Identifying the Main Climate Change Adaptation Strategies
This module provides an general overview of the main strategies for climate change adaptation and includes more detailed definitions of
-adaptation
-vulnerability
-resilience
-exposure and sensitivity
Online Training Resource for Climate Adaptation: Adaptation Strategies - Whic...Deborah Davies
Identifying the Main Climate Change Adaptation Strategies
This module provides an general overview of the main strategies for climate change adaptation and includes more detailed definitions of
-adaptation
-vulnerability
-resilience
-exposure and sensitivity
Evaluating adaptation - Avoiding maladaptation- training for adaptationVestlandsforsking WRNI
Avoiding Maladaptation
This module provides a more detailed look at the issue of maladaptation and includes the following:
The links and conflicts between mitigation and adaptation
Adaptation and sustainable development
How to identify and avoid maladaptation
The potential for mal-mitigation
Evaluating adaptation strategies- Barriers to adaptation - Training for Adap...Vestlandsforsking WRNI
Barriers to Climate Specific Adaptation
This module provides a typology of barriers, and suggests a method to assess barriers and thus, ideally, avoid such barriers.
Leadership and Urban Sustainability, Irina Safitri Zen, UTMESD UNU-IAS
The 2016 ProSPER.Net Leadership Programme was held in Labuan Island and Beaufort, Sabah, Malaysia. The Programme included workshops, plenary sessions, and fieldwork around the topics of local sustainable development challenges in the region. The main goals of the Programme were to identify local leadership opportunities for sustainable development and to link local and national sustainable development projects to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Paris Climate Treaty, and the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction.
Critically evaluate the armed force strategic Mitigation and adaptation to cl...Jahangir Alam
Climate change is real, serious, and inescapable, and its looming effects, certain and uncertain, may prove to be destabilizing on a massive scale. Stemming the tide of climate change and adapting to its far-reaching security implications must therefore rank among the most vital strategic priorities this century.
Online Training Resource for Climate Adaptation: Adaptation Strategies - Whic...Deborah Davies
Identifying the Main Climate Change Adaptation Strategies
This module provides an general overview of the main strategies for climate change adaptation and includes more detailed definitions of
-adaptation
-vulnerability
-resilience
-exposure and sensitivity
Evaluating adaptation - Avoiding maladaptation- training for adaptationVestlandsforsking WRNI
Avoiding Maladaptation
This module provides a more detailed look at the issue of maladaptation and includes the following:
The links and conflicts between mitigation and adaptation
Adaptation and sustainable development
How to identify and avoid maladaptation
The potential for mal-mitigation
Evaluating adaptation strategies- Barriers to adaptation - Training for Adap...Vestlandsforsking WRNI
Barriers to Climate Specific Adaptation
This module provides a typology of barriers, and suggests a method to assess barriers and thus, ideally, avoid such barriers.
Leadership and Urban Sustainability, Irina Safitri Zen, UTMESD UNU-IAS
The 2016 ProSPER.Net Leadership Programme was held in Labuan Island and Beaufort, Sabah, Malaysia. The Programme included workshops, plenary sessions, and fieldwork around the topics of local sustainable development challenges in the region. The main goals of the Programme were to identify local leadership opportunities for sustainable development and to link local and national sustainable development projects to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Paris Climate Treaty, and the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction.
Critically evaluate the armed force strategic Mitigation and adaptation to cl...Jahangir Alam
Climate change is real, serious, and inescapable, and its looming effects, certain and uncertain, may prove to be destabilizing on a massive scale. Stemming the tide of climate change and adapting to its far-reaching security implications must therefore rank among the most vital strategic priorities this century.
IPCC Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and VulnerabilityLisa Winter
This is the report submitted by Working Group II entitled "Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability." This report is leading up to the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report which will be released this fall.
Climate Change Adaptation with respect to Disaster Risk Reduction (Major cl...Jahangir Alam
Climate change is a natural process related to the endogenic, exogenic and astronomical process of the universe.
Climate Change is a human-induced process related to GHG emission.
CORE Group Fall Meeting 2010. Climate Change and Food Security: Implications for Sustaining Community Health. - Ilona Varallyay, Jennifer Yourkavitch, and Eric Sarriot, CEDARS
The document analysis the concepts of vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity and how useful can they be to study small states. It also discuss alliances as possible strategies for small states to survive and participate in the international system.
