This document discusses evolving the integrated water resources management (IWRM) paradigm by reassessing underlying policy assumptions. IWRM aims to manage water holistically by considering all uses and users, but there are issues with its implementation. Policy integration across sectors is important for water management but challenging to achieve. True integration has multiple dimensions including strategic, structural, procedural, and functional integration across different levels. For sustainable water policies, social, economic, environmental, and institutional issues must be addressed together through an interdisciplinary framework.
1. The UNEP water policy and strategy aims to implement UNEP's mandates on water as defined by resolutions from the UNEP Governing Council and UN General Assembly.
2. Key mandates include contributing to integrated water resources management and the Millennium Development Goals.
3. The strategy outlines strategic principles, key components of UNEP's freshwater work, and mechanisms for operationalizing and monitoring progress in assessment, management, and cooperation on freshwater issues.
Role of watershed management in reducing soil erosion zewde azewde alemayehu
Soil is one of the most important and essential natural resources. Soils offer plants physical support, air, water, temperature moderation, nutrients, and protection from toxins. Soils provide readily available nutrients to plants and animals by converting dead organic matter into various nutrient forms.
This document discusses the critical connection between water security and ecosystem services. It begins by introducing the concepts of sustainable development, ecosystem services, and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. It then explores the ecosystem approach to water resources management and the role of freshwater resources in supporting human activities and ecosystem functions. The document presents several case studies that demonstrate lessons learned about habitat rehabilitation, pollution control, environmental flows, stakeholder involvement, and integrated watershed management in achieving both water security and sustainable ecosystem services. It concludes by recommending various response options to promote the management of balanced ecosystem services and water security.
The document discusses mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into sustainable national water resources development programs in Nigeria. It outlines challenges to water resources management in Nigeria including devastating erosion, perennial flooding, recurring droughts and increasing desertification. The national approach to reducing water resources management related disasters includes the National Water Policy and National Erosion and Flood Control Policy. Integrating disaster risk reduction concerns into integrated water resources management requires strengthening institutions and legal frameworks. The document recommends promoting integrated water resources management planning and developing national disaster prevention and response systems to institutionalize disaster risk reduction in water resources development.
Impacts of climate change on livelihood by zewde alemayehu tilahunzewde alemayehu
Climate change is negatively impacting livelihoods in several ways. It is causing weather extremes like droughts and floods more frequently, reducing food security and forcing migration. Subsistence farmers are especially vulnerable as they depend on climate-sensitive rain-fed agriculture. Studies show countries like Ethiopia, which rely heavily on agriculture, may see agricultural income reductions of 60% by 2100 due to climate change. Climate change is exacerbating existing issues in Ethiopia like land degradation and deforestation, further threatening livelihoods. Adaptation is needed to help vulnerable communities cope with the effects of climate change and protect livelihoods.
The document discusses how rainwater harvesting can support both ecosystem services and human well-being by increasing water availability through collection and storage of rainfall. It notes that rainfall and water are fundamental to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and determine their productivity, while also meeting increasing human demands. The document explores how rainwater harvesting may help address challenges of managing water resources and ecosystems under climate change and development pressures.
This document discusses climate change adaptation in developing countries like India. It outlines several key points:
1) Adaptation measures are important for developing countries due to their vulnerability from climate impacts on sectors like agriculture and water resources. Measures aim to build adaptive capacity.
2) India has implemented various national missions through its National Action Plan on Climate Change that incorporate both mitigation and adaptation strategies.
3) Effective adaptation requires accurate, disaggregated data collection and involvement of public, academic and community stakeholders to prioritize adaptation needs.
This study examines the socioeconomic impacts of UNDP/GEF-SGP funded community-based climate change mitigation projects in Dire Dawa Administration, Ethiopia. A survey of 160 households (80 beneficiaries and 80 non-beneficiaries) was conducted. Descriptive statistics and propensity score matching techniques were used to analyze the data. The results show that household income, assets, and consumption expenditures were higher for project beneficiaries compared to non-beneficiaries, indicating a positive impact of the projects on livelihoods. However, the projects also faced challenges that limited their potential impacts. Overall, the study found the average effect of the projects to be statistically significant and positive in improving socioeconomic conditions and the environment in the local community
1. The UNEP water policy and strategy aims to implement UNEP's mandates on water as defined by resolutions from the UNEP Governing Council and UN General Assembly.
