on OECD testing guidelines. Rats were given single doses of 300 or 2,000 mg/kg of each herb by oral gavage. No deaths or signs of toxicity were observed in any rats during the 14-day observation period. Body weights, food/water intake, and behavior were normal. Gross examination of organs found only slight abnormalities. The study concludes the herbs showed no observable acute toxicity at doses up to 2,000 mg/kg.
Acute and subchronic toxicity of mulberry fruitsEditya Apriliani
This document summarizes a study that investigated the acute and subchronic toxicity of mulberry fruits in rats. In the acute toxicity test, rats were given a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of mulberry fruit extract and observed for 14 days. No signs of toxicity or deaths were observed. In the subchronic toxicity test, rats were given oral doses of 2, 10, or 500 mg/kg/day of mulberry fruit extract for 90 days. Body weights, organ weights, hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were measured. No abnormalities were found except for some changes in BUN and glucose levels that were still within normal ranges. Histopathological examination also found no abnormalities. The results suggest mulberry fruits do not
This study investigated the toxicity and genotoxicity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil in mice after repeated oral intake over 21 days. The researchers found no evidence of toxicity based on measurements of body and organ weights, histological examination of tissues, urinalysis, and clinical biochemistry. Additionally, lemongrass essential oil reduced blood cholesterol levels at the highest dose tested. The comet assay also showed no genotoxic effects. The study concluded that lemongrass intake at the doses used in traditional medicine is safe, and may have beneficial effects in reducing blood cholesterol.
chức năng chống oxy hóa và kháng khuẩn của cây sảCong Tai
This document describes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus) extracts obtained using different solvents. Leaf extracts from C. citratus were tested against various human pathogens using disc diffusion assays and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The results showed that chloroform, methanol, and water extracts of C. citratus exhibited maximum inhibition zones against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris. The extracts also demonstrated antioxidant effects by scavenging DPPH radicals and protecting DNA from oxidative damage. The study suggests that lemongrass plant extracts have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that could offer health benefits.
This study analyzed 31 Thai medicinal plant species commonly used in traditional medicine in northeast Thailand. The plants were grouped into digestive tonic, diarrheal relief, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammation categories based on their traditional uses. The study determined total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, and levels of some phytochemicals for the plants. The results showed variation in these biochemical parameters among the different plant groups. Anti-tussive plants generally had higher total antioxidant activity and phenolic/ascorbic acid levels than diarrheal relief and anti-inflammation plants. Digestive tonic plants exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity.
Toxicity Studies of Aqueous-Methanol Extract of Dennettia tripetala (Pepper f...Scientific Review SR
1) The study evaluated the toxicity of an aqueous-methanol extract of Dennettia tripetala fresh ripe fruits in rats over 14 days.
2) The extract showed no significant effects on liver and kidney function at 100 mg/kg body weight but caused toxicity at higher doses based on changes in biochemical parameters and antioxidant levels.
3) The extract significantly decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes like SOD, GSH, GPx and GST at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, indicating potential oxidative stress, while MDA and CAT were not significantly affected.
Efficacy Studies of Hepatoprotective Drug Isolated from Eclipta prostrata. L.IOSR Journals
In the commercial market, medicinal herbs are used as raw drugs, extracts or tinctures. Isolated
active constituents are used for applied research. Medicinal herbs are significant source of hepatoprotective
drugs, Eclipta prostrata. L. with active principle Wedelolactone is the prime focus. In the present study to derive
hepatoprotective drug, the herb E. prostrata was grown in the Periyar Maniammai College Campus, Vallam
and 1kg of the plant leaves were collected and shade dried. Dried and powdered maetria l of E. prostrata was
extracted with 80% ethanol. The active principle was isolated and identified by chromatographic technique. The
protective effect of E. prostrata on Carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver damage was also studied with male
wistar albino rats (180-230g). The protective effect was also undergone for histological studies.
Effect of ethanol_stem_extract_of_homalium_letestui_on_histological_features_...oyepata
This study investigated the effects of ethanol stem extract of Homalium letestui on kidney damage induced by paracetamol in rats. Rats were pretreated with the stem extract at doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg or silymarin for 8 days before being given paracetamol. Kidney tissues were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin and Bence Jones staining. Paracetamol caused kidney cell damage including degeneration, inflammation, and necrosis. Pretreatment with the stem extract or silymarin reduced this cellular damage in a dose-dependent manner and improved kidney architecture. The extract also positively influenced hematological and biochemical markers altered by paracetamol, indicating its potential
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Fema...YogeshIJTSRD
Celosia argentea is a plant of family Amaranthaceae used as traditional medicine for various diseases. The aim of the study is to evaluate the acute toxicity effect of Celosia argentea leaf extract for 14 days in female albino rats. The aqueous extract of Celosia argentea showed no evidence of single dose toxicity 2000 mg kg when studying acute toxicity on biochemical, hematological or histological parameters. The results showed that .C. argentea does not cause toxicity at the doses studied. M. Sridevi | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi "Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Female Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39811.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/39811/acute-oral-toxicity-study-of-aqueous-leaf-extract-of-celosia-argentea-in-female-albino-rats/m-sridevi
Biochemical and histopathological changes in wistar rats following chronic ad...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of chronic administration of three oral doses (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight) of an ethanol extract of a diherbal mixture of Zanthoxylum leprieurii and Piper guineense on biochemical parameters, liver histology, and testicular histology in male Wistar rats. The study found significant increases in liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) in test groups compared to the control in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological examination revealed distortion of seminiferous tubules and delayed germ cell maturation in testes, as well as micro- to macrovesicular steatosis (fatty change) in livers,
Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Studies of Ethanol Extracts of Annona Muric...Premier Publishers
The study determined the effects of administration of ethanol extracts of Annona muricata leaves (AML) and Fagara zanthoxyloide roots (FZR) on liver and kidney indices in zidovudine (ZDV)-induced Wistar rats. Animals were grouped into five (5); group 1 served as normal control, groups 2-5 were induced with 100g/mlZDV/Kgbw and group 3 treated with 35IU/Kgbw of erythropoietin, group 4 with 4.5g/mlAML/Kgbw and group 5 with 3.8g/mlFZR/Kgbw for six weeks. Serum liver enzymes, other biochemicals (total protein, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, urea and creatinine), organ weights and histological examination were used to assess the impact on the liver and kidney using standard methods. A significant elevation (p≤0.05) in the activities of serum liver enzymes and bilirubin accompanied by a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the other biochemicals were observed in group 2. Treatment with extracts resulted in a modulation of the induced effects of ZDV causing a significant decrease in the serum liver enzymes, bilirubin and increase in the total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations. Histology of the liver showed altered architecture, blood vessel congestion and necrosis; while the kidneys were hypoplastic with signs of swelling (group 2) which was gradually reverted on treatment with extracts. The study suggests that extracts of AML and FZR may confer some degree of protection to the liver and kidney.
Hypoglycemic effect of gongronema latifolia extracts in ratsAlexander Decker
This study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of water and ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolia leaves in rats. Phytochemical analysis found both extracts contained alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and high levels of polyphenols. Rats treated with various doses of both extracts for 21 days had significantly reduced blood glucose levels compared to controls, in a dose-dependent manner. The polyphenol content may cause insulin-like effects by binding insulin receptors or stimulating insulin release, reducing blood glucose similarly to insulin and justifying G. latifolia's traditional use for treating diabetes.