Implementing adaptation - Identifying means - training for adaptationVestlandsforsking WRNI
Identifying Possible Means for Adaptation
This module provides a general overview of the different categories of climate change adaptation measures and includes the following:
Typology of Adaptation
Preparing for Adaptation
Active Measures
Speaker: John Labadie
Emergency managers will have to deal with the impending, possibly extreme, and uncertain
effects of climate change. Yet, many emergency managers are not aware of the full range of
possible climate change effects, and they are unsure of their place in the effort to plan for, adapt
to, and cope with those effects. This may partly reflect emergency mangers‟ reluctance to get
caught up in the rancorous – and politically-charged – debate about climate change, but it mostly
is due to the worldview shared by most emergency managers. We focus on: extreme events;
acute vs. chronic hazards (floods vs. droughts); a shorter event horizon (5 years vs. 75-100
years); and a shorter planning and operational cycle. This presentation explores the important
intersection of emergency management, environmental management, and climate change
mitigation and adaptation. It examines the different definitions of terms common to all three
fields, the overlapping strategies used in all three fields, and the best means of collaboration and
mutual re-enforcement among the three to confront and solve the many possible futures that we
may face in the climate change world. Emergency managers must take a seat at the table and
involve themselves in all aspects of planning for and dealing with effects of climate change.
IPCC Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and VulnerabilityLisa Winter
This is the report submitted by Working Group II entitled "Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability." This report is leading up to the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report which will be released this fall.
Climate Change Adaptation with respect to Disaster Risk Reduction (Major cl...Jahangir Alam
Climate change is a natural process related to the endogenic, exogenic and astronomical process of the universe.
Climate Change is a human-induced process related to GHG emission.
CORE Group Fall Meeting 2010. Climate Change and Food Security: Implications for Sustaining Community Health. - Ilona Varallyay, Jennifer Yourkavitch, and Eric Sarriot, CEDARS
The document analysis the concepts of vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity and how useful can they be to study small states. It also discuss alliances as possible strategies for small states to survive and participate in the international system.
Implementing adaptation - Identifying means - training for adaptationVestlandsforsking WRNI
Identifying Possible Means for Adaptation
This module provides a general overview of the different categories of climate change adaptation measures and includes the following:
Typology of Adaptation
Preparing for Adaptation
Active Measures
Speaker: John Labadie
Emergency managers will have to deal with the impending, possibly extreme, and uncertain
effects of climate change. Yet, many emergency managers are not aware of the full range of
possible climate change effects, and they are unsure of their place in the effort to plan for, adapt
to, and cope with those effects. This may partly reflect emergency mangers‟ reluctance to get
caught up in the rancorous – and politically-charged – debate about climate change, but it mostly
is due to the worldview shared by most emergency managers. We focus on: extreme events;
acute vs. chronic hazards (floods vs. droughts); a shorter event horizon (5 years vs. 75-100
years); and a shorter planning and operational cycle. This presentation explores the important
intersection of emergency management, environmental management, and climate change
mitigation and adaptation. It examines the different definitions of terms common to all three
fields, the overlapping strategies used in all three fields, and the best means of collaboration and
mutual re-enforcement among the three to confront and solve the many possible futures that we
may face in the climate change world. Emergency managers must take a seat at the table and
involve themselves in all aspects of planning for and dealing with effects of climate change.
Socio-Economic Climate Vulnerability
This module provides a breakdown of socio-economic vulnerabilities and the methods for analysing them and will cover the following:
Utilising existing methodologies
Generating socio-economic data
Methodological Framework for AssessingVulnerability to Climate Change by IPCCHILLFORT
IPCC Climate vulnerability Assessment procedure. The presentation was a part of College Assignment. I am thankful to ITPI journal where I got the topic for the same. The reference is:
Methodological Frameworks for Assessing Vulnerability to Climate Change. Written by Rekha S Nair and Dr. Alka Bharat.
Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 8 - 1, 01 - 15, January - March 2011
Basis for an effective climate change adaptation: Case small Mexican agricultureIJERA Editor
Mexico is considered one of the world's most vulnerable countries to climate change effects. Its geographical location and climatic, orographic and hydrological conditions contribute considerably to this situation. The objective of this paper is to propose a guide for stakeholders in the selection and efficient design of adaptation measures to face climate change, taking into account constraints on resources availability (financial, technological, human, and others), which force the search of criteria to capitalize actions. The paper consists of four sections: Initially, conceptual and legal framework is present, regarding the issue of climate change, its impact on sectors in Mexico, the identification of the necessity and adaptation capacity and the importance of the interrelation between water, energy and food production. Next, principles for effective adaptation are studied. In the third section, it is discussed through a case study, the efficiency of adaptation policies in small agriculture in Mexico. Final section presents some recommendations and conclusions. It is concluded that adaptation projects proposals should be concrete and clearly address the problem, considering a feasibility analysis. Also, that climate change threatens the stability and productivity of the agricultural sector, which forces society to protect it by progressing to climate-smart production systems in order to strengthen food security.
I attempt to provide approaches and empirical evidence on the vulnerability of human populations and livestock systems; this will improve livelihood resilience by quantification of the temporal and spatial impact of climate risk for spread infectious diseases that are climate sensitive
Selecting the Right Strategy
This module outlines the principles for prioritising between different adaptation measures in particular
-Cost-effectiveness
-Precautionary principle
It concludes with a list of recommended criteria for selecting the right strategy
Prosessfase 3 Sette i gang tilpasningstiltak gjennomføre tilpasningstiltakVestlandsforsking WRNI
Prosessfase 3 Sette i gang tilpasningstiltak: Gjennomføre tilpasningstiltak
Gjennomføre tilpasningstiltak
Denne seksjonen skisserer hvordan å iverksette tiltak og innlemme handlinger i eksisterende prosjekter og strategier.
Process Stage 1 Analysing Climate Vulnerability: Combining
Combining Vulnerabilities to Assess Local Vulnerability
This module explores how to combine the three sets of vulnerabilities, natural, socio-economic and institutional into a matrix of !total vulnerability" and apply this locally.
Process Stage 1 Analysing Climate Vulnerability: Institutional
Institutional Climate Vulnerability
This module outlines how institutional capacity affects vulnerability to climate change and will cover how to identify and address weaknesses in institutional capacity in order to reduce vulnerability.
Prosessfase 4 Evaluere strategier og tiltak, barrierene mot klimaendringeneVestlandsforsking WRNI
Prosessfase 4
Evaluere strategier og tiltak: Barrierene mot klimaendringene
Barrierene mot klimaendringene
Denne seksjonen inneholder en typologi for barrierer og foreslår en metode for å vurdere mulige barrierer og dermed danne grunnlag for å unngå disse.
Prosessfase 4 Evaluere strategier og tiltak: Unngå maladaptasjon
Unngå maladaptasjon
Denne seksjonen gir et mer detaljert syn på spørsmålet om maladaptasjon og omfatter følgende:
• • • •
Koblingene og konfliktene mellom utslippsreduksjon og tilpasning Tilpasning og bærekraftig utvikling Hvordan identifisere og unngå maladaptasjon Potensialet for malmitigation
Prosessfase 4 Evaluere strategier og tiltak: Å evaluere teknikker
Evaluating Strategies and Measures
This module provides an introduction to evaluating adaptation strategies and measures and covers the following:
• •
The value of monitoring and evaluation processes How to critically evaluate adaptation actions
Prosessfase 3 Sette i gang tilpasningstiltak identifisere midler for tilpas...Vestlandsforsking WRNI
Prosessfase 3 Sette i gang tilpasningstiltak: Identifisere midler for tilpasning
Identifisere mulige midler for tilpasning
Denne seksjonen gir en generell oversikt over de ulike kategoriene av klimaendringstilpasningstiltak og omfatter følgende:
• • •
Typologi for tilpasning Forberedelser for tilpasning Aktive tiltak
Prosessfase 2 Utvikle tilpasningsstrategier: Håndtering av farer
Håndtering av farer
Denne seksjonen diskuterer de tre viktigeste risikometodene:
• • •
risikosøkende “beste skudd” risikoforebygger
Prosessfase 2 Utvikle tilpasningsstrategier spørsmålet om usikkerhet Vestlandsforsking WRNI
Prosessfase 2 Utvikle tilpasningsstrategier: Spørsmålet om usikkerhet
Håndtering av spørsmålet om usikkerhet
Denne seksjonen gir et mer grundig syn på problemer og usikkerheter, og dekker følgende:
• • •
Hvordan påvirker usikkerheter sårbarhetsvurderinger? Hva er usikkerhetskategoriene? Hvordan utføre en lokal usikkerhetsanalyse?
