Avoiding Maladaptation
This module provides a more detailed look at the issue of maladaptation and includes the following:
The links and conflicts between mitigation and adaptation
Adaptation and sustainable development
How to identify and avoid maladaptation
The potential for mal-mitigation
Evaluating adaptation strategies- Barriers to adaptation - Training for Adap...Vestlandsforsking WRNI
Barriers to Climate Specific Adaptation
This module provides a typology of barriers, and suggests a method to assess barriers and thus, ideally, avoid such barriers.
Online Training Resource for Climate Adaptation: Evaluation Techniques- Avoid...Deborah Davies
Avoiding Maladaptation
This module provides a more detailed look at the issue of maladaptation and includes the following:
The links and conflicts between mitigation and adaptation
Adaptation and sustainable development
How to identify and avoid maladaptation
The potential for mal-mitigation
Implementing adaptation - Identifying means - training for adaptationVestlandsforsking WRNI
Identifying Possible Means for Adaptation
This module provides a general overview of the different categories of climate change adaptation measures and includes the following:
Typology of Adaptation
Preparing for Adaptation
Active Measures
Developing adaptation strategies background training for adaptationVestlandsforsking WRNI
Identifying the Main Climate Change Adaptation Strategies
This module provides an general overview of the main strategies for climate change adaptation and includes more detailed definitions of
-adaptation
-vulnerability
-resilience
-exposure and sensitivity
Speaker: John Labadie
Emergency managers will have to deal with the impending, possibly extreme, and uncertain
effects of climate change. Yet, many emergency managers are not aware of the full range of
possible climate change effects, and they are unsure of their place in the effort to plan for, adapt
to, and cope with those effects. This may partly reflect emergency mangers‟ reluctance to get
caught up in the rancorous – and politically-charged – debate about climate change, but it mostly
is due to the worldview shared by most emergency managers. We focus on: extreme events;
acute vs. chronic hazards (floods vs. droughts); a shorter event horizon (5 years vs. 75-100
years); and a shorter planning and operational cycle. This presentation explores the important
intersection of emergency management, environmental management, and climate change
mitigation and adaptation. It examines the different definitions of terms common to all three
fields, the overlapping strategies used in all three fields, and the best means of collaboration and
mutual re-enforcement among the three to confront and solve the many possible futures that we
may face in the climate change world. Emergency managers must take a seat at the table and
involve themselves in all aspects of planning for and dealing with effects of climate change.
Evaluating adaptation strategies- Barriers to adaptation - Training for Adap...Vestlandsforsking WRNI
Barriers to Climate Specific Adaptation
This module provides a typology of barriers, and suggests a method to assess barriers and thus, ideally, avoid such barriers.
Online Training Resource for Climate Adaptation: Evaluation Techniques- Avoid...Deborah Davies
Avoiding Maladaptation
This module provides a more detailed look at the issue of maladaptation and includes the following:
The links and conflicts between mitigation and adaptation
Adaptation and sustainable development
How to identify and avoid maladaptation
The potential for mal-mitigation
Implementing adaptation - Identifying means - training for adaptationVestlandsforsking WRNI
Identifying Possible Means for Adaptation
This module provides a general overview of the different categories of climate change adaptation measures and includes the following:
Typology of Adaptation
Preparing for Adaptation
Active Measures
Developing adaptation strategies background training for adaptationVestlandsforsking WRNI
Identifying the Main Climate Change Adaptation Strategies
This module provides an general overview of the main strategies for climate change adaptation and includes more detailed definitions of
-adaptation
-vulnerability
-resilience
-exposure and sensitivity
Speaker: John Labadie
Emergency managers will have to deal with the impending, possibly extreme, and uncertain
effects of climate change. Yet, many emergency managers are not aware of the full range of
possible climate change effects, and they are unsure of their place in the effort to plan for, adapt
to, and cope with those effects. This may partly reflect emergency mangers‟ reluctance to get
caught up in the rancorous – and politically-charged – debate about climate change, but it mostly
is due to the worldview shared by most emergency managers. We focus on: extreme events;
acute vs. chronic hazards (floods vs. droughts); a shorter event horizon (5 years vs. 75-100
years); and a shorter planning and operational cycle. This presentation explores the important
intersection of emergency management, environmental management, and climate change
mitigation and adaptation. It examines the different definitions of terms common to all three
fields, the overlapping strategies used in all three fields, and the best means of collaboration and
mutual re-enforcement among the three to confront and solve the many possible futures that we
may face in the climate change world. Emergency managers must take a seat at the table and
involve themselves in all aspects of planning for and dealing with effects of climate change.