Antigonadotrophic effect of spondias mombin leaf extract in male wistar ratsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of an aqueous leaf extract of Spondias mombin on male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into three groups: a control group and two experimental groups that received oral doses of 400mg/kg or 800mg/kg of the leaf extract daily for 28 days. After sacrifice, the anterior pituitary glands were examined and serum levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone were measured. The experimental groups showed regression of gonadotropin cells in the anterior pituitary compared to controls. Hormonal assays also revealed significantly lower levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone in the experimental groups. The study concludes that the Spondias mom
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study on the toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extract. The study found:
1) The tolerated dose of the extract in rats was 800mg/kg while the toxic dose was 1600mg/kg, with behavioral and neurological signs observed at toxic doses.
2) The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was calculated to be 2663.92 mg/kg in acute toxicity testing.
3) In a 28-day sub-acute toxicity study, rats administered 800mg/kg of the extract daily showed no changes in body weight, hematological, or biochemical parameters compared to controls.
Histomorphology and biochemical effects of sida acuta leaf extract on the kid...Alexander Decker
The study assessed the effects of ethanolic extract of Sida acuta leaf on the kidney morphology of Wistar rats. Rats were divided into groups that received either 100mg/kg or 200mg/kg of the extract daily for 14 days or served as the control. Histological analysis found compressed renal corpuscles, increased Bowman's space, and constricted collecting tubules in treated rats, which may negatively impact renal function. The extract also significantly decreased body weight in treated rats compared to controls. This suggests that chronic doses of the Sida acuta extract adversely affected the kidney morphology of rats and may impair renal function. Further studies on physiological and biochemical parameters are needed to corroborate these morphological findings.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic and cytoprotective effects of the ethanolic root extract of Salacia nitida on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings of the study include:
1) The ethanolic extract of S. nitida roots showed significant antidiabetic activity, demonstrated by a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose levels and increase in body weight of treated diabetic rats.
2) Histological examination showed the extract helped restore damaged pancreatic and kidney tissues in treated diabetic rats closer to normal.
3) The extract demonstrated significant glucose tolerance effects and may lower blood glucose through mechanisms like stimulating insulin production or protecting pancreatic beta cells.
Effects of Acalypha torta (Muell) Leaf Extract on Histological Indices of the...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Sub chronic toxicity potential of the alcoholic extract of biophytum reinward...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the sub-chronic toxicity potential of the alcoholic extract of Biophytum reinwardtii, a whole plant used ethnobotanically to treat various ailments. Key findings from the study include:
1) The median acute toxicity value (LD50) of the B. reinwardtii extract in mice was determined to be 588.88 mg/kg body weight when administered intraperitoneally.
2) In a 30-day sub-chronic toxicity study in rats, doses of 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg of the extract did not significantly affect food/fluid intake, body weight, organ weights, or liver/hematological
This study investigated the acute oral toxicity of 9 Malaysian medicinal herbs in female Sprague Dawley rats based on OECD testing guidelines. Rats were given single doses of 300 or 2,000 mg/kg of each herb by oral gavage. No deaths or signs of toxicity were observed in any rats during the 14-day observation period. Body weights, food/water intake, and behavior were normal. Gross examination of organs found only slight abnormalities. The study concludes the herbs showed no observable acute toxicity at doses up to 2,000 mg/kg.
Acute and subchronic toxicity of mulberry fruitsEditya Apriliani
This document summarizes a study that investigated the acute and subchronic toxicity of mulberry fruits in rats. In the acute toxicity test, rats were given a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of mulberry fruit extract and observed for 14 days. No signs of toxicity or deaths were observed. In the subchronic toxicity test, rats were given oral doses of 2, 10, or 500 mg/kg/day of mulberry fruit extract for 90 days. Body weights, organ weights, hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were measured. No abnormalities were found except for some changes in BUN and glucose levels that were still within normal ranges. Histopathological examination also found no abnormalities. The results suggest mulberry fruits do not
This study investigated the toxicity and genotoxicity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil in mice after repeated oral intake over 21 days. The researchers found no evidence of toxicity based on measurements of body and organ weights, histological examination of tissues, urinalysis, and clinical biochemistry. Additionally, lemongrass essential oil reduced blood cholesterol levels at the highest dose tested. The comet assay also showed no genotoxic effects. The study concluded that lemongrass intake at the doses used in traditional medicine is safe, and may have beneficial effects in reducing blood cholesterol.
chức năng chống oxy hóa và kháng khuẩn của cây sảCong Tai
This document describes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus) extracts obtained using different solvents. Leaf extracts from C. citratus were tested against various human pathogens using disc diffusion assays and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The results showed that chloroform, methanol, and water extracts of C. citratus exhibited maximum inhibition zones against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris. The extracts also demonstrated antioxidant effects by scavenging DPPH radicals and protecting DNA from oxidative damage. The study suggests that lemongrass plant extracts have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that could offer health benefits.
This study analyzed 31 Thai medicinal plant species commonly used in traditional medicine in northeast Thailand. The plants were grouped into digestive tonic, diarrheal relief, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammation categories based on their traditional uses. The study determined total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, and levels of some phytochemicals for the plants. The results showed variation in these biochemical parameters among the different plant groups. Anti-tussive plants generally had higher total antioxidant activity and phenolic/ascorbic acid levels than diarrheal relief and anti-inflammation plants. Digestive tonic plants exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity.
Toxicity Studies of Aqueous-Methanol Extract of Dennettia tripetala (Pepper f...Scientific Review SR
1) The study evaluated the toxicity of an aqueous-methanol extract of Dennettia tripetala fresh ripe fruits in rats over 14 days.
2) The extract showed no significant effects on liver and kidney function at 100 mg/kg body weight but caused toxicity at higher doses based on changes in biochemical parameters and antioxidant levels.
3) The extract significantly decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes like SOD, GSH, GPx and GST at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, indicating potential oxidative stress, while MDA and CAT were not significantly affected.
Toxicity Studies of Aqueous-Methanol Extract of Dennettia tripetala (Pepper f...
Similar to Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kidney Injury in rat OYEPATA SIMEON JOSEPH*1, JUDE E2. OKOKON AND OPEYEMI TOSIN JOSEPH3
Efficacy Studies of Hepatoprotective Drug Isolated from Eclipta prostrata. L.IOSR Journals
In the commercial market, medicinal herbs are used as raw drugs, extracts or tinctures. Isolated
active constituents are used for applied research. Medicinal herbs are significant source of hepatoprotective
drugs, Eclipta prostrata. L. with active principle Wedelolactone is the prime focus. In the present study to derive
hepatoprotective drug, the herb E. prostrata was grown in the Periyar Maniammai College Campus, Vallam
and 1kg of the plant leaves were collected and shade dried. Dried and powdered maetria l of E. prostrata was
extracted with 80% ethanol. The active principle was isolated and identified by chromatographic technique. The
protective effect of E. prostrata on Carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver damage was also studied with male
wistar albino rats (180-230g). The protective effect was also undergone for histological studies.
