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Adaptation-mitigation synergies in
forest and agricultural landscapes

Bruno Locatelli (CIRAD-CIFOR), Giacomo Fedele (CIFOR)

With contributions by Florie Chazarin, Emilia Pramova (CIFOR), Charlotte Pavageau (CIFOR &
ETH Switzerland), Rico Kongsager (U Copenhagen Denmark), Monica di Gregorio (U Leeds, UK),
Virginie Fayolle, Alastair Baglee (Acclimatise, UK)

Side event on “Linking Adaptation and Mitigation to Address Multiple Risks: New
Research Findings and Field Examples”. Warsaw, Poland, 14 November 2013.
Synergies and trade-offs
between adaptation and
mitigation
 Growing interest in exploring how these two
strategies can be pursued simultaneously
• win–win options?

 However, concerns about:
• feasibility of implementing these strategies jointly
• possible drawbacks of a „forced marriage„

 How can landscape management
contribute to both adaptation and
mitigation?
(Dang et al. 2003; Klein et al. 2005; Kok and de Coninck
2007; Swart and Raes 2007; Tol 2005; Locatelli et al. 2011)
Landscape management highly relevant
to both adaptation and mitigation
Greenhouse gas concentrations

Climate change
Impacts
Responses
MITIGATION

ADAPTATION

Forests and agriculture in landscapes
Emissions / Removals
Landscape-based
mitigation
(e.g. REDD+)

Vulnerability
Adaptation for
landscapes

(e.g. fire management)

Products and services for people
livelihoods and protection
Landscape-based adaptation
(e.g. protecting watersheds for
downstream vulnerable
populations)
Synergies between adaptation and
mitigation in landscape management
1. What do we know?
2. What is being done at the local level?
3. What is being done at the global level?
Systematic literature review,
139 papers

1. Science

2. Local
projects

Analysis of local initiatives,
235 projects

3. Global
funding

Fund analysis,
22 interviews of major fund representatives
1. What do we know?

Science

Systematic literature review,
139 papers
1. Science

Mitigation

Examples of topics in the
reviewed papers

Adaptation

Agroforestry, silvopastoril
systems, soil management

Increased
carbon in
vegetation
or soils,
reduced
emissions

Impacts of
REDD+ projects
Impacts of forest
plantations
Role of mangroves and
coastal ecosystems

Agricultural
resilience
Products as safety nets,
livelihood diversification
Watershed protection,
water balance
and regulation
Coastal
protection

Synergies between ecosystem services (carbon vs. “adaptation services”).
But also trade-offs, e.g.:
more carbon in plantations

less water downstream

forest protected under REDD+

restricted access for livelihoods

vulnerability
1. Science

<5 papers
6-14 papers
>15 papers
2. What is being done at the local
level?

Local
projects

Analysis of local initiatives,
235 projects
2.
Projects

The 235 adaptation and mitigation
project analyzed
Africa (n=111)

Latin America (n=72)

Asia (n=52)

60

60

60

40

40

40

20

20

20

0

0

0
Mitigation

Adaptation

Mixed
Agriculture

Mitigation

Adaptation

Forestry
Mitigation

Adaptation

Number of
projects
1-2
3-4
5-6
7-8

Latin America

Africa

Asia

9-10
2.
Projects

Project consideration of the other goal
More mitigation projects consider adaptation
than the contrary
Mitigation projects (n=123):
Contribution to adaptation?

No

71

Explicit

15

Explicit
with
evidence

37

Adaptation projects (n=112):
Contribution to mitigation?
Explicit
with
evidence

1

Synergies
Possible synergies

Explicit

22

No

89
2.
Projects

Example project

 Adaptation project in Colombia:

Agricultural adaptation

• resilient agricultural practices
• livelihood diversification
• ecosystem restoration with flood-resistant trees
for reducing flooding downstream

People’s adaptation
Ecosystem adaptation
People’s adaptation

“Reducing Risk and
Vulnerability in Region of La
Depresion Momposina,
Colombia”

Mitigation
• expected outcomes likely to result in increased
carbon storage in soils and trees (e.g. soil
restoration, agroforestry and reforestation).
2.
Projects

Large potential for
synergies

 Potential contribution
• A projects  M

78%

- E.g., more carbon in forests, soils,…

• M projects  A

100%

- E.g., livelihood/income diversification,
institution strengthening, capacity building,...

 Larger potential for integrating A and M in:
mixed forest-agriculture
projects (landscape level)
mitigation projects certified
by CCB Gold Standards
adaptation projects under
the Adaptation Fund.
3. What is being done at
the global level?

Global
funding

Fund analysis,
22 interviews of major fund representatives
3.
Funding

Global funders perceive more the
benefits of integrating adaptation into
mitigation projects than the contrary

Clear benefits of integrating A
into M projects?

