Prosessfase 4 Evaluere strategier og tiltak: Å evaluere teknikker Evaluating Strategies and Measures This module provides an introduction to evaluating adaptation strategies and measures and covers the following: • • The value of monitoring and evaluation processes How to critically evaluate adaptation actions

1. Evaluere strategier og tiltak: Klimatilpasning
Å evaluere teknikker

2. Prosessfase 4
Evaluere strategier og tiltak: Å evaluere teknikker
Evaluating Strategies and Measures
This module provides an introduction to evaluating adaptation strategies and measures and covers the
following:
• The value of monitoring and evaluation processes
• How to critically evaluate adaptation actions
Klimatilpasning
C.Aall & D.Davies, 2012
Nettbasert opplæringressurs

3. Prosessfase 4
Evaluere strategier og tiltak: Å evaluere teknikker
Monitoring and evaluation
Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is critical if any understanding of if and how adaptations have achieved
their objectives. This is particularly important in the new field of adaptation to climate change, where
actions are still being defined and tested.
Showing which adaptation interventions lead to desired results is important in securing
funding, since financial resources are being made available specifically for adaptation
measures and funders want proof of how they enable adaptation.
Ilona Porsché, GIZ India, and Heather McGray, World Resources Institute (WRI) 2011
A goal of M&E is to determine whether the identified factors, such as an increase in biodiversity or
increased water storage capacity, are indeed resulting in greater resilience or sufficient water availability.
In the latter example it could be, for instance, that increasing storage capacity is not addressing risks
adequately if it becomes apparent that precipitation is declining in real terms and not only changing in
temporal distribution. Here it could then become necessary to broaden the approach to addressing the
climate risk of reduced water availability, for example through market mechanisms that create a demand
for less water-intensive agricultural produce.
Ilona Porsché, GIZ India, and Heather McGray, World Resources Institute (WRI) 2011
http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/umwelt-infrastruktur/umweltpolitik/34279.htm
Klimatilpasning
C.Aall & D.Davies, 2012
Nettbasert opplæringressurs

4. Prosessfase 4
Evaluere strategier og tiltak: Å evaluere teknikker
Monitoring and evaluation
It is more important than ever to ensure the effectiveness, equity and efficiency of adaptation
interventions. Robust monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is an essential part of this, both to ensure that the
prospective benefits of interventions are being realised and to help improve the design of future
interventions.
M&E frameworks for adaptation should combine qualitative, quantitative and binary indicators. On their
own, any category of indicator is not enough. For instance, the development of a policy framework does
not ensure its implementation and sustainability. It therefore needs to be complemented with quantitative
indicators that for example measure the number of projects that have been developed in response to the
policy or the number of households benefitting. Qualitative indicators are needed to assess the change
brought about by the policy. Such differentiation helps clarify the relative contribution of each activity
towards the long-term objective. In some cases, surveys, focus group discussions or other means of
direct consultation with beneficiaries is needed in order to assess the level of change
(Lamhauge, Lanzi and, Agrawala, 2012)
Lamhauge, N., E. Lanzi and S. Agrawala (2012), “Monitoring and Evaluation for Adaptation:
Lessons from Development Co-operation Agencies”, OECD Environment Working
Papers, No. 38, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kg20mj6c2bw-en
Klimatilpasning
C.Aall & D.Davies, 2012
Nettbasert opplæringressurs

5. Prosessfase 4
Evaluere strategier og tiltak: Å evaluere teknikker
Sette i gang tilpasningstiltak lokalt
Den tradisjonelle tilnærmingen til igangsetting av lokale klimatilpasningsstrategier er å starte med å
analysere fellesskapets klimasårbarhet. En strategi for tilpasning kan deretter utarbeides og følges
opp med tiltak for tilpasning. Noen få utdypningspunkter:
Der er nyttig å skille mellom en bred tilnærming, der en rekke temaer og klimaparametere er analyserte,
og en smal tilnærming, der bare et utvalg av problemområdene er analyserte.
Politikkfeltene der klimatilpasning kan utføres omfatter energi, beskyttelse av sivile lover, fysisk
planlegging, biologisk mangfoldighet, forurensing osv.
Tilpasningshensyn eller tilpasningstiltak kan integreres i flere plandokumenter som for eksempel
kommunale planer, risiko- og sårbarhetsanalyser, sektorplaner, budsjetter osv
Klimatilpasning
C.Aall & D.Davies, 2012
Nettbasert opplæringressurs

6. Prosessfase 4
Evaluere strategier og tiltak: Å evaluere teknikker
Demings kvalitetssirkel
Klimatilpasning
C.Aall & D.Davies, 2012
Nettbasert opplæringressurs

7. Prosessfase 4
Evaluere strategier og tiltak: Å evaluere teknikker
Miljørevisjon i Norge
Kategori 1 eksternrevisjon
- Obligatorisk interne kontrollsystem brukt på kommunalt
avfall, vann- og kloakkstyring med ekstern regjeringsrevisjon
Kategori 2 miljøtilstandsrapporter
- Ikke-obligatorisk regjeringsoppsettssystem for å presentere
en online miljøtilstandsrapport (SoE)
- Ikke-obligatorisk regjeringsoppsettssystem av bærekraftige
indikatorer
Kategori 3 internrevisjon
- Obligatorisk system av interne styringsrevisjoner (én revisjon
skal gjennomføres hvert år) som kan forstå deler av
miljøpolitikken (men det gjør de svært sjelden!)
- Miljørevisjonsprosjektet fra 1994-96 skulle bane vei for ikke-
obligatorisk kommunal miljørevisjon ved hjelp av å lage en
håndbo
Klimatilpasning
C.Aall & D.Davies, 2012
Nettbasert opplæringressurs

8. Prosessfase 4
Evaluere strategier og tiltak: Å evaluere teknikker
Final key points
• A successful adaptation is one that achieves its goals under a changing climate.
• This will only become apparent in the longer term, usually after the project has been completed and
with the continued capacity to sustain the positive results of those actions.
• Effective M&E for adaptation can track the interim results as a basis for understanding the degree to
which climate pressures have affected the achievement and sustainability of development goals over
time.
•
Growing climatic variability and the many uncertainties associated with climate change mean that there
are limits to planning.
• The assumptions, conditions and expectations at the start of an intervention are now even more
unlikely to remain true for its duration or beyond.
• M&E can provide feedback loops to help us to be flexible, respond rapidly and adjust appropriately to
varied climatic changes, applying principles of adaptive management. All this is critical for sustainable
development – and even more so now that the climate is changing.
Ilona Porsché, GIZ India, and Heather McGray, World Resources Institute (WRI) 2011
http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/umwelt-infrastruktur/umweltpolitik/34279.htm
Klimatilpasning
C.Aall & D.Davies, 2012
Nettbasert opplæringressurs