Prinsipper for prioritering av miljøpolitiske midler
Eksempelprinsipper som brukes ofte
-Beste tilgjengelige teknologien -Forurenseren-betaler-prinsippet -Kostnadseffektivitet -Styringseffektivitet -Forsiktighetsprinsippet -Bærekraftig utvikling
Men hvilke av disse prinsippene kan og bør bli brukt innenfor klimatilpasningsområde?
Prosessfase 2 Utvikle tilpasningsstrategier: Innledning
Identifisere de viktigste klimatilpasningsstrategiene
Denne seksjonen gir en generell oversikt over de viktigste klimatilpasningsstrategiene, og omfatter mer detaljerte definisjoner -adaptation -vulnerability
-resilience -exposure and sensitivity
Prosessfase 3 Sette i gang tilpasningstiltak gjennomføre tilpasningstiltakVestlandsforsking WRNI
Prosessfase 3 Sette i gang tilpasningstiltak: Gjennomføre tilpasningstiltak
Gjennomføre tilpasningstiltak
Denne seksjonen skisserer hvordan å iverksette tiltak og innlemme handlinger i eksisterende prosjekter og strategier.
Prosessfase 1 Analysere klimasårbarhet: Samfunnsøkonomisk klimasårbarhet
Samfunnsøkonomisk klimasårbarhet
Denne seksjonen gir en oversikt over samfunnsøkonomisk sårbarhet og metoder for å analysere dem, og vil dekke følgende:
Nyttiggjøre eksisterende metodelærer
Utvikle samfunnsøkonomiske data
Prosessfase 1 Analysere klimasårbarhet: Institusjonell klimasårbarhet
Institusjonell klimasårbarhet
Denne seksjonen skisserer hvordan institusjonell kapasitet påvirker sårbarhet mot klimaendringer. Seksjonen dekker hvordan du kan identifisere og løse svakheter i institusjonell kapasitet for å redusere sårbarheten.
Prosessfase 1 Analysere klimasårbarhet: Naturlig klimasårbarhet
Naturlig klimasårbarhet
Denne seksjonen tar opp naturlig klimasårbarhet og dekker følgende:
• • • •
Hvordan identifisere mulige konsekvenser av klimaendringene på naturlige farer. Hvordan identifisere mulige konsekvenser av klimaendringene på det innebygde miljøet. Hvordan identifisere mulige konsekvenser av klimaendringene på økosystemtjenester og naturlige miljø. Den vil også utforske hvordan å identifisere økende virkninger av klimaendringene på det naturlige miljøet.
Prosessfase 1 Analysere klimasårbarhet: Dagens klima
Vurdere sårbarheten til dagens klima
Denne seksjonen tar for seg følgende:
• Betydningen av å vurdere sårbarhetene til dagens klima. • Hvordan identifisere gjeldende tilpasningsunderskudd
Prosessfase 1 Analysere klimasårbarhet: Tolke klimadata
Denne seksjonen gir en innledning til klimadata og hvordan bruke det effektivt. Følgende dekkes: • Hvordan regionaliserte klimadata er produserte. • Hvordan forstå og tolke regionaliserte klimadata. • Hvordan identifisere og kommunisere usikkerheter.
Prosessfase 1 Analysere klimasårbarhet - ulike former for sårbarhetVestlandsforsking WRNI
Prosessfase 1 Analysere klimasårbarhet: Ulike former for sårbarhet
Ulike former for sårbarhet
• Denne seksjonen gir en beskrivelse av de ulike formene for sårbarhet og dekker følgende: • Sårbarhet i dagens og morgendagens klima • Hva er ment med naturlig, samfunnsøkonomisk og institusjonell sårbarhet? • Hvordan samhandler disse typene sårbarhet?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
Identifying the Main Climate Change Adaptation Strategies
This module provides an general overview of the main strategies for climate change adaptation and
includes more detailed definitions of
-adaptation
-vulnerability
-resilience
-exposure and sensitivity
Climate Adaptation
C. Aall & D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource
3. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
What is adaptation?