Online Training Resource for Climate Adaptation: Adaptation Strategies - Whic...Deborah Davies
Identifying the Main Climate Change Adaptation Strategies
This module provides an general overview of the main strategies for climate change adaptation and includes more detailed definitions of
-adaptation
-vulnerability
-resilience
-exposure and sensitivity
This presentation created and addressed by Anil Markandya (BC3) in the intensive three day course from the BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change and UPV/EHU (University of the Basque Country) on Climate Change in the Uda Ikastaroak Framework.
The objective of the BC3 Summer School is to offer an updated and multidisciplinary view of the ongoing trends in climate change research. The BC3 Summer School is organized in collaboration with the University of the Basque Country and is a high quality and excellent summer course gathering leading experts in the field and students from top universities and research centres worldwide.
Critically evaluate the armed force strategic Mitigation and adaptation to cl...Jahangir Alam
Climate change is real, serious, and inescapable, and its looming effects, certain and uncertain, may prove to be destabilizing on a massive scale. Stemming the tide of climate change and adapting to its far-reaching security implications must therefore rank among the most vital strategic priorities this century.
A presentation about Community-Based Adaptation to Climate Change in Southern Africa. Presented during the SADC Climate Change Course for Trans-frontier Conservation Areas in 2014.
A presentation on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, with particular relevance to Africa and Trans-frontier Conservation Areas within Southern Africa
Climate Change Adaptation with respect to Disaster Risk Reduction (Major cl...Jahangir Alam
Climate change is a natural process related to the endogenic, exogenic and astronomical process of the universe.
Climate Change is a human-induced process related to GHG emission.
Analysing climate vulnerability- Online training resource for adaptationVestlandsforsking WRNI
Different Forms of Vulnerability
This module provides a description of the different forms of vulnerability and will cover the following:
Vulnerability to today`s climate and vulnerability to tomorrows climate.
What is meant by natural, socio-economic, and institutional vulnerability
How these different kinds of vulnerabilities interact
Additional vulnerability perspectives
Evaluating strategies - Monitoring and evaluation - training for adaptationVestlandsforsking WRNI
Evaluating Strategies and Measures
This module provides an introduction to evaluating adaptation strategies and measures and covers the following:
The value of monitoring and evaluation processes
How to critically evaluate adaptation actions
Online Training Resource for Climate Adaptation: Adaptation Strategies - Whic...Deborah Davies
Identifying the Main Climate Change Adaptation Strategies
This module provides an general overview of the main strategies for climate change adaptation and includes more detailed definitions of
-adaptation
-vulnerability
-resilience
-exposure and sensitivity
This presentation created and addressed by Anil Markandya (BC3) in the intensive three day course from the BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change and UPV/EHU (University of the Basque Country) on Climate Change in the Uda Ikastaroak Framework.
The objective of the BC3 Summer School is to offer an updated and multidisciplinary view of the ongoing trends in climate change research. The BC3 Summer School is organized in collaboration with the University of the Basque Country and is a high quality and excellent summer course gathering leading experts in the field and students from top universities and research centres worldwide.
Critically evaluate the armed force strategic Mitigation and adaptation to cl...Jahangir Alam
Climate change is real, serious, and inescapable, and its looming effects, certain and uncertain, may prove to be destabilizing on a massive scale. Stemming the tide of climate change and adapting to its far-reaching security implications must therefore rank among the most vital strategic priorities this century.