2. Key mandates include contributing to integrated water resources management and the Millennium Development Goals.
3. The strategy outlines strategic principles, key components of UNEP's freshwater work, and mechanisms for operationalizing and monitoring progress in assessment, management, and cooperation on freshwater issues.
Role of watershed management in reducing soil erosion zewde azewde alemayehu
Soil is one of the most important and essential natural resources. Soils offer plants physical support, air, water, temperature moderation, nutrients, and protection from toxins. Soils provide readily available nutrients to plants and animals by converting dead organic matter into various nutrient forms.
This document discusses the critical connection between water security and ecosystem services. It begins by introducing the concepts of sustainable development, ecosystem services, and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. It then explores the ecosystem approach to water resources management and the role of freshwater resources in supporting human activities and ecosystem functions. The document presents several case studies that demonstrate lessons learned about habitat rehabilitation, pollution control, environmental flows, stakeholder involvement, and integrated watershed management in achieving both water security and sustainable ecosystem services. It concludes by recommending various response options to promote the management of balanced ecosystem services and water security.
The document discusses mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into sustainable national water resources development programs in Nigeria. It outlines challenges to water resources management in Nigeria including devastating erosion, perennial flooding, recurring droughts and increasing desertification. The national approach to reducing water resources management related disasters includes the National Water Policy and National Erosion and Flood Control Policy. Integrating disaster risk reduction concerns into integrated water resources management requires strengthening institutions and legal frameworks. The document recommends promoting integrated water resources management planning and developing national disaster prevention and response systems to institutionalize disaster risk reduction in water resources development.
Impacts of climate change on livelihood by zewde alemayehu tilahunzewde alemayehu
Climate change is negatively impacting livelihoods in several ways. It is causing weather extremes like droughts and floods more frequently, reducing food security and forcing migration. Subsistence farmers are especially vulnerable as they depend on climate-sensitive rain-fed agriculture. Studies show countries like Ethiopia, which rely heavily on agriculture, may see agricultural income reductions of 60% by 2100 due to climate change. Climate change is exacerbating existing issues in Ethiopia like land degradation and deforestation, further threatening livelihoods. Adaptation is needed to help vulnerable communities cope with the effects of climate change and protect livelihoods.
The document discusses how rainwater harvesting can support both ecosystem services and human well-being by increasing water availability through collection and storage of rainfall. It notes that rainfall and water are fundamental to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and determine their productivity, while also meeting increasing human demands. The document explores how rainwater harvesting may help address challenges of managing water resources and ecosystems under climate change and development pressures.
This document discusses climate change adaptation in developing countries like India. It outlines several key points:
1) Adaptation measures are important for developing countries due to their vulnerability from climate impacts on sectors like agriculture and water resources. Measures aim to build adaptive capacity.
2) India has implemented various national missions through its National Action Plan on Climate Change that incorporate both mitigation and adaptation strategies.
3) Effective adaptation requires accurate, disaggregated data collection and involvement of public, academic and community stakeholders to prioritize adaptation needs.
This study examines the socioeconomic impacts of UNDP/GEF-SGP funded community-based climate change mitigation projects in Dire Dawa Administration, Ethiopia. A survey of 160 households (80 beneficiaries and 80 non-beneficiaries) was conducted. Descriptive statistics and propensity score matching techniques were used to analyze the data. The results show that household income, assets, and consumption expenditures were higher for project beneficiaries compared to non-beneficiaries, indicating a positive impact of the projects on livelihoods. However, the projects also faced challenges that limited their potential impacts. Overall, the study found the average effect of the projects to be statistically significant and positive in improving socioeconomic conditions and the environment in the local community
Integrated Natural Resource Management and the GEF- Reconciling Global Enviro...Iwl Pcu
A Principal Objective: Every integrated program of interventions will be aimed at achieving a principal objective, whose nature will depend upon the “entry point” and whose goal, in line with the MDGs and the WSSD Plan of Implementation, will be the fostering of environmentally sustainable development. In doing so, global benefits will be accrued in a cluster of focal areas, or even in all of them. A tentative/preliminary Operational Program indication will correspond to the Principal Objective.