Effect of ethanol_stem_extract_of_homalium_letestui_on_histological_features_...oyepata
This study investigated the effects of ethanol stem extract of Homalium letestui on kidney damage induced by paracetamol in rats. Rats were pretreated with the stem extract at doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg or silymarin for 8 days before being given paracetamol. Kidney tissues were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin and Bence Jones staining. Paracetamol caused kidney cell damage including degeneration, inflammation, and necrosis. Pretreatment with the stem extract or silymarin reduced this cellular damage in a dose-dependent manner and improved kidney architecture. The extract also positively influenced hematological and biochemical markers altered by paracetamol, indicating its potential
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Investigation on Effects of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Seeds of Datur...semualkaira
This study investigation the effects of methanolic and aqueous
extracts of seeds of Datura metel on liver of Wistar rats. Datura
metel seed is believed to be a medicinal plant widely used in phytomedicine to cure diseases such as asthma, cough, convulsion and
insanity. Various parts of the plant (leaves, seeds, roots and fruits)
are used for different purposes in herbal medicine.
Investigation on Effects of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Seeds of Datur...semualkaira
This study investigation the effects of methanolic and aqueous
extracts of seeds of Datura metel on liver of Wistar rats. Datura
metel seed is believed to be a medicinal plant widely used in phytomedicine to cure diseases such as asthma, cough, convulsion and
insanity. Various parts of the plant (leaves, seeds, roots and fruits)
are used for different purposes in herbal medicine
Investigation on Effects of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Seeds of Datur...semualkaira
This study investigation the effects of methanolic and aqueous
extracts of seeds of Datura metel on liver of Wistar rats. Datura
metel seed is believed to be a medicinal plant widely used in phytomedicine to cure diseases such as asthma, cough, convulsion and
insanity. Various parts of the plant (leaves, seeds, roots and fruits)
are used for different purposes in herbal medicine
Investigation on Effects of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Seeds of Datur...semualkaira
This study investigation the effects of methanolic and aqueous
extracts of seeds of Datura metel on liver of Wistar rats. Datura
metel seed is believed to be a medicinal plant widely used in phytomedicine to cure diseases such as asthma, cough, convulsion and
insanity. Various parts of the plant (leaves, seeds, roots and fruits)
are used for different purposes in herbal medicine. Fifteen male
albino rats were randomly distributed into three groups
Investigation on Effects of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Seeds of Datur...semualkaira
This study investigation the effects of methanolic and aqueous
extracts of seeds of Datura metel on liver of Wistar rats. Datura
metel seed is believed to be a medicinal plant widely used in phytomedicine to cure diseases such as asthma, cough, convulsion and
insanity. Various parts of the plant
Investigation on Effects of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Seeds of Datur...semualkaira
This study investigation the effects of methanolic and aqueous
extracts of seeds of Datura metel on liver of Wistar rats. Datura
metel seed is believed to be a medicinal plant widely used in phytomedicine to cure diseases such as asthma, cough, convulsion and
insanity. Various parts of the plant (leaves, seeds, roots and fruits)
are used for different purposes in herbal medicine
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of bauhinia purpurea linn.pdfgynomark
Present study was carried out to investigate different extracts of Bauhinia purpurea (B.P) for its
hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. Mature leaves of Bauhinia purpurea were
collected, authenticated and was subjected to extraction using different solvents like chloroform, alcohol and
water. Healthy wistar albino rats (150-200g) of male sex were used for the in-vivo investigations. Liver damage
was induced by administration of 30% CCl4 suspended in olive oil (1ml/kg body weight). Activities of liver
marker enzymes, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT),
acid phosphatase (AP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),total albumin(TA), total bilirubin(TB), Total protein(TP),
direct bilirubin (DB) at a dose of aqueous extract of leaves (100 mg/kg) chloroform extract of leaf of B.P
(100mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) and ethanol extract of leaf of B.P (100mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) showed a significant
hepatoprotective effect in comparison with the standard (sylimarin). It is also confirmed by liver
histopathology of treated animals. The present study demonstrated the extracts of B.P have hepatoprotective
effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity.
The present study revealed a significant decrease in
the serum enzyme levels which can be attributed to
hepatoprotection. BP extract was found to decrease
the levels of ALP, ACP significantly and there is a
dose dependent decrease in the elevated SGOT and
SGPT levels of the extracts when compared to CCl4
group.
CCl4 treated Liver showed perivenular necrosis,
steatosis with degree of steatosis being variable
from ballooning degeneration to necrosis. Central
lobular vacuoles, frequently dilated and congested
central veins were seen with dilatation of
surrounding sinusoids, which contradicted to the
observations of standard sylmarin, the aqueous,
chloroform and alcoholic extracts showed a clear
portal tract and central vein with normal lobular
architecture and decreased cell degeneration
indicating the hepatoprotective action of extracts of
B.purpurea. The histopathological studies further
confirmed the above results presented in fig 1-8.
Therefore, from the above study the extracts of
Bauhinia purpurea exhibited potent
hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced liver
toxicity which can be ascribed to its ability to
decrease the oxidative damage.
Biochemical and histological changes associated with methanolic leaf extract ...Open Access Research Paper
This study examined the biochemical and histological changes associated with methanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium in acetaminophen-induced hepatic toxicity in wistar albino rats. The serum liver enzymesALT, AST and ALP decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the test animals treated with 600mg/kg of the leaf extract. Protein concentration increased significantly (p<0.05) in the test animals treated with 600mg/kg of the leaf extract.The effect of the G. latifolium leaf extract seems to be dose dependent on the liver enzymes and protein concentration measured. The results showed that acetaminophen-induced hepatic toxicity in the wistar albino rats as observed in the negative control was reversed with the administration of the leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium (in groups 3, 4 and 5) in the test animals. The histological analysis of the liver showed that the extract had a normalising effect on the effected liver. These results indicate that the leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium exhibits biochemical and histological changes and can be used against some hepatic inflammations.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Whole Plant of Pulicaria W...IOSRJPBS
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for liver injury. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana in wistar rats. The studies were conducted using the two popular inducing agents Paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.) in 1% NaCMC and Carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg). Silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug in the respective models. The effect was estimated by measuring the enzymatic levels and histo- pathological studies. The methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana has shown very significant hepatoprotection against both Paracetamol and CCl4 - induced hepatotoxicity study models in wistar rats. This was evidenced by marked reduction in marker enzymes in serum. Histopathological studies also confirmed the hepatoprotective nature of the extract
Effects of Aqueous and Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Vitex doniana on Lipid Pro...IOSR Journals
The effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Vitex doniana leaves in serum lipid profile and liver enzymes in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were investigated using standard analytical protocols. A total of 35 albino rats divided into seven groups of five rats each comprising one normal untreated group as animal control, one diabetic untreated group as diabetic control, one normal treated with 750mg/kg body weight as reference group, three diabetic groups treated with 250, 500 and 750mg/kg body weight respectively and one diabetic group treated with 5mg/kg Glibenclamide as standard. The result of acute toxicity test obtained indicated lethal dose (LD50) of greater than 5000mg/kg extract. The results showed that induction of diabetes caused significant (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) increase in high density lipoprotein in the reference and diabetic groups when compared to normal and diabetic control groups respectively after oral administration of Vitex doniana leaf extracts. It could therefore be concluded that Vitex doniana leaf extract is safe, medicinal and have anti-lipidemia properties and hepato-protective effects.
The document reports on a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of Stephania abyssinica, a plant used traditionally in Ethiopia to treat liver diseases. Rats were treated with carbon tetrachloride to induce liver damage. Administration of the methanolic extracts of S. abyssinica roots and rhizomes reduced serum markers of liver damage. Fractionation led to the identification of a new alkaloid, 6-(3’-hydroxy-4’-methoxycinnamoyl)stephine, which displayed moderate hepatoprotective activity. The results provide evidence supporting the traditional use of S. abyssinica for liver diseases.