A presentation about Community-Based Adaptation to Climate Change in Southern Africa. Presented during the SADC Climate Change Course for Trans-frontier Conservation Areas in 2014.
A presentation on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, with particular relevance to Africa and Trans-frontier Conservation Areas within Southern Africa
Climate Change Adaptation with respect to Disaster Risk Reduction (Major cl...Jahangir Alam
Climate change is a natural process related to the endogenic, exogenic and astronomical process of the universe.
Climate Change is a human-induced process related to GHG emission.
Analysing climate vulnerability- Online training resource for adaptationVestlandsforsking WRNI
Different Forms of Vulnerability
This module provides a description of the different forms of vulnerability and will cover the following:
Vulnerability to today`s climate and vulnerability to tomorrows climate.
What is meant by natural, socio-economic, and institutional vulnerability
How these different kinds of vulnerabilities interact
Additional vulnerability perspectives
Evaluating strategies - Monitoring and evaluation - training for adaptationVestlandsforsking WRNI
Evaluating Strategies and Measures
This module provides an introduction to evaluating adaptation strategies and measures and covers the following:
The value of monitoring and evaluation processes
How to critically evaluate adaptation actions
Process Stage 1 Analysing Climate Vulnerability: Combining
Combining Vulnerabilities to Assess Local Vulnerability
This module explores how to combine the three sets of vulnerabilities, natural, socio-economic and institutional into a matrix of !total vulnerability" and apply this locally.
Developing adaptation strategies- Uncertainty- training for adaptationVestlandsforsking WRNI
Handling the Issue of Uncertainty
This module provides a more in depth look at the issues of uncertainty and covers the following:
How uncertainties affect vulnerability assessments
The categories of uncertainty?
How to conduct local uncertainty analysis
Prosessfase 4 Evaluere strategier og tiltak: Å evaluere teknikker
Evaluating Strategies and Measures
This module provides an introduction to evaluating adaptation strategies and measures and covers the following:
• •
The value of monitoring and evaluation processes How to critically evaluate adaptation actions
Socio-Economic Climate Vulnerability
This module provides a breakdown of socio-economic vulnerabilities and the methods for analysing them and will cover the following:
Utilising existing methodologies
Generating socio-economic data
Adaptation-mitigation synergies in forest and agricultural landscapesCIFOR-ICRAF
Find out how Landscape management is highly relevant to both adaptation and mitigation, which synergies in that landscape management exist and what we should take from that.
How can we make stormwater education more effective?Neil Dufty
Education has been viewed by many organisations as an important non-structural stormwater management tool with considerable investment made to support it.
Stormwater education activities have included media campaigns, signage, stormwater drain stenciling and industry training courses. They aim to change the behaviour of sectors of the community whose activities are thought to impact on stormwater quality (and quantity) and the health of waterways.
Yet, have these stormwater education programs been effective in changing behaviour and achieve water quality improvements? According to research, the answer is ‘in some cases’. However, there is certainly a formula for effective stormwater education - this is developed in this paper.
This is a presentation of the state of play of Climate Adaptation Marker Quality Review, created by Valérie Gaveau from the OECD DCD Secretariat, presented at the DAC 15th ENVIRONET Workshop on Climate Finance in Paris. For more information, please contact Stephanie Ockenden (stephanie.ockenden@oecd.org).
Online Training Resource for Climate Adaptation: IntroductionDeborah Davies
Introduction to the online, interactive training resource developed by the Western Norway Research Institute (WRNI)/ Vestlandsforsking.
The slide show includes a brief on the modules covered in the training resource.
The goal of the training resource is to promote a holistic approach to climate change adaptation and enhance awareness of available planning tools and processes that will promote the development of sustainable adaptation measures.
We use the word sustainable over successful, because many projects can achieve short term success, but lasting viability is essential for communities to cope with current and long-term impacts of a changing climate.