“it will be difficult, if not impossible, to
undertake REDD+ projects successfully
without incorporating adaptation”
(one fund manager)

Clear benefits of integrating M
into A projects?
3.
Funding

Funders’ interest in synergies but
limited action so far
Fund plans to better harness AM synergies?

37%

Fund more likely to accept projects contributing to other goal?

32%

Fund provides guidance on synergies to project developers?

11%

Project template integrates adaptation and mitigation?

0%

The integration of adaptation
and mitigation will gain
importance in the future

Uncertain

Agree

Strongly agree
3.
Funding

Perceived barriers to integrating
adaptation and mitigation
 Different rationales => Different priority locations and
sectors

 Mitigation where most cost-effective and highest emissions
 Adaptation where most vulnerable (equity, fairness)

 Different agendas and budgets
 Funding from different budgets or agencies, with either
adaptation and mitigation agendas

 Complexity and transaction costs
 Risk of wanting to 'do everything' and losing focus

 Lack of awareness and guidance
 E.g. adaptation metrics
Reasons for integrating adaptation
and mitigation

1. Science

46% of reviewed
papers mention 13
reasons (but more
opinions than
evidence)

2. Projects

Reasons
rarely
mentioned

3. Funding

Focus on benefits
at multiple levels
+ policy coherence
Reasons for integrating adaptation and mitigation
1.
Science

A

M
A

into

Holistic approach, fairness
Cost efficiency
Dialogue and capacity building
Permanence , lower risk
Local relevance, legitimacy

M

National priorities, policy coherence

M

Carbon funding, certification

into

A

Global benefits

2.
Projects

3.
Funding
Conclusions
1. Science

2. Projects

3. Funding

 Gaps in knowledge (e.g.
social aspects)

 Many projects can
harness synergies. But
no clear rationale for
doing so

 Limited action so far on
synergies. But interest
and potential to promote
synergies in the future

Stronger evidence
needed, particularly
at local level

Beyond analyzing
project documents:
Monitoring
implementation

Need to also
understand the role of
national policies
Thank you!
bruno.locatelli@cirad.fr
g.fedele@cgiar.org
Further reading















Locatelli B., Imbach B., Wunder S., 2013. Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem
services in Costa Rica. Environmental Conservation
http://www.journals.cambridge.org/article_S0376892913000234
Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Forests and trees for social
adaptation to climate variability and change. WIREs Climate Change 3:581–596.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.195/pdf
Pramova E., Locatelli B., Brockhaus M., Fohlmeister S., 2012. Ecosystem services in the
National Adaptation Programmes of Action. Climate Policy 12(4): 393-409.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14693062.2011.647848
Guariguata M.R., Locatelli B., Haupt F., 2012. Adapting tropical production forests to
global climate change: risk perceptions and actions. International Forestry Review
14(1), 27-38. http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AGuariguata1201.pdf
Locatelli B., Evans V., Wardell A., Andrade A., Vignola R., 2011. Forests and Climate Change
in Latin America: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation. Forests 2(1): 431-450.
http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/2/1/431/pdf
CIFOR 2013. Mitigation–Adaptation Synergies. CIFOR Brief
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/factsheet/4263-factsheet.pdf
Locatelli B., 2011. Synergies between adaptation and mitigation in a nutshell. COBAM
Brief, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 4p.
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/cobambrief/3619-cobambrief.pdf
Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H. 2008.
Facing an uncertain future: How forests and people can adapt to climate change.
Forest Perspectives no. 5. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 97 p.
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli0801.pdf
Pour en savoir plus


Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Le rôle des forêts et des arbres
dans l’adaptation sociale à la variabilité et au changement climatiques. Brief. Center
for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Bogor, Indonesia
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4023-infobrief.pdf



Locatelli B., 2011. Les synergies entre adaptation et atténuation en quelques mots.
COBAM Brief, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 4p.
http://goo.gl/lcvTZ



Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H.
2009. Face à un avenir incertain : comment les forêts et les populations peuvent
s'adapter au changement climatique
http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli0901F.pdf
Para saber más


Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Bosques y árboles para la
adaptación social al cambio y la variabilidad del clima. Brief. Center for International
Forestry Research (CIFOR) Bogor, Indonesia.
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4024-infobrief.pdf



Locatelli, B., Evans, V., Wardell, A., Andrade, A., Vignola, R., 2011. Bosques y cambio
climático en América Latina: Vincular adaptación y mitigación, In: Gobernanza forestal
y REDD+: Desafíos para las políticas y mercados en América Latina. Petkova E., Larson A.,
Pacheco P. (eds.). CIFOR, Bogor, pp. 79-95.
http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BPetkova1101.pdf



Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H.
2009. Ante un futuro incierto: Cómo se pueden adaptar los bosques y las
comunidades al cambio climático.
http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli0901.pdf