1) The study evaluated the antiulcer activity of an aqueous extract of Brassica oleraceae (cabbage) leaves in laboratory rat models of gastric and duodenal ulcers.
2) Cabbage extract showed dose-dependent protection against ethanol/HCl-induced gastric ulcers and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers compared to control groups. The highest dose of 750 mg/kg provided over 90% protection against indomethacin-induced ulcers.
3) In a cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer model, the lowest dose of 100 mg/kg cabbage extract gave 85% protection, higher than the standard drug omeprazole.
1) A study investigated the vasodilatory and toxic effects of a crude extract of Ruta graveolens (Ruta) on rat aortas and CRL1730 endothelial cells.
2) The Ruta extract generated vasodilation in rat aortas at subtoxic concentrations, partially dependent on the endothelium. It caused a loss of cell viability in CRL1730 cells at high concentrations but did not induce oxidative stress or DNA fragmentation.
3) The results suggest Ruta extract regulates vascular tone through a complex, partially endothelium-dependent mechanism and has vasodilatory activity at subtoxic levels without damaging cell membranes or viability.
Effects of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Aqueous Extract of Delonix Regia on Bl...iosrjce
The effects of Delonix regia extract (d200mg, d300mg, and d400mg), metformin (m8.3mg, m12.5mg
and m16.5mg), pioglitazone (p0.5mg, p0.7mg and p0.9mg) and combined formulation of metformin and extract
(m6.25d150mg) on glycated hemoglobin status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino wistar rats. Diabetic
status of these rats was assessed by estimating fasting blood glucose levels. A total of 150 albino rats were used
for the investigation and were grouped into twelve groups of twelve rats each as follows; Group I: normal
control rats (NCR). Group II: Diabetic control rats (DCR). Group III: Diabetic rats treated with d200mg.
Group IV: Diabetic rats treated with d300mg. Group V: Diabetic rats treated with d400mg. Group VI: Diabetic
rats treated with m8.3mg. Group VII: Diabetic rats treated with m12.5mg. Group VIII: Diabetic rats treated
with m16.5mg. Group IX: Diabetic rats treated with p0.5mg. Group X: Diabetic rats treated with p0.75mg.
Group XI: Diabetic rats treated with p1.0mg. Group XII: Diabetic rats treated with m125d300mg each for male
and female respectively, for a total of 56 days. After every two weeks interval of treatment for eight weeks three
rats from each group were sacrificed and blood sample were collected and analyzed for various parameters.
The result obtained showed an elevated level of glycated hemoglobin in diabetic-induced wistar albino rats
compared with normal control rats. However, there was reversal of the effects when treated with the
drug/extract. Also there was reduction in the blood glucose level of the diabetic rats treated with metformin
(from 6.37±0.69 to 5.20±0.62mmol/l), pioglitazone (from 7.30±0.21mmol/l to 4.70±0.46), aqueous extract of
Delonixregia (from 8.20±0.81mmol/l to 6.10±0.60) and combined formulation of metformin and extract (from
7.81±0.34 to 4.80±0.17), at p<0.05 confidence level when compared with diabetic control rats in the various
weeks of treatment respectively
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This research paper evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn stem. The stem was extracted with methanol and subjected to phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of flavonoids, phytosterols, alkaloids and proteins. An acute toxicity study found the extract was safe up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Hepatoprotective activity was evaluated against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Biochemical parameters (SGPT, SGOT, ALP, bilirubin) were assessed. The methanol extract reduced these serum levels and exhibited dose-dependent hepatoprotective activity comparable to the standard drug silymarin. Phytoc
Similar to Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kidney Injury in rat OYEPATA SIMEON JOSEPH*1, JUDE E2. OKOKON AND OPEYEMI TOSIN JOSEPH3 (20)
This document provides a history of pharmacy through brief summaries of 24 key developments:
1) It begins with the earliest origins of pharmacy from prehistoric times when early humans first used plants and natural remedies.
2) It then discusses the earliest known records of organized pharmacy practice in ancient Babylonia around 2600 BC where medical practitioners served as priests, pharmacists, and physicians.
3) Chinese pharmacy is traced back to the emperor Shen Nung around 2000 BC who was credited with identifying medicinal properties of hundreds of herbs.
4) Major pharmaceutical records included the Papyrus Ebers from ancient Egypt around 1500 BC which described 700 medicinal drugs.
The document traces the evolution of pharmacy as a
history of pharmacy in nigeria for nigerians-200430142820.pdfoyepata
This document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy in Nigeria. Some key points:
- Pharmacy practice was introduced to Nigeria in the late 19th century through European missionaries. The first pharmacy shop was opened in 1887 in Lagos.
- Early pharmacy training involved apprenticeships under physicians to learn dispensing. The first school of pharmacy was established in 1925 in Lagos to formalize training.
- Pharmacy education has expanded over the decades with additional schools, a shift to degree programs, and curriculum changes to reflect evolving pharmacy roles.
- The profession has grown to include various practice settings like hospitals, retail pharmacies, manufacturing, research, teaching and more. Several important pione
The earth: A Lost Planet from another Universeoyepata
This article proposes the theory that Earth originated from another universe and is a stranger in our current universe. It suggests Earth's unique composition and ability to support life, unlike any other known planets, is evidence that it formed under different conditions in its original universe. The article speculates that an imbalance of forces in Earth's parent universe caused it to explode, scattering fragments like Earth that were captured by other universes like our own. It concludes that exploring explanations for Earth's origin could provide insight into why life and the planet are so uniquely suited to support intelligent life.
Assessing Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on African Countries: A Comparativ...oyepata
The document compares the impact of COVID-19 across different African countries and to the United States. Data from 55 randomly selected countries based on cases was analyzed against US data. Results show that with the exception of South Africa, African countries have been less affected by the virus overall with fewer total cases, higher recovery rates, and fewer deaths compared to indexes from the US and other continents. This difference may be due to factors like a more robust immune response in Africa.
The dynmics of covid 19 in africa compare to the rest of the worldoyepata
1. The document analyzes data from 187 countries to compare the impact of COVID-19 on African countries versus other parts of the world.
2. It finds that with the exception of South Africa, African countries appear to be least affected by the virus in terms of total cases and mortality rates.
3. The lower impact in Africa may be due to factors like a more robust immune response, though more research is needed to understand the reasons.
Stages of drug development by Dr Joseph Oyepata Simeon (Ph.D)oyepata
The document outlines the stages of drug development from discovery through clinical trials and FDA approval. It discusses 4 main stages: 1) Discovery and preclinical research involving animal testing, 2) Clinical research consisting of 4 phases starting with small safety trials and increasing in size, 3) Filing an Investigational New Drug Application with the FDA to begin clinical trials, and 4) Final FDA review and potential approval or denial to market the drug. Only about 25-30% of drugs make it through the entire process, which can take 10-15 years and costs over $2 billion on average.
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE BY DR. JOSEPH OYEPATA SIMEONoyepata
1. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes two major types: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
2. Crohn's disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract and often extends deep into tissues. Ulcerative colitis only involves the colon and rectum in the innermost lining.