Building Capacity by Building Bridges: Lessons from Developing the Dublin Reg...Sabrina Dekker
Poster Presentation from the IPCC Cities and Climate Change Science Conference in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada of the ongoing work of the Dublin Region's local authorities (Dublin City Council, Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council, Fingal County Council, South Dublin County Council)
Selecting the Right Strategy
This module outlines the principles for prioritising between different adaptation measures in particular
-Cost-effectiveness
-Precautionary principle
It concludes with a list of recommended criteria for selecting the right strategy
Prosessfase 3 Sette i gang tilpasningstiltak gjennomføre tilpasningstiltakVestlandsforsking WRNI
Prosessfase 3 Sette i gang tilpasningstiltak: Gjennomføre tilpasningstiltak
Gjennomføre tilpasningstiltak
Denne seksjonen skisserer hvordan å iverksette tiltak og innlemme handlinger i eksisterende prosjekter og strategier.
Process Stage 1 Analysing Climate Vulnerability: Institutional
Institutional Climate Vulnerability
This module outlines how institutional capacity affects vulnerability to climate change and will cover how to identify and address weaknesses in institutional capacity in order to reduce vulnerability.
Prosessfase 4 Evaluere strategier og tiltak, barrierene mot klimaendringeneVestlandsforsking WRNI
Prosessfase 4
Evaluere strategier og tiltak: Barrierene mot klimaendringene
Barrierene mot klimaendringene
Denne seksjonen inneholder en typologi for barrierer og foreslår en metode for å vurdere mulige barrierer og dermed danne grunnlag for å unngå disse.
Prosessfase 4 Evaluere strategier og tiltak: Unngå maladaptasjon
Unngå maladaptasjon
Denne seksjonen gir et mer detaljert syn på spørsmålet om maladaptasjon og omfatter følgende:
• • • •
Koblingene og konfliktene mellom utslippsreduksjon og tilpasning Tilpasning og bærekraftig utvikling Hvordan identifisere og unngå maladaptasjon Potensialet for malmitigation
Prosessfase 3 Sette i gang tilpasningstiltak identifisere midler for tilpas...Vestlandsforsking WRNI
Prosessfase 3 Sette i gang tilpasningstiltak: Identifisere midler for tilpasning
Identifisere mulige midler for tilpasning
Denne seksjonen gir en generell oversikt over de ulike kategoriene av klimaendringstilpasningstiltak og omfatter følgende:
• • •
Typologi for tilpasning Forberedelser for tilpasning Aktive tiltak
Prosessfase 2 Utvikle tilpasningsstrategier: Håndtering av farer
Håndtering av farer
Denne seksjonen diskuterer de tre viktigeste risikometodene:
• • •
risikosøkende “beste skudd” risikoforebygger
Prosessfase 2 Utvikle tilpasningsstrategier spørsmålet om usikkerhet Vestlandsforsking WRNI
Prosessfase 2 Utvikle tilpasningsstrategier: Spørsmålet om usikkerhet
Håndtering av spørsmålet om usikkerhet
Denne seksjonen gir et mer grundig syn på problemer og usikkerheter, og dekker følgende:
• • •
Hvordan påvirker usikkerheter sårbarhetsvurderinger? Hva er usikkerhetskategoriene? Hvordan utføre en lokal usikkerhetsanalyse?
Prinsipper for prioritering av miljøpolitiske midler
Eksempelprinsipper som brukes ofte
-Beste tilgjengelige teknologien -Forurenseren-betaler-prinsippet -Kostnadseffektivitet -Styringseffektivitet -Forsiktighetsprinsippet -Bærekraftig utvikling
Men hvilke av disse prinsippene kan og bør bli brukt innenfor klimatilpasningsområde?
Prosessfase 2 Utvikle tilpasningsstrategier: Innledning
Identifisere de viktigste klimatilpasningsstrategiene
Denne seksjonen gir en generell oversikt over de viktigste klimatilpasningsstrategiene, og omfatter mer detaljerte definisjoner -adaptation -vulnerability
-resilience -exposure and sensitivity
Prosessfase 3 Sette i gang tilpasningstiltak gjennomføre tilpasningstiltakVestlandsforsking WRNI
Prosessfase 3 Sette i gang tilpasningstiltak: Gjennomføre tilpasningstiltak
Gjennomføre tilpasningstiltak
Denne seksjonen skisserer hvordan å iverksette tiltak og innlemme handlinger i eksisterende prosjekter og strategier.