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Adaptation-mitigation synergies in forest and agricultural landscapes

  • 1. Adaptation-mitigation synergies in forest and agricultural landscapes Bruno Locatelli (CIRAD-CIFOR), Giacomo Fedele (CIFOR) With contributions by Florie Chazarin, Emilia Pramova (CIFOR), Charlotte Pavageau (CIFOR & ETH Switzerland), Rico Kongsager (U Copenhagen Denmark), Monica di Gregorio (U Leeds, UK), Virginie Fayolle, Alastair Baglee (Acclimatise, UK) Side event on “Linking Adaptation and Mitigation to Address Multiple Risks: New Research Findings and Field Examples”. Warsaw, Poland, 14 November 2013.
  • 2. Synergies and trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation  Growing interest in exploring how these two strategies can be pursued simultaneously • win–win options?  However, concerns about: • feasibility of implementing these strategies jointly • possible drawbacks of a „forced marriage„  How can landscape management contribute to both adaptation and mitigation? (Dang et al. 2003; Klein et al. 2005; Kok and de Coninck 2007; Swart and Raes 2007; Tol 2005; Locatelli et al. 2011)
  • 3. Landscape management highly relevant to both adaptation and mitigation Greenhouse gas concentrations Climate change Impacts Responses MITIGATION ADAPTATION Forests and agriculture in landscapes Emissions / Removals Landscape-based mitigation (e.g. REDD+) Vulnerability Adaptation for landscapes (e.g. fire management) Products and services for people livelihoods and protection Landscape-based adaptation (e.g. protecting watersheds for downstream vulnerable populations)
  • 4. Synergies between adaptation and mitigation in landscape management 1. What do we know? 2. What is being done at the local level? 3. What is being done at the global level? Systematic literature review, 139 papers 1. Science 2. Local projects Analysis of local initiatives, 235 projects 3. Global funding Fund analysis, 22 interviews of major fund representatives
  • 5. 1. What do we know? Science Systematic literature review, 139 papers
  • 6. 1. Science Mitigation Examples of topics in the reviewed papers Adaptation Agroforestry, silvopastoril systems, soil management Increased carbon in vegetation or soils, reduced emissions Impacts of REDD+ projects Impacts of forest plantations Role of mangroves and coastal ecosystems Agricultural resilience Products as safety nets, livelihood diversification Watershed protection, water balance and regulation Coastal protection Synergies between ecosystem services (carbon vs. “adaptation services”). But also trade-offs, e.g.: more carbon in plantations less water downstream forest protected under REDD+ restricted access for livelihoods vulnerability
  • 7. 1. Science <5 papers 6-14 papers >15 papers
  • 8. 2. What is being done at the local level? Local projects Analysis of local initiatives, 235 projects
  • 9. 2. Projects The 235 adaptation and mitigation project analyzed Africa (n=111) Latin America (n=72) Asia (n=52) 60 60 60 40 40 40 20 20 20 0 0 0 Mitigation Adaptation Mixed Agriculture Mitigation Adaptation Forestry Mitigation Adaptation Number of projects 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 Latin America Africa Asia 9-10
  • 10. 2. Projects Project consideration of the other goal More mitigation projects consider adaptation than the contrary Mitigation projects (n=123): Contribution to adaptation? No 71 Explicit 15 Explicit with evidence 37 Adaptation projects (n=112): Contribution to mitigation? Explicit with evidence 1 Synergies Possible synergies Explicit 22 No 89
  • 11. 2. Projects Example project  Adaptation project in Colombia: Agricultural adaptation • resilient agricultural practices • livelihood diversification • ecosystem restoration with flood-resistant trees for reducing flooding downstream People’s adaptation Ecosystem adaptation People’s adaptation “Reducing Risk and Vulnerability in Region of La Depresion Momposina, Colombia” Mitigation • expected outcomes likely to result in increased carbon storage in soils and trees (e.g. soil restoration, agroforestry and reforestation).
  • 12. 2. Projects Large potential for synergies  Potential contribution • A projects  M 78% - E.g., more carbon in forests, soils,… • M projects  A 100% - E.g., livelihood/income diversification, institution strengthening, capacity building,...  Larger potential for integrating A and M in: mixed forest-agriculture projects (landscape level) mitigation projects certified by CCB Gold Standards adaptation projects under the Adaptation Fund.
  • 13. 3. What is being done at the global level? Global funding Fund analysis, 22 interviews of major fund representatives
  • 14. 3. Funding Global funders perceive more the benefits of integrating adaptation into mitigation projects than the contrary Clear benefits of integrating A into M projects? “it will be difficult, if not impossible, to undertake REDD+ projects successfully without incorporating adaptation” (one fund manager) Clear benefits of integrating M into A projects?
  • 15. 3. Funding Funders’ interest in synergies but limited action so far Fund plans to better harness AM synergies? 37% Fund more likely to accept projects contributing to other goal? 32% Fund provides guidance on synergies to project developers? 11% Project template integrates adaptation and mitigation? 0% The integration of adaptation and mitigation will gain importance in the future Uncertain Agree Strongly agree