The document discusses the World Bank Group's history of environmental policies and initiatives from 1984 to present. It provides an overview of key environmental strategies, funds, and frameworks established over time. These include environmental impact assessments, the Environment Department, global environmental reports, the Equator Principles, and policies on social and environmental sustainability. The document also examines the Bank's current environmental portfolio and priorities around issues like climate change, natural resource management, and mainstreaming environmental sustainability across sectors.
A presentation about Community-Based Adaptation to Climate Change in Southern Africa. Presented during the SADC Climate Change Course for Trans-frontier Conservation Areas in 2014.
Rapid degradation of peri-urban ecosystems is resulting in a loss of associated ecosystem services. Water provision, storm-and waste-water regulation, along with protection from natural disasters and erosion, are the impacted services that most acutely affect poor or vulnerable populations. The poor may be disproportionately impacted by loss of ecosystem services due to lack of political power around land use decision making and limited alternatives for livelihoods, housing, or basic services. Vulnerability extends to urban populations that depend on the ecosystem services provided by or flowing through peri-urban areas. Often, the loss of ecosystems is irreversible and the replacement of associated services is costly, if even possible.
The document summarizes GEF-6 strategic programming directions. It discusses focusing on drivers of environmental degradation, integrating approaches across focal areas to deliver holistic solutions, and achieving impacts at scale. The GEF2020 vision is outlined as targeting drivers through relationships with stakeholders and ensuring complementarity across climate finance. Focal area strategies and programs are presented for biodiversity, land degradation, and international waters that align with conventions and achieve objectives through creative, integrated solutions.
ICT Mediated Community Water Management & Decision MakingRajat Kumar
Community based water resource management is a valuable tool that strives to sustain and improve environmental health through a natural resource management approach that integrates locally driven initiatives. It seeks to bring together stakeholders to identify issues, needs & strategies; integrate social, economic & ecological concerns towards generating comprehensive solutions. The increasing penetration of Information & Communication Technologies (ICTs) presents a great potential for communities to connect with government officials, policy makers and other relevant stakeholders that would have; under normal circumstances; been inaccessible for them. What is important is that this ease of sharing information through ICTs should also decrease the time taken for members in a community to acquire equal knowledge about the issue at hand and to encourage faster collaboration & quicker and more informed decision making about these community water resources.
This paper seeks to examine this claim by examining literature and feedback from the “Neerjaal” portal, developed by the Digital Empowerment Foundation in association with Social Work Resource Centre and the Barefoot College, in Rajasthan.
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 11 of the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report regarding agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sectors. It outlines trends in GHG emissions from agriculture and forestry, as well as supply-side and demand-side mitigation options. It also discusses climate change impacts on AFOLU, costs and potentials of mitigation measures, co-benefits and risks, barriers and opportunities, sectoral policies, and issues around bioenergy. The document provides an overview of the major topics covered in the chapter through bullet point lists.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation projects and sustainable development in Ecuador's Yasuní Biosphere Reserve region. It notes that while Ecuador promotes conservation through protected areas, extractive industries like oil development have led to rapid land use changes impacting local communities and ecosystems. The research aims to analyze land cover dynamics, community participation in planning, and potential environmental conflicts through a case study in the Yasuní Reserve. It utilizes field data collection, interviews, and GIS analysis to understand relationships between human activities, ecosystems, and protected areas in the region.
Tamimi - Socioeconomic Dimension of Water PolicyLaura Haddad
This document discusses integrated water resource management (IWRM) and related socioeconomic policy issues. It makes three main points:
1) IWRM aims to balance environmental, social, and economic needs when allocating water resources, but implementation faces challenges integrating different sectors and balancing regional differences. Overly general policies may be counterproductive.
2) Growing water demand, a changing climate, and potential reallocation of water from irrigation could significantly impact regional socioeconomies depending on how reallocation is implemented.
3) Key socioeconomic factors that must be considered in water policy include income trends, unemployment, poverty, food security, governance, and climate change. Balancing these tensions while enabling flexible policies to
Climate Change Action at the City Level: Tales from Two Global Cities in BrazilRafael Martins
This document analyzes climate change action in two Brazilian megacities, Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. It discusses how these cities are responding to climate change through policy strategies and instruments. Participation in transnational municipal networks has been important for supporting climate change actions in both cities, with attention given to mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. However, there is a lack of comprehensive adaptation measures. Climate change actions rely on multiple public and private actors across sectors and levels of governance, which poses challenges due to differing interests and capacities.
Introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosy...Iwl Pcu
This document provides an overview of an introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosystem use. It begins with defining key terms like ecosystem approach according to the CBD and FAO. It then discusses moving from sectoral to integrated multi-sectoral management approaches. It also introduces ecosystem services and discusses management challenges at different scales. Finally, it provides the Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystems Project as a case study example, discussing understanding benefits and objectives, valuation of resources, and requirements for adaptive management.
The document discusses different types of resources including natural resources like air and water that are gifts of nature, and man-made resources like buildings and vehicles that are developed through human interaction with nature. It also describes how resources can be classified based on their origin, exhaustibility, ownership, and development status. Sustainable development and the Rio Earth Summit of 1992 which adopted Agenda 21 are discussed as well. The document further details India's different relief features, the importance of land resources, land use patterns, factors contributing to land degradation, and techniques to control soil erosion like contour ploughing and shelter belts.
Introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosy...Iwl Pcu
Kevern Cochrane and Warwick Sauer
Presentation at the 2nd Targeted Workshop for GEF IW Projects in Africa on Economic Valuation in November 2012 in Addis Ababa.
Population and natural resources conditions , Population and environment issues, Global warming and climate change ,
Demographic factors are evoked by several countries in connection with their environmental problems: Relation among population , Resources and Environment, South Asian countries mention that population policy as general means to alleviate environmental problems:
The document discusses the scope of environments and defines them. It also discusses the importance of environment studies and the need for public awareness about the environment. Specifically, it notes that the environment consists of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It highlights several reasons for the importance of environment studies, including that environmental issues are of international concern, problems have arisen due to development, and pollution has increased explosively. It also discusses the need for alternative development solutions, planning wise development, and increasing public awareness about challenges like population growth, poverty, agriculture, groundwater use, and development's impact on forests.
Environment means the surroundings or conditions of life, may be social, political, economic, cultural, natural etc.
Natural resources are used with other man made resources in order to produce goods in agriculture, industry or other spheres of economic activity.
Legal framework for transboundary water management Raya StephanWANA forum
This document discusses frameworks for managing transboundary water resources between countries in the Western Asia-Northern Africa (WANA) region. It outlines two key international instruments that provide legal guidelines for shared water management: the UN Watercourses Convention and the Resolution on Transboundary Aquifers. These instruments establish principles of equitable and reasonable use without causing harm. The document also gives examples of regional agreements in Europe and Southern Africa that are based on these international standards. Finally, it stresses the importance of national governments strengthening their own water governance capacities as the foundation for cooperative management of cross-border water resources.
Stephan - Legal Framework of Transboundary Water ManagementLaura Haddad
The document discusses the legal frameworks for managing transboundary water resources in the Western Asia-Northern Africa (WANA) region. It makes three main points:
1) International agreements provide guidance but many shared basins in the WANA region are still managed unilaterally without cooperation. Regional examples like Europe have more comprehensive frameworks.
2) The Arab Ministerial Water Council is working to develop a legal framework for shared waters in the Arab region.
3) National water management institutions and laws need strengthening to properly manage shared resources and enable international cooperation. Enforcing national capacities is key to improving governance of transboundary resources.
The document discusses the links between water scarcity and forced migration in the Middle East and North Africa region. It provides examples of how water scarcity has contributed to the displacement of over 100,000 people in northern Iraq and 800,000 people in Syria. While water scarcity may be a contributing factor, forced migration is usually the result of numerous social, economic and political factors. The document calls for a holistic, integrated approach to water resource management and sustainable development to address this issue, including strengthening local resource management practices, developing alternative livelihoods, and facilitating participation of affected communities in policy decisions.
Water cost recovery options Mohamed RaoufWANA forum
The document discusses water cost recovery options and management policies in the WANA region. It recommends promoting both traditional and modern water management systems while diversifying water sources due to volatile oil prices. Sustainable groundwater use and improved irrigation efficiency are also suggested. A variety of environmental management approaches like market-based instruments and persuasion could be used. Finally, cost recovery can promote conservation if tariffs are affordable and tailored to each country's needs, with policies varying at different governance levels.