Adaptation is an evolutionary process. It occurs in physical,
ecological, and human systems and addresses many factors and
stresses, not simply climate change alone.
Adaptation refers both to the process of adapting and to the
condition of being adapted (Grothman & Pratt, 2005) and has
specific interpretations in particular disciplines.
Within ecology, adaptation is the process by which organisms or
species becomes better suited to its environment
In the social sciences, it refers to adjustments by individuals, or
collective behaviour within a system.
In the field of climate change and number of definitions are
available…
Grothmann, T. & Patt, A. (2005)
Adaptive capacity and human cognition: the process
of individual adaptation to climate change
Climate Adaptation
D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource
4. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
Climate change and adaptation
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) defines climate change adaptation as:
An adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their
effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities
UKCIP 2011
‘any action taken to minimise the adverse effects or to take advantage of any beneficial effects of
climate change’
Climate Adaptation
D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource
5. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
Climate change and adaptation
In it’s broadest sense adaptation, and adaptation to
climate change in particular, is nothing new.
Societies and individuals have been adapting to
changing conditions for millennia and existing
natural and human systems are - in their very nature
- an adaptive response to spatial differences in
climate.
Adaptation to climate variability can be seen in
social and economic systems such as agriculture,
forestry, industry, transportation, settlements etc.
These have all evolved to accommodate inherent
temporal variations from normal conditions.
However, the advent of this new era of climate
change brings new challenges that question the
inherent adaptability of natural and human systems.
Climate Adaptation
D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource
6. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
Identifying adaptation needs
So when looking at climate change adaptation it is good practice
to consider the following:
• Changes in social and environmental processes
• Perceptions of climate risk
• Practices and functions to reduce risk
• Exploration of new opportunities to cope with the changed
environment
To determine adaptation needs, it is crucial to identify and
comprehend issues of:
• Vulnerability,
• Resilience,
• Exposure,
• Sensitivity,
• Capacity to adapt.
Climate Adaptation
D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource
7. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
Vulnerability
Vulnerability refers to the nature and extent to which a community is
susceptible to factors that directly or indirectly affect the wellbeing or
sustainability of the community (Smit et al., 2008).
In economies dependent on natural resource utilisation, the sensitivity of
the ecosystem of which the community is part of, and depends upon,
is crucial.
However, use of this term does not presume that communities are
vulnerable (Smit et al., 2008).
Vulnerability is the combined result of exposure and sensitivity to climatic
risks, and the adaptive capacity to deal with those risks
Vulnerability stems, in part, from the uncertainty concerning the rate and
magnitude of changes to expect, the potential for non-linear changes to
occur, and the long time horizons involved. Vulnerability can also stem
from constraints on the ability of a system to adapt.
Smit, B., Wandel, J., & Hovelsrud, G. (2008).
CAVIAR (Community adaptation and vulnerability in Arctic regions):
framework document for an International Polar Year consortium.
Climate Adaptation
D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource
8. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
Resilience
A system’s resilience is measured by the magnitude of damage it
can tolerate and still autonomously return to its original state. It
begins to fail once it can no longer withstand changes without
significant adverse impacts.
The capacity of systems to accommodate variations in climatic
conditions from year-to-year, without significant adverse impacts
or the crossing of critical thresholds, is their “coping range”, also
referred to as their vulnerability or damage threshold.
The coping range, varies among systems and regions and may
itself change reflecting new technologies and information to a
system or, conversely, a loss of knowledge and skills from a
system.
The coping range thus reflects the adaptive capacity of a system to
deal with current variability.
Climate Adaptation
D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource
9. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
Exposure and sensitivity
Exposure to climate variation is primarily a function of
geography. For example, coastal communities will have higher
exposure to sea level rise and cyclones, while communities in
semi-arid areas may be most exposed to drought.
Sensitivity is the degree to which a given community or
ecosystem is affected by climatic stresses. For example, a
community dependent on rain-fed agriculture is much more
sensitive to changing rainfall patterns than one where mining is
the dominant livelihood. Likewise, a fragile, arid or semi-arid
ecosystem will be more sensitive than a tropical one to a
decrease in rainfall, due to the subsequent impact on water
flows.
careclimatechange.org
The exposure-sensitivity reflects the likelihood of climatic
conditions or natural hazards occurring in relation to
a community’s physical location, social and economic situation,
governance, and political systems.