3. The causes of IBD are unknown but involve genetic, immune, environmental, and bacterial factors. Both conditions involve severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
Effect of ethanol_leaf_extract_of_cassia_angustifolia_extract_on_liver_of_wis...oyepata
1) The document reports on a study that investigated the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Cassia angustifolia on the liver of Wister rats.
2) Male and female rats were divided into four groups, with one group receiving distilled water and the other three groups receiving 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg of the Cassia angustifolia extract orally for 28 days.
3) The results showed some changes in hematological parameters like decreases in red blood cells and hemoglobin at the 50 mg/kg dose. Liver enzymes were also affected at some doses. Histological analysis found some liver changes at higher doses.
Effect of parkia biglobosa extract on open skin wound with joseph simeon oyepataoyepata
Effect of Parkia biglobosa extract on open skin wound
healing in dexamethasone- induced hyperglycaemia
and histological assessment in rats
Modupe Iretiola Builders1*, Oyepata Simeon Joseph1 and Akpobome Raymond Vhriterhire2
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin induced simeonoyepata
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced
kidney Injury in rat
OYEPATA SIMEON JOSEPH*1, JUDE E2. OKOKON AND OPEYEMI TOSIN JOSEPH
EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERMITTENT PREVENTIVE TREATMENT IN PREGNANCY WITH SULPHADO...oyepata
EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERMITTENT PREVENTIVE TREATMENT IN PREGNANCY WITH
SULPHADOXINE-PYRIMETHAMINE AGAINST MALARIA IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
Builder MI*1, Anzaku SA2 and Joseph SO1
Investigating Chemical Chaperones that can improve the stability of Lysozymes...oyepata
Investigating Chemical Chaperones that can improve the stability of Lysozymes
under high thermal temperature.
Sabastine Aliyu Zubairu1, Joseph Oyepata Simeon2, Isaac Ralph Elon1, Mahdi
Mohammed1, Sunday Blessing
EFFECT OF CITRUS LIMON JUICE AND TAMOXIFEN ON THE OXIDATIVE STRESS ACTIVITIES...oyepata
EFFECT OF CITRUS LIMON JUICE AND TAMOXIFEN ON THE
OXIDATIVE STRESS ACTIVITIES OF MCF-7 CELL INDUCED
BREAST CANCER IN SPRAWGUE DAWLEY RATS. JOSEPH OYEPATA SIMEON
Quantification of Antinociceptive and Antiinflammatory Potentials of Differen...oyepata
Quantification of Antinociceptive and Antiinflammatory Potentials of Different Ocimum
gratissimum Linn. Leaf Extracts in Male Whistar
Albino Rats
J. S. Aprioku1*, O. S. Joseph2 and A. W. Obianime
EFFECT OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Cassia angustifolia EXTRACT ON HEART AND LI...oyepata
The document describes a study that investigated the effects of ethanol leaf extract of Cassia angustifolia on the heart and lipid profile of Wistar rats. Some key findings from the study include:
- Administration of the Cassia angustifolia extract for 28 days caused a significant decrease in red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, and platelet count in treated rats compared to the control group.
- The extract did not significantly affect white blood cell differentials such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes.
- Treatment resulted in a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level but did not significantly change other lipid parameters like low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and trigly
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kid...oyepata
1) The study investigated the potential protective effects of the ethanol stem extract of Homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kidney injury in rats.
2) Rats were treated with various doses of the H. letestui extract along with gentamicin, and kidney function was assessed by measuring serum biomarkers and histopathology.
3) The results showed that the H. letestui extract significantly reduced serum levels of urea and creatinine in a dose-dependent manner compared to gentamicin alone, indicating a protective effect on the kidneys.
History of pharmacy in nigeria for nigeriansoyepata
This document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy in Nigeria. Some key points:
- Pharmacy in Nigeria has a long history, though early practices were largely undocumented. Traditional healers used plants and other natural remedies. Formal pharmacy practice was introduced by Europeans in the late 19th century.
- The first pharmacy shop in Nigeria was opened in 1887 in Lagos by Richard Zaccheus Bailey. Early training involved apprenticeships, with the first school of pharmacy opening in 1925 in Lagos.
- Pharmacy education has expanded and advanced over time. Degrees have transitioned from diplomas to BPharm and beyond. Regulations and standards have also increased over the decades.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kidney Injury in rat OYEPATA SIMEON JOSEPH*1, JUDE E2. OKOKON AND OPEYEMI TOSIN JOSEPH3
1. Advanced Herbal Medicine, 2018; 4(2):51-64
51
herbmed.skums.ac.ir
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced
kidney Injury in rat
OYEPATA SIMEON JOSEPH*
1
, JUDE E
2
. OKOKON AND OPEYEMI TOSIN JOSEPH
3
1
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gombe University of Uyo, Uyo,
Nigeria.
2
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
3
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences,University of Port Harcort, Rivers
State, Nigeria.
Received: 30/ September/2017 Accepted: 21/ January/2018
ABSTRACT
Background and aims: The kidney is a very vital organ that is responsible for regular
elimination of unwanted substances from the body. It is frequently exposed to conditions that
expose it to damage. There are not enough drugs in the market to protect or treat the kidney
against these deleterious conditions. Homalium letestui has been used in traditional medicine as
an antidote. This study aims to investigate the nephroprotective activity of ethanol stem extract
of Homalium lestetui against gentamicin-induced rat’s kidney injury.
Methods: Thirty-six (36) adult male albino rats were used for this study. Animals in group I
served as the control with normal saline, group II received gentamicin (100 mg/kg), group III
received Silymarin (100 mg/kg), while group IV, V and VI where administered 250, 500 and
750 mg/kg of ethanol stem extract of Homalium letestui along with gentamicin 100 mg/kg for 8
days. The nephroprotective effect of the extract was evaluated by the assay of kidney function
parameters such as serum urea, creatinine, electrolytes (K+, Na+, Cl- and HCO-3) and
histopathological examination of the kidney.
Results: Homalium letestui caused significant p≤ 0.05 dose-dependent reduction in the level of
serum urea, creatinine, and electrolytes in rat’s kidney when compared to the control. The
chemical pathological changes were consistent with histopathological observations suggesting
marked the nephroprotective effect of the stem extract of H. letestui.
Conclusion: The result of the study suggests that the plant has kidney protective ability which
supports its traditional use as an antidote
Keywords: Homalium letestui, nephroprotective, rats
Originalarticle
2. Effect of homalium letestui extract on kidney injury
52
INTRODUCTION
The kidney consists of a pair
bean-shaped organs that serve several
essential regulatory roles in vertebrate
animals1
. They remove excess organic
molecules (e.g. glucose) and it is by this
action that their best-known function is
performed: the removal of waste
products of metabolism1
. They are
essential in the urinary system and also
serve homeostatic functions such as the
regulation of electrolytes, maintenance
of acid-base balance, and regulation of
blood pressure (via maintaining salt and
water balance). They serve the body as
a natural filter of the blood and remove
water-soluble wastes, which are
diverted to the urinary bladder. In
producing urine, the kidneys excrete
wastes such as urea and ammonium,
and they are also responsible for the
reabsorption of water, glucose, and
amino acids2
. The kidneys also produce
hormones including calcitriol,
erythropoietin, and the enzyme renin,
the latter of which indirectly acts on the
kidney in negative feedback1
. The
kidney participates in whole-body
homeostasis, regulating acid-base
balance, electrolyte concentrations,
extracellular fluid volume, and blood
pressure3
. Nephrotoxins are chemicals
displaying nephrotoxicity. The
nephrotoxic effect of most drugs is
more profound in patients already
suffering from renal impairment. Some
drugs may affect renal function in more
than one way4
.