Integrated Natural Resource Management and the GEF- Reconciling Global Enviro...Iwl Pcu
A Principal Objective: Every integrated program of interventions will be aimed at achieving a principal objective, whose nature will depend upon the “entry point” and whose goal, in line with the MDGs and the WSSD Plan of Implementation, will be the fostering of environmentally sustainable development. In doing so, global benefits will be accrued in a cluster of focal areas, or even in all of them. A tentative/preliminary Operational Program indication will correspond to the Principal Objective.
The document discusses the World Bank Group's history of environmental policies and initiatives from 1984 to present. It provides an overview of key environmental strategies, funds, and frameworks established over time. These include environmental impact assessments, the Environment Department, global environmental reports, the Equator Principles, and policies on social and environmental sustainability. The document also examines the Bank's current environmental portfolio and priorities around issues like climate change, natural resource management, and mainstreaming environmental sustainability across sectors.
A presentation about Community-Based Adaptation to Climate Change in Southern Africa. Presented during the SADC Climate Change Course for Trans-frontier Conservation Areas in 2014.
Rapid degradation of peri-urban ecosystems is resulting in a loss of associated ecosystem services. Water provision, storm-and waste-water regulation, along with protection from natural disasters and erosion, are the impacted services that most acutely affect poor or vulnerable populations. The poor may be disproportionately impacted by loss of ecosystem services due to lack of political power around land use decision making and limited alternatives for livelihoods, housing, or basic services. Vulnerability extends to urban populations that depend on the ecosystem services provided by or flowing through peri-urban areas. Often, the loss of ecosystems is irreversible and the replacement of associated services is costly, if even possible.
The document summarizes GEF-6 strategic programming directions. It discusses focusing on drivers of environmental degradation, integrating approaches across focal areas to deliver holistic solutions, and achieving impacts at scale. The GEF2020 vision is outlined as targeting drivers through relationships with stakeholders and ensuring complementarity across climate finance. Focal area strategies and programs are presented for biodiversity, land degradation, and international waters that align with conventions and achieve objectives through creative, integrated solutions.
ICT Mediated Community Water Management & Decision MakingRajat Kumar
Community based water resource management is a valuable tool that strives to sustain and improve environmental health through a natural resource management approach that integrates locally driven initiatives. It seeks to bring together stakeholders to identify issues, needs & strategies; integrate social, economic & ecological concerns towards generating comprehensive solutions. The increasing penetration of Information & Communication Technologies (ICTs) presents a great potential for communities to connect with government officials, policy makers and other relevant stakeholders that would have; under normal circumstances; been inaccessible for them. What is important is that this ease of sharing information through ICTs should also decrease the time taken for members in a community to acquire equal knowledge about the issue at hand and to encourage faster collaboration & quicker and more informed decision making about these community water resources.
This paper seeks to examine this claim by examining literature and feedback from the “Neerjaal” portal, developed by the Digital Empowerment Foundation in association with Social Work Resource Centre and the Barefoot College, in Rajasthan.
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 11 of the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report regarding agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) sectors. It outlines trends in GHG emissions from agriculture and forestry, as well as supply-side and demand-side mitigation options. It also discusses climate change impacts on AFOLU, costs and potentials of mitigation measures, co-benefits and risks, barriers and opportunities, sectoral policies, and issues around bioenergy. The document provides an overview of the major topics covered in the chapter through bullet point lists.
This document discusses biodiversity conservation projects and sustainable development in Ecuador's Yasuní Biosphere Reserve region. It notes that while Ecuador promotes conservation through protected areas, extractive industries like oil development have led to rapid land use changes impacting local communities and ecosystems. The research aims to analyze land cover dynamics, community participation in planning, and potential environmental conflicts through a case study in the Yasuní Reserve. It utilizes field data collection, interviews, and GIS analysis to understand relationships between human activities, ecosystems, and protected areas in the region.
Tamimi - Socioeconomic Dimension of Water PolicyLaura Haddad
This document discusses integrated water resource management (IWRM) and related socioeconomic policy issues. It makes three main points:
1) IWRM aims to balance environmental, social, and economic needs when allocating water resources, but implementation faces challenges integrating different sectors and balancing regional differences. Overly general policies may be counterproductive.