Prosessfase 1 Analysere klimasårbarhet: Samfunnsøkonomisk klimasårbarhet
Samfunnsøkonomisk klimasårbarhet
Denne seksjonen gir en oversikt over samfunnsøkonomisk sårbarhet og metoder for å analysere dem, og vil dekke følgende:
Nyttiggjøre eksisterende metodelærer
Utvikle samfunnsøkonomiske data
Prosessfase 1 Analysere klimasårbarhet: Institusjonell klimasårbarhet
Institusjonell klimasårbarhet
Denne seksjonen skisserer hvordan institusjonell kapasitet påvirker sårbarhet mot klimaendringer. Seksjonen dekker hvordan du kan identifisere og løse svakheter i institusjonell kapasitet for å redusere sårbarheten.
Prosessfase 1 Analysere klimasårbarhet: Naturlig klimasårbarhet
Naturlig klimasårbarhet
Denne seksjonen tar opp naturlig klimasårbarhet og dekker følgende:
• • • •
Hvordan identifisere mulige konsekvenser av klimaendringene på naturlige farer. Hvordan identifisere mulige konsekvenser av klimaendringene på det innebygde miljøet. Hvordan identifisere mulige konsekvenser av klimaendringene på økosystemtjenester og naturlige miljø. Den vil også utforske hvordan å identifisere økende virkninger av klimaendringene på det naturlige miljøet.
Prosessfase 1 Analysere klimasårbarhet: Dagens klima
Vurdere sårbarheten til dagens klima
Denne seksjonen tar for seg følgende:
• Betydningen av å vurdere sårbarhetene til dagens klima. • Hvordan identifisere gjeldende tilpasningsunderskudd
Prosessfase 1 Analysere klimasårbarhet: Tolke klimadata
Denne seksjonen gir en innledning til klimadata og hvordan bruke det effektivt. Følgende dekkes: • Hvordan regionaliserte klimadata er produserte. • Hvordan forstå og tolke regionaliserte klimadata. • Hvordan identifisere og kommunisere usikkerheter.
Prosessfase 1 Analysere klimasårbarhet - ulike former for sårbarhetVestlandsforsking WRNI
Prosessfase 1 Analysere klimasårbarhet: Ulike former for sårbarhet
Ulike former for sårbarhet
• Denne seksjonen gir en beskrivelse av de ulike formene for sårbarhet og dekker følgende: • Sårbarhet i dagens og morgendagens klima • Hva er ment med naturlig, samfunnsøkonomisk og institusjonell sårbarhet? • Hvordan samhandler disse typene sårbarhet?
Brukermedvirkning
En bruker/interessent (”stakeholder”, heretter kalt bruker) er noen med en egeninteresse i en bestemt handling, en avgjørelse eller et utfall. De kan være enkeltpersoner eller samfunns- eller sektorrepresentanter.
Brukermedvirkning er prosessen der brukere er involverte og brakt sammen for å diskutere og lede innsatser mot et bestemt utfall, og prosessen og arten av oppdraget er svært mye bestemt av prosjektets mål.
Enkle, ukontroversielle prosjekter trenger kanskje bare et faktaark og kortfattet brukermedvirkning sammenlignet med mer omstridte eller langsiktige prosjekter som kanskje trenger mer investering i tid og et samarbeid som krever mer omfattende brukermedvirkning.