Homalium letestui Pellegr
(Flacourtiaceae) is a tree with a long
straight, slender bole attaining about 27
m height, occasionally up to 33 m, and
to 1 m girths. It is locally known by the
Ibibio’s as Otong idim, akpurukwu by
the Igbos and abo àkó by the Yoruba
people of Nigeria. Bark sap is applied
as enema and bark pulp rubbed in to
treat oedema. Bark decoctions are taken
in mixtures to treat orchitis and as a
tonic for women after childbirth. Root
extracts are administered to treat
malaria. The tree is decorative with its
showy flowers, fruits, and reddish
young leaves, and is sometimes planted
as ornamental5
. In Ivory Coast sap from
the bark is used in enemas for the
treatment of generalized oedemas while
lees from the bark are rubbed over the
area6
. In Gabon, a bark-decoction with
other drug-plants is taken by draught for
orchitis, and bark-scrapings enter a
prescription given to a newly-delivered
3. Advanced Herbal Medicine, 2018; 4(2): 51-64
53
woman .The Yoruba of Nigeria calls on
the plant in an incantation against
small-pox, while the bark, finely ground
to a powder, is blown by Liberian
witchdoctors into a dragon’s lair to
stupefy it before slaying it7
.
Several research work has been
done on pharmacological activities of
the plant parts. These include antiulcer8
,
antidiarrheal8
antiplasmodial9
,
antidiabetic10
, anti-inflammatory and
analgesic11
, cellular antioxidant,
anticancer, and antileishmanial11
,
depressant and anticonvulsant12
antibacterial13
and in vitro antioxidant
activity against DPPH13
. The aim of this
study is to investigate the
nephroprotective ability of ethanol stem
extract of Homalium letestui on
gentamicin-induced kidney rat’s injury.
METHODS
Plants collection
Homalium letestui (stem) was collected
from a forest in Uruan area, Akwa Ibom
State, Nigeria. It was identified and
authenticated by Dr. Margaret Bassey of
Department of Botany and Ecological
Studies, University of Uyo, Uyo,
Nigeria. Herbarium specimen (FPUU
382) was deposited at Department of
Pharmacognosy and Natural Medicine
Herbarium.
Extraction
The stem was washed and dried under
shed for two weeks. The dried plant
material was cut into smaller pieces and
grounded to powder. The powdered
material was macerated in 70% ethanol.
The liquid filtrate was evaporated to
dryness in vacuum 40C using rotary
evaporator. The ethanol extract was
stored at -4O
C until used.
Animals
Adult male albino rats were obtained
from the University of Uyo animal
house. They were maintained on
standard animal pellets and water ad
libitum. Permission and approval for
animal studies were obtained from the
College of Health Sciences Animal
Ethics committee, University of Uyo.
Animal treatment
36 rats were weighed and divided into
six groups with 6 animals per group.
Treatment was as follows: Group 1
consisted of normal animals that were
administered with normal saline (10
ml/kg) for eight days, Group 2, the
received gentamicin 100 mg/kg for
eight days. Group 3 served as the
4. Effect of homalium letestui extract on kidney injury
54
standard group and rats in this group
were administered 100 mg/kg body
weight of silymarin orally for 8 days,
while groups 4, 5 and 6 were
administered p.o with gentamicin 100
mg/kg concomitantly with 250, 500 and
750 mg/kg of H. letestui stem extract
respectively daily for 8 days. On the 8th
day, animals were weighed again and
sacrificed under light diethyl ether
vapor.
Determination of the protective effect
of the extract on biochemical
parameters and histology of kidney of
rats
The various serum samples collected
after treatment of the animals were
analyzed according to standard methods
for the effect of the extract on various
biochemical parameters of rats such as
urea, creatinine as well as some ions
like sodium, potassium, and chloride.
This analysis was done at Department
of Chemical Pathology, University of
Uyo Teaching Hospital, (UUTH), Uyo
using various diagnostic kits like
Randox Laboratory kits, Dialab
diagnostic kits, HUMAN diagnostic kits
and TECO analytical kits. The kidneys
of the animals fixed in 10%
formaldehyde were processed, sectioned
and stained with Haematoxylin and
eosin (H&E) according to standard
procedures at Department of Chemical
Pathology, University of Uyo Teaching
Hospital, Uyo.
Kidney Function Test
The following biochemical parameters
were assayed as markers of kidney
function using diagnostic kits; Level of
Figure 1: Effect of H. letestui level of serum urea
Figure 2: Effect of H. letestui on level of creatinine
5. Advanced Herbal Medicine, 2018; 4(2): 51-64
55
electrolytes (Na+
, K+
, Cl-
, and HCO3
-
),
creatinine and blood urea. The above
parameters were determined at the
Chemical Pathology Department of
University of Uyo Teaching Hospital.
Statistical Analysis and Data
Evaluation
Data obtained from this study were
analyzed statistically using Student's t-
test and ANOVA (One - way) followed
by a post test (Tukey-Kramer multiple
comparison tests). Differences between
means were considered significant at
5%, 1% and 0.1% level of significance
i.e P ≤ 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001.
RESULTS
Effect of Treatment with Ethanol
Stem Extract of Homalium letestui on
the Blood Hematological parameters,
in rats with Gentamicin-induced
hepatotoxicity
Gentamicin treatment did not affect
RBC, Hb, and WBC levels of rats
treated with it. However, neutrophils
percentage was significantly (p<0.05–
0.01) reduced by gentamicin treatment.
Lymphocytes, eosinophils and
monocytes percentages of various
groups were significantly (p< 0.01 –
0.001) increased when compared to
normal control. Platelets count which
was significantly (p< 0.05) reduced by
gentamicin treatment was significantly
elevated following treatment with the
stem extract and silymarin (Table 1).
Nephroprotective Effect of Homalium
letestui Stem Extract Against
Gentamicin-Induced Kidney Injury.
Pretreatment of rats with the stem
extract of H. lestestui (250 – 750 mg/kg
BW) prior to treatment with gentamicin
was found to protect the animals from
kidney injuries. Serum creatinine and
serum urea levels were found to be
significantly (p<0.05 – 0.001) elevated
in rats treated only with gentamicin
when compared to normal control;
whereas treatment with the stem extract
significantly (p<0.05-0.001) lowered
their levels in the treated animals dose-
dependently. The reductions in the
levels of serum creatinine and urea were
significantly (p<0.01 - 0.001) dose-
dependent. Silymarin (a reference drug)
also caused significant (p< 0.01 –
0.001) reductions in the levels of serum
creatinine and urea compared to the
control. However, the level sodium ion
significantly (p<0.005 – 0.001)
6. Effect of homalium letestui extract on kidney injury
56
Figure 3: Histological sections of Kidneys of rats treated with Homalium letestui 250 mg/kg bw and
Gentamicin (4), Homalium letestui 500 mg/kg bw and Gentamicin 100 mg/kg bw (5) and Homalium
letestui 750 mg/kg bw and Gentamicin 100 mg/kg bw (6) at magnification A (x100) and B(x400) stained
with H&E Technique.