  • 16. 3. Funding Perceived barriers to integrating adaptation and mitigation  Different rationales => Different priority locations and sectors  Mitigation where most cost-effective and highest emissions  Adaptation where most vulnerable (equity, fairness)  Different agendas and budgets  Funding from different budgets or agencies, with either adaptation and mitigation agendas  Complexity and transaction costs  Risk of wanting to 'do everything' and losing focus  Lack of awareness and guidance  E.g. adaptation metrics
  • 17. Reasons for integrating adaptation and mitigation 1. Science 46% of reviewed papers mention 13 reasons (but more opinions than evidence) 2. Projects Reasons rarely mentioned 3. Funding Focus on benefits at multiple levels + policy coherence
  • 18. Reasons for integrating adaptation and mitigation 1. Science A  M A into Holistic approach, fairness Cost efficiency Dialogue and capacity building Permanence , lower risk Local relevance, legitimacy M National priorities, policy coherence M Carbon funding, certification into A Global benefits 2. Projects 3. Funding
  • 19. Conclusions 1. Science 2. Projects 3. Funding  Gaps in knowledge (e.g. social aspects)  Many projects can harness synergies. But no clear rationale for doing so  Limited action so far on synergies. But interest and potential to promote synergies in the future Stronger evidence needed, particularly at local level Beyond analyzing project documents: Monitoring implementation Need to also understand the role of national policies
  • 21. Further reading         Locatelli B., Imbach B., Wunder S., 2013. Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services in Costa Rica. Environmental Conservation http://www.journals.cambridge.org/article_S0376892913000234 Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Forests and trees for social adaptation to climate variability and change. WIREs Climate Change 3:581–596. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.195/pdf Pramova E., Locatelli B., Brockhaus M., Fohlmeister S., 2012. Ecosystem services in the National Adaptation Programmes of Action. Climate Policy 12(4): 393-409. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14693062.2011.647848 Guariguata M.R., Locatelli B., Haupt F., 2012. Adapting tropical production forests to global climate change: risk perceptions and actions. International Forestry Review 14(1), 27-38. http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AGuariguata1201.pdf Locatelli B., Evans V., Wardell A., Andrade A., Vignola R., 2011. Forests and Climate Change in Latin America: Linking Adaptation and Mitigation. Forests 2(1): 431-450. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/2/1/431/pdf CIFOR 2013. Mitigation–Adaptation Synergies. CIFOR Brief http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/factsheet/4263-factsheet.pdf Locatelli B., 2011. Synergies between adaptation and mitigation in a nutshell. COBAM Brief, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 4p. http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/cobambrief/3619-cobambrief.pdf Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H. 2008. Facing an uncertain future: How forests and people can adapt to climate change. Forest Perspectives no. 5. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 97 p. http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli0801.pdf
  • 22. Pour en savoir plus  Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Le rôle des forêts et des arbres dans l’adaptation sociale à la variabilité et au changement climatiques. Brief. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Bogor, Indonesia http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4023-infobrief.pdf  Locatelli B., 2011. Les synergies entre adaptation et atténuation en quelques mots. COBAM Brief, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia, 4p. http://goo.gl/lcvTZ  Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H. 2009. Face à un avenir incertain : comment les forêts et les populations peuvent s'adapter au changement climatique http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli0901F.pdf
  • 23. Para saber más  Pramova E., Locatelli B., Djoudi H., Somorin O., 2012. Bosques y árboles para la adaptación social al cambio y la variabilidad del clima. Brief. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrief/4024-infobrief.pdf  Locatelli, B., Evans, V., Wardell, A., Andrade, A., Vignola, R., 2011. Bosques y cambio climático en América Latina: Vincular adaptación y mitigación, In: Gobernanza forestal y REDD+: Desafíos para las políticas y mercados en América Latina. Petkova E., Larson A., Pacheco P. (eds.). CIFOR, Bogor, pp. 79-95. http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BPetkova1101.pdf  Locatelli, B., Kanninen, M., Brockhaus, M., Colfer, C.J.P., Murdiyarso, D. and Santoso, H. 2009. Ante un futuro incierto: Cómo se pueden adaptar los bosques y las comunidades al cambio climático. http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BLocatelli0901.pdf

Editor's Notes

  1. Examples for 3: Interviews with UNEP, UNFCCC Adaptation Fund, Dfid, FFEM, World Bank, GEF, EC, GIZ, CBFF, JICA, GEF, CIDA…
  2. Layout: Closing SlideVariation: none