På denne bakgrunnen kan vi tegne en ”involveringsstige”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Process Stage 4
Evaluating Adaptation: Avoiding Maladaptation
Avoiding Maladaptation
This module provides a more detailed look at the issue of maladaptation and includes the following:
• The links and conflicts between mitigation and adaptation
• Adaptation and sustainable development
• How to identify and avoid maladaptation
• The potential for mal-mitigation
Climate Adaptation
D.Davies 2012
Online Training Resource
3. Process Stage 4
Evaluating Adaptation: Avoiding Maladaptation
Defining Maladaptation
Attempts to define and find measures of successful adaptation imply that adaptation can be
unsuccessful…given the spatial and temporal complexity of climate change problems and responses,
it is likely that actions that are judged by one group to be successful adaptations will be judged by
groups in other places and times as being unsuccessful.
Yet unsuccessful adaptation need not mean that adaptation has significantly increased vulnerability—
it may simply mean an action did not work. There is, however, the possibility that adaptation actions
do positively increase the vulnerability of other groups and sectors in the future. Such outcomes have
been referred to as ‘maladptations’.
Barnett, J., & O'Neill, S. (2010). Environmental Management. Environmental Management, 20(2), 211-213.
Climate Adaptation
D.Davies 2012
Online Training Resource
4. Process Stage 4
Evaluating Adaptation: Avoiding Maladaptation
Defining Maladaptation
Maladaptation occurs when adaptation measures do not increase resilience/ adaptive capacity
or reduce vulnerability.
Barnet and O’Neill identify five pathways to maladaptation (2010) - these occur in any adaptation
project that involves one or more of the following:
1)Increased greenhouse gas emissions- thus conflicting with mitigation measures
2)Disproportionately burden the most vulnerable
3)High opportunity costs
4)Reduced incentives to adapt
5)Set paths that limit the choices available to future generations -
Barnett, J., & O'Neill, S. (2010). Environmental Management. Environmental Management, 20(2), 211-213.
Maladaptations can also be defined as those actions which are:
• inappropriate, not proportionate or cost-ineffective solutions;
• environmentally unsustainable;
• in conflict with other long term policy objectives.
Climate Adaptation
D.Davies 2012
Online Training Resource
5. Process Stage 4
Evaluating Adaptation: Avoiding Maladaptation
Maladaptation
The following case study example has been taken from Jon Barnett’s analysis of a new pipeline
and desalinisation plant in Melbourne, Australia. Developed in response to record low rainfall in
the region, Barnett considers the project in terms of it’s potential pathways to mal-adaptation,
and reveals the following:
Potential increase in greenhouse emissions
Barnett, J. (May 20, 2011). The Limits to Adaptation and
Maladaptation [Adaptation Masterclass]. Retrieved from CAKE:
http://www.cakex.org/virtual-library/limits-adaptation-and-
maladaptation
Climate Adaptation
D.Davies 2012
Online Training Resource
6. Process Stage 4
Evaluating Adaptation: Avoiding Maladaptation
Maladaptation
Potentially reduced incentives to adapt
Potentially reduced options for future adaptation
Barnett, J. (May 20, 2011). The Limits to Adaptation and
Maladaptation [Adaptation Masterclass]. Retrieved from CAKE:
http://www.cakex.org/virtual-library/limits-adaptation-and-
maladaptation
Climate Adaptation
D.Davies 2012
Online Training Resource
7. Process Stage 4
Evaluating Adaptation: Avoiding Maladaptation
Links and Conflicts Between Mitigation and Adaptation
The level of climate-change impacts, is determined by both adaptation and mitigation efforts (Smith
et al., 2001). However, only recently have policy-makers expressed an interest in exploring inter-
relationships between adaptation and mitigation. Recognising the dual need for adaptation and
mitigation, as well as the need to explore trade-offs and synergies between the two responses, we
are faced with an array of questions:
• How much adaptation and mitigation would be optimal, when, and in which combination?
• Who would decide, and based on what criteria?
• Are adaptation and mitigation substitutes or are they complementary to one another?
• When and where is it best to invest in adaptation, and when and where in mitigation?
• What is the potential for creating synergies between the two responses?
• How do their costs and effectiveness vary over time?
• How do the two responses affect, and how are they affected by, development pathways?
These questions led the IPCC to include a chapter on the inter-relationships between adaptation and
mitigation in its Fourth Assessment Report (AR4).