Keys: Renal corpuscle (RC) Convoluted tubules (CT), Tubular necrosis (TN), Tubular degeneration
(TD), Collecting ducts (CD), Degenerating collecting duct (DCT), Epithelial lining (ELD),
Cellular proliferation (Cp), Inflammation (I) and Pyknotic nucleus (Pn)
1A
RC
CD
RC
SEL
N
PCT
DCT
CD
GL
1B
RC
2A
TD
DCT
Pn
ELD
CD
CD
2B
I
RC
CD
3A
CD
Pn
DCT
GI
PC
3B
7. Advanced Herbal Medicine, 2018; 4(2): 51-64
57
increased following gentamicin
treatment when compared to normal
control (Table 2). These increases were
reversed significantly (p< 0.01) and
dose-dependently by pretreatment with
the stem extract.
DISCUSSION
Gentamicin is a nephrotoxin
because a small but sizable proportion
of the administered dose is usually
retained in the epithelial cells of the
proximal tubules after glomerular
filtration14
. This induces noticeable and
characteristic changes in lysosomes of
proximal tubular cells consistent with
the accumulation of polar lipids
(myeloid bodies). These changes are
preceded and accompanied by signs of
tubular dysfunctions or alterations
(release of brush-border and lysosomal
enzymes; decreased reabsorption of
filtered proteins; wasting of K+
, Mg2+
,
Ca2+
, and glucose; phospholipidduria;
and cast excretion15
. Gentamicin also
induces oxidative stress through
induction of reactive oxygen species
such as free radical, superoxide,
hydroxyl radical anion and hydrogen
peroxide16
. When ROS are generated as
a consequence to tissue injury induced
by gentamicin, there is an attack on
different cell components such as DNA,
RNA, proteins, lipids and enzymes
leading to many degenerative processes
in the renal cells manifested as
glomerular disease, renal ischemia,
perfusion injury and eventually acute
renal failure16
. The effect of ROS in the
body is usually suppressed by
antioxidant enzyme systems.
Gentamicin-induced kidney injury is
presented by an increase in serum levels
of creatinine, urea, uric acid as well as
severe proximal renal tubular necrosis
followed by renal failure17
. Total
leukocyte count was increased in
gentamicin-treated animals. Blood
indices RBC, PCV, WBC and Hb did
not vary significantly. Gentamicin
caused an increase in the level of
monocytes, basophils, eosinophils and
lymphocyte which appears to be
reversed in the groups pretreated with
the extract. Gentamicin also caused a
decrease in the platelet count, an effect
that was improved by the plant extract.
The effect of the extract on the platelet
level of the rats appeared to be biphasic,
that is, the effect was optimal at a
8. Effect of homalium letestui extract on kidney injury
58
Figure 4: Histological sections of Kidneys of rats treated with Homalium letestui 250 mg/kg bw and
Gentamicin (4), Homalium letestui 500 mg/kg bw and Gentamicin 100 mg/kg bw (5) and
Homalium letestui 750 mg/kg bw and Gentamicin 100 mg/kg bw (6) at magnification A
(x100) and B(x400) stained with H&E Technique.
Keys: Renal corpuscle (RC) Convoluted tubules (CT), Tubular necrosis (TN), Tubular degeneration
(TD), Collecting ducts (CD), Degenerating collecting duct (DCT), Epithelial lining (ELD),
Cellular proliferation (Cp), Inflammation (I) and Pyknotic nucleus (Pn)
RC
4A
TD
DCT
PCT
CD
Pn
I
Pn
4B
TD
PCT
DCT
I
ELD
CD
5B
RC
CD
5A
RC
C
6A TD
PCT
Pn
DCT
CD
Cp
6B
9. Advanced Herbal Medicine, 2018; 4(2): 51-64
59
Particular dose beyond which the
effect apparently reversed. This may be
due to the chemical components of the
plant or partial agonist effect.
Increase in the level of serum
creatinine is indicative of glomerular
filtration rate reduction which is often
associated with increases in serum urea
and uric acid as was seen in the study.
The administration of stem extract
of Homalium letestui produced
prominent decreases in serum levels of
creatinine and urea-induced by
gentamicin. Also, the stem extract
pretreatment significantly (p< 0.01 –
0.001) and dose-dependently reduced
the elevated levels of some ions like
sodium, potassium and chloride which
were increased following gentamicin
treatment when compared to normal
control. The suppression of gentamicin-
induced nephrotoxicity by the extract
may have resulted from the antioxidant
and free radical scavenging potentials of
the extract. Histopathological
examination agrees with biochemical
result suggesting that the plant has
nephroprotective activity. The extract
significantly and dose-dependently
protected the basement membrane of
kidney with intact membrane
architecture at the high dose
administered. This effect may be due to
the antioxidant activity of the plant
extract. Literature has shown that
medicinal plants with nephroprotective
properties mediate their protection via
antioxidant and/or free radical
scavenging activities due to the high
concentration of flavonoids, phenol and
other active compouds18
. This is in
agreement with the findings of this
study. It has been reported that the plant
has antioxidant constituent13,19
. The
phenolic and flavonoid component may
be responsible for this effect.
Flavonoids, tannins, and phenols have
been reported to exert profound in vitro
and in vivo stabilizing effect on the
lysosomes of experimental animals20
.
Plant flavonoids which show
antioxidant activity in vitro also
function as antioxidants in vivo21
.
Phenolic compounds function as high-
level antioxidants because they possess
the ability to absorb and neutralize free
radicals as well as quench reactive
oxygen species. Again, a strong
relationship between the total phenolic
content and antioxidant activity in
10. Effect of homalium letestui extract on kidney injury
60
fruits, vegetables, grain products, and
plant subjects of ethnopharmacological
treatments has also been reported22
. The
nephroprotective activity of this extract
maybe through the antioxidant activity
of the plant as reported by Ita and
Ngochindo13
and Okokon, Joseph and
Emem19
.
CONCLUSIONS
The results from biochemical
parameters and the histological study
show that the plant possesses chemical
constituent that has a nephroprotective
activity which justifies its use
traditionally as an antidote.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
All authors disclose any financial
and personal relationships with other
people or organizations and the authors
declare that there are not any potential
conflicts of interest.
REFERENCES
1. Cotran RS, Kumar V, Fausto N,
Nelson F, Robbins SL, Abbas,
AK. Robbins and Cotran
Pathologic Basis of Disease (7th
ed.). St. Louis, M. O. Elsevier
Saunders. 2005; p. 878.
2. Glodny B, Unterholzner V and
Taferner B. Normal Kidney Size
and its Influencing Factors - a
64-slice MDCT study of
Asymptomatic Patients.
Biomedical Centre of Urology,
2009; 9, 19 - 25.
3. Stephen JJ, Inderbir SG,
Raymond R. Operative Urology
at the Cleveland Clinic. Andrew
C. Novick, Inderbir S. Gill, Eric
A. Klein, Jonathan H. Ross
(Eds.). Totowa, N. J. Humana
Press, 2006; pp 501- 511.
4. Kishore BK, Gejyo F, Arakawa,
M. Malondialdehyde: a Putative
Uremic Toxin. Journal of
Medical Science, 1983; 11, 750–
751.
5. Bolza E, Keating WG. African
Timbers: The Properties, Uses
and Characteristics of 700
species. Division of Building
Research, CSIRO, Melbourne,
Australia. 1972; 710 pp.