Climate Adaptation
D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource
10. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
What is Adaptive Capacity?
Adaptive capacity is the ability to
understand climate changes and hazards,
to evaluate their consequences for
vulnerable communities, places and
economies, and to moderate potential
damages, to take advantage of
opportunities, or to cope with
consequences.
Adaptation can be seen as a process of
social learning for a sustainable future.
Climate Adaptation
D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource
11. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
What is Adaptive Capacity?
The capacity to adapt is dynamic and influenced by economic and
natural resources, social networks, entitlements, institutions and
governance, human resources, and technology. Reducing
vulnerability involves reducing exposure through specific
measures like building a dyke in case of sea level rise, or
increasing adaptive capacity through activities that are closely
aligned with development priorities.
Key elements of adaptive capacity include:
• access to information on climate variability and change;
• skills to make use of the information;
• institutions with the ability to facilitate and manage for
adaptation; and
• equitably distributed economic resources.
The greater the adaptive capacity, the lesser the vulnerability.
Climate Adaptation
D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource
12. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
What is adaptation?
Climate Adaptation
D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource
13. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
Adaptation Strategies
Climate specific adaptations can occur over a range of temporal and spatial scales from individual
households, communities and firms, to entire economic sectors, watersheds and countries, from
immediate reactionary responses to long-term planning.Assessment of impacts on both biophysical
and socio-economic processes can form the basis for adaptation strategies.
Climate specific adaptation can be defined by the nature of the driver, by the outcome or process,
and by the type of strategy and/or action taken. The table below provides a list of drivers, as outlined
by the United Kingdom Climate Impacts Programme, UKCIP.
Measures Drivers
Adaptation measures implemented before impacts of climate change are
Anticipatory/ Pro-active observed.
Adaptation measures triggered by changes in natural systems and market or
Autonomous
welfare changes in human systems.
Deliberate policy decisions, based on an awareness of changing conditions and
Planned understanding that action is required
Climate Adaptation
D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource
14. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
Adaptation Strategies
Climate adaptations can also be classed as
• Process-oriented strategies
Aimed at developing the information, social structures, and governance needed to support adaptation
this is also known as building adaptation capacity (creating information and conditions that enable
adaptation actions to take place)
• Outcome-oriented actions.
Measures taken to reduce vulnerability and exploit opportunities that arise from a changing climate
i.e. delivering adaptation actions
These actions and strategies fall into one of the following groups:
➡ Living with and bearing losses or risks;
➡ Preventing effects or reducing exposure to risks;
➡ Sharing responsibility for any losses or risks;
➡ Exploiting opportunities (UKCIP, 2011).
Climate Adaptation
D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource
15. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
Four Main Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation
1. Effect oriented adaptation to local climate change
– E.g. build flood protection
2. Cause oriented adaptation to local climate change
– E.g. change location of areas for new housing development
Possible additional perspectives
3. Indirect oriented adaptation to climate change taking place elsewhere
– E.g. protect farmed land from housing or road development
4. Climate change mitigation policy adaptation
– E.g. secure access to public transportation in tourism development
Climate Adaptation
D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource
16. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
Four Main Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation
1. Effect oriented adaptation to local climate change
– E.g. build flood protection
2. Cause oriented adaptation to local climate change
– E.g. change location of areas for new housing development
Possible additional perspectives
3. Indirect oriented adaptation to climate change taking place elsewhere
– E.g. protect farmed land from housing or road development
4. Climate change mitigation policy adaptation
– E.g. secure access to public transportation in tourism development
Climate Adaptation
D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource
17. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
The effect- and cause-oriented approach to climate change adaptation
Source: The Western Norway Research Institute, 2011.
Climate Adaptation
C. Aall & D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource
18. Process Stage 2
Developing Adaptation Strategies: Background
Final key points
When considering adaptation options it
is important to decide whether a
general or specific approach is
necessary.
• Should you aim at all sectors and
develop a general local adaptation
plan?
or
• Is there a specific type of natural
vulnerability (e.g. flooding) or sector
(e.g. agriculture) that should be
addressed first?
Climate Adaptation
C. Aall & D. Davies, 2012
Online Training Resource