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch18s18-1-1.html
Climate Adaptation
D.Davies 2012
Online Training Resource
8. Process Stage 4
Evaluating Adaptation: Avoiding Maladaptation
Climate Change 2007: Working Group II: Impacts,
Adaptation and Vulnerability
A schematic overview of inter-relationships between
adaptation, mitigation and impacts
based on Holdridge’s life-zone classification scheme (Holdridge,
1947, 1967; M.L. Parry, personal communication)
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch18s18-1-1.html
Climate Adaptation
D.Davies 2012
Online Training Resource
9. Process Stage 4
Evaluating Adaptation: Avoiding Maladaptation
Links and Conflicts Between Mitigation and Adaptation
Although the research on adaptation
and mitigation has been rather
unconnected to date, it is clear that
both the responses are equally
important and can help reduce the risks
of climate change to natural and human
systems.
For example, mitigation will have global
benefits, whereas adaptation benefits
are from local to regional in scale.
However, adaptation benefits can be
immediately visible as compared to
mitigation, where the effects may not be
noticeable until around the middle of
the 21st century.
Climate Adaptation
D.Davies 2012
Online Training Resource
10. Process Stage 4
Evaluating Adaptation: Avoiding Maladaptation
Links and Conflicts Between Mitigation and Adaptation
Adaptation alone cannot eliminate climate-related
risks completely.
Even with all the possible protective measures, climate
change will impose additional economic, social, and
ecological costs.
In addition to adaptation measures taken privately and
publicly, global communities should cooperate with
mitigating greenhouse gases through an efficient and
effective policy tool.
Climate Adaptation
D.Davies 2012
Online Training Resource
11. Process Stage 4
Evaluating Adaptation: Avoiding Maladaptation
Avoiding Maladaptation
To avoid maladaptation both climatic and socio-
economic factors of vulnerabilities have to be
considered when developing policy responses.
When planning adaptation measures, consider if it
may lead to one of the following
-An increase in greenhouse-gas emissions
-An increased pressure on biodiversity
-An increase in other climate related vulnerabilities
If so, reconsider the measure.
Climate Adaptation
D.Davies 2012
Online Training Resource
12. Process Stage 4
Evaluating Adaptation: Avoiding Maladaptation
Linkages between adaptation and mitigation, in the context of
sustainable development
Example Mal-adaptations
Source: Cohen, S. and Waddell, M., 2009. Climate Change in the 21st Century:
McGill Queens University Press, Montreal.
Climate Adaptation
C. Aall & D.Davies 2012
Online Training Resource
13. Process Stage 4
Evaluating Adaptation: Avoiding Maladaptation
Interconnection between climate change and biodiversity
Climate change affects biodiversity and…
Changes in biodiversity affects climate change
• Conserving and sustainably managing biodiversity
is critical to addressing climate change
• Adaptation strategies that reduce the resilience of
biodiversity to climate change are maladaptations.
Climate Adaptation
C. Aall & D.Davies 2012
Online Training Resource
14. Process Stage 4
Evaluating Adaptation: Avoiding Maladaptation
No-regret and co-benefit measures
No-regret measures:-Adaptation measures that can
be justified under all plausible future scenarios.
• Adaptation measures that produce other benefits.
• Adaptation measures that are flexible
Example:
Measures that address both climate change and
biodiversity loss and ecosystem service degradation
in an integrated manner and achieve mutually
supportive outcomes.
Climate Adaptation
C. Aall & D.Davies 2012
Online Training Resource
15. Process Stage 4
Evaluating Adaptation: Avoiding Maladaptation
Final key points
• To avoid maladaptation both climatic and socio-
economic factors of vulnerabilities have to be
considered when developing policy responses.
• When planning adaptation measures, consider if it
may lead to one of the following
-An increase in greenhouse-gas emissions
-An increased pressure on biodiversity
-An increase in other climate related vulnerabilities
• If so, reconsider the measure.
Climate Adaptation
C. Aall & D.Davies 2012
Online Training Resource