6. Bouquet A, Debray M.
Medicinal Plant of the Ivory
Coast. Trav Doc Orstom, 1974;
32. Pp 441.
7. Verger PF. Awon ewe Osanyin
Yoruba. Medicinal Leaves,
University of Ife. 1976; 3, (3):
1238-1241.
11. Advanced Herbal Medicine, 2018; 4(2): 51-64
61
8. Okokon JE, Nwafor PA.
Antiulcer and Anticonvulsant
Activities of Croton zambesicus.
Pakistan Journal of
Pharmacological Sciences;
2015. 4, 384-390.
9. Okokon JE, Ita B, Udokpoh AE.
Antiplasmodial Activity of
Homalium letestui.
Phytotherapy Research, 2016;
20, 949–951.
10. Okokon JE, Antia BS, Ita BN.
Antidiabetic Effects of
Homalium letestui
(Flacourtiaceae) in
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic
Rats. Research Journal of
Medicinal Plants, 2007; 1, 134–
138.
11. Okokon JE, Okokon PJ, Dar
Farooq A, Choudhary MI. Anti-
inflammatory and
Antinociceptive Activities of
Homalium letestui.
Pharmaceutical Biology. 2013;
1459-66.
12. Okokon JE, Davies K.
Psychopharmacological Studies
of Mammea africana Stem Bark
Extract. The Journal of
Phytopharmacology, 2014; 3,
204–213.
13. Ita B, Ngochindo R. Fatty Acid
Composition, Antioxidant and
Antimicrobial Activity of
Homalium letestui Stem.
Australian Journal of Basic and
Applied Sciences, 2014; 8, 416-
422.
14. Li YH, Sun XP, Zhang YQ,
Wang NS. The Antithrombotic
Effect of Borneol related to Its
Anticoagulant Property.
American Journal of Chinese
Medicine, 2008; 36(4): 719-722.
15. De Broe ME, Paulus GJ,
Verpooten GA, Roels F,
Buyssens N, Wedeen R,
Tulkens, PM. Early Effects of
Gentamicin, Tobramycin and
Amikacin on the Human
Kidney. Journal of
Physiological Pharmacology,
1984; 25, 643–652.
16. Yanagidaa C, Itoak KI, Horiea
T. Effect of Cimetidine on
Gentamicin-Losartan Induced -
Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Journals
of Chemical and Biological
interaction. 2004; 148(3):139-
147.
12. Effect of homalium letestui extract on kidney injury
62
17. Laskshmi BVS, Sudhakar M.
The Protective Effect of Taurine
Against Gentamicin-Induced
Acute Tubular Necrosis in Rats.
Nephrology and Dialysis
Transplant, 2010; 15, 1175-
1182.
18. Adeneye AA, Benebo AS.
Protective Effect of the Aqueous
Leaf and Seed Extract of
Phyllanthus amarus on
Gentamicin and
Acetaminophen-induced
Nephrotoxic Rats. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 2008; 118,
318–323.
19. Okokon JE, Joseph OS, Emem
EU. Nephroprotective activity of
Homalium Letestui stem extract
against paracetamol induced
kidney injury. Journal of
Experimental and Integrative
Medicine. 2016; 6, 38 - 43.
20. Oyedapo OO. Biological
activity of Phyllanthus armarus
extract on Pragrow-Dawley rats.
Nigerian Journal of
Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology. 2001; 26:202–226.
21. Sadique J, Al-Raqobah WA,
Bugharith ME, El-Gindy AR.
The Bioactivity of Certain
Medicinal Plants on the
Stabilization of RBC Membrane
System. Fitoterapia. 1989;
60:525–532.
22. Dorman HJ, Kosar M, Karlos K,
Holm Y, Hittuner R.
Antioxidant Properties and
Composition of Aqueous
Extracts from Menthaspecies,
Hybrids, Varieties and
Cultivars. Journal of Agriculture
Food and Chemistry, 2003; 51,
4563–4569.
13. Advanced Herbal Medicine, 2018; 4(2): 51-64
63
Table 1: Effect of ethanol stem extract of Homalium letestui on the hematological parameters of rats with Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.
Parameters
Treatment
Dose (mg/kg)
RBC
(X
1012
/l)
PCV
(%)
Hb
(g/dl)
WBC
(X 109
/l)
Neutrophils.
(%)
Lymphocy
tes
(%)
Monocyte
s
(%)
Eosinophils
(%)
Basophils
(%)
Platelet
(%)
Normal control 4.660.12 48.660.9
5
16.080.4
1
13.630.5
4
61.14.80 35.55.63 2.500.76 0.830.40 0.100.01 134.021.03
GENT +Dist.
Water
4.930.12 51.161.5
1
17.50.70 14.350.5
0
54.166.01a
38.05.44 5.161.57
c
2.660.66a
0.120.01 120.517.46a
Silymarin
100mg/kg +
GENT
4.810.2
0
53.332.8
8
17.760.8
3
12.930.2
6
49.505.05
b,
45.06.05
a
4.831.35
b
1.660.01d
0.010.01
f
178.016.11
cf
HL. 250mg/kg +
GENT
3.980.52 49.331.6
0
16.150.5
5
13.180.2
8
46.05.82 b
46.666.6a
5.001.56
c
3.660.76bd
0.010.01
f
150.724.67cf
HL. 500mg/kg+
GENT
5.350.21 57.51.70 19.110.5
7
13.400.3
7
56.837.51
a
41.165.0
8a
4.01.03 b
2.160.79a
0.000.00
f
180.1617.78
cf
HL. 750mg/kg+
GENT
4.780.1
8
52.832.4
8
17.360.3
5
15.250.1
9
56.664.83
a
35.55.09 6.160.89
c
1.160.60d
0.010.01
f
150.016.70
cf
Data were expressed as mean SEM. significant at ap< 0.05, bp< 0.01, cp< 0.001 when compared to control. dp< 0.05, ep< 0.01, fp<
0.001 when compared to Gentamicin . n = 6
14. 64
Table 2: Effect of ethanol stem extract of Homalium letestui on some kidney function parameters of gentamicin –induced kidney injury in rat
Parameters/
Treatment
Na+
(mmol/l)
K+
(mmol/l)
Cl-
(mmol/l)
HCO-
3
(mmol/l)
UREA
(mmol/l)
Creatinine
(mmol/l)
Normal control 65.06±3.59 6.77±0.36 66.58±0.93 15.38±0.75 4.78±0.42 45.33±6.48
GENT +Dist. Water 85.53±1.75b
8.08±0.29 72.23±2.98 18.35±0.59 7.86±1.38c
66.83 ±2.30b
Silymarin 100 mg/kg
+ GENT
66.00±2.24 e
6.36±0.33e
62.05±2.91 e
18.06±0.39 6.01±0.68d
62.50±2.31b
HL. 250 mg/kg +GENT 66.063.52 e
6.370.21e
61.712.16 e
17.26±0.45 6.83±0.39e
60.83±2.31a
HL. 500 mg/kg+ GENT 68.36 3.45 d
6.110.25f
61.58±3.82 e
17.36±0.38 6.33±0.35e
54.16±5.19d
HL. 750 mg/kg+GENT 73.85 1.58 5.750.15f
58.01±1.85 f
17.16±0.23 6.13±0.38e
56.83±1.83f
Data were expressed as mean SEM. significant at ap< 0.05, bp< 0.01, cp< 0.001 when compared to control.
dp< 0.05, ep< 0.01, fp< 0.001 when compared to gentamicin group . n = 6