2) Growing water demand, a changing climate, and potential reallocation of water from irrigation could significantly impact regional socioeconomies depending on how reallocation is implemented.
3) Key socioeconomic factors that must be considered in water policy include income trends, unemployment, poverty, food security, governance, and climate change. Balancing these tensions while enabling flexible policies to
Climate Change Action at the City Level: Tales from Two Global Cities in BrazilRafael Martins
This document analyzes climate change action in two Brazilian megacities, Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. It discusses how these cities are responding to climate change through policy strategies and instruments. Participation in transnational municipal networks has been important for supporting climate change actions in both cities, with attention given to mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. However, there is a lack of comprehensive adaptation measures. Climate change actions rely on multiple public and private actors across sectors and levels of governance, which poses challenges due to differing interests and capacities.
Introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosy...Iwl Pcu
This document provides an overview of an introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosystem use. It begins with defining key terms like ecosystem approach according to the CBD and FAO. It then discusses moving from sectoral to integrated multi-sectoral management approaches. It also introduces ecosystem services and discusses management challenges at different scales. Finally, it provides the Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystems Project as a case study example, discussing understanding benefits and objectives, valuation of resources, and requirements for adaptive management.
The document discusses different types of resources including natural resources like air and water that are gifts of nature, and man-made resources like buildings and vehicles that are developed through human interaction with nature. It also describes how resources can be classified based on their origin, exhaustibility, ownership, and development status. Sustainable development and the Rio Earth Summit of 1992 which adopted Agenda 21 are discussed as well. The document further details India's different relief features, the importance of land resources, land use patterns, factors contributing to land degradation, and techniques to control soil erosion like contour ploughing and shelter belts.
Introduction to the ecosystem approach as a framework for management of ecosy...Iwl Pcu
Kevern Cochrane and Warwick Sauer
Presentation at the 2nd Targeted Workshop for GEF IW Projects in Africa on Economic Valuation in November 2012 in Addis Ababa.
Population and natural resources conditions , Population and environment issues, Global warming and climate change ,
Demographic factors are evoked by several countries in connection with their environmental problems: Relation among population , Resources and Environment, South Asian countries mention that population policy as general means to alleviate environmental problems:
The document discusses the scope of environments and defines them. It also discusses the importance of environment studies and the need for public awareness about the environment. Specifically, it notes that the environment consists of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It highlights several reasons for the importance of environment studies, including that environmental issues are of international concern, problems have arisen due to development, and pollution has increased explosively. It also discusses the need for alternative development solutions, planning wise development, and increasing public awareness about challenges like population growth, poverty, agriculture, groundwater use, and development's impact on forests.
Environment means the surroundings or conditions of life, may be social, political, economic, cultural, natural etc.
Natural resources are used with other man made resources in order to produce goods in agriculture, industry or other spheres of economic activity.
Legal framework for transboundary water management Raya StephanWANA forum
This document discusses frameworks for managing transboundary water resources between countries in the Western Asia-Northern Africa (WANA) region. It outlines two key international instruments that provide legal guidelines for shared water management: the UN Watercourses Convention and the Resolution on Transboundary Aquifers. These instruments establish principles of equitable and reasonable use without causing harm. The document also gives examples of regional agreements in Europe and Southern Africa that are based on these international standards. Finally, it stresses the importance of national governments strengthening their own water governance capacities as the foundation for cooperative management of cross-border water resources.
Stephan - Legal Framework of Transboundary Water ManagementLaura Haddad
The document discusses the legal frameworks for managing transboundary water resources in the Western Asia-Northern Africa (WANA) region. It makes three main points:
1) International agreements provide guidance but many shared basins in the WANA region are still managed unilaterally without cooperation. Regional examples like Europe have more comprehensive frameworks.
2) The Arab Ministerial Water Council is working to develop a legal framework for shared waters in the Arab region.
3) National water management institutions and laws need strengthening to properly manage shared resources and enable international cooperation. Enforcing national capacities is key to improving governance of transboundary resources.
The document discusses the links between water scarcity and forced migration in the Middle East and North Africa region. It provides examples of how water scarcity has contributed to the displacement of over 100,000 people in northern Iraq and 800,000 people in Syria. While water scarcity may be a contributing factor, forced migration is usually the result of numerous social, economic and political factors. The document calls for a holistic, integrated approach to water resource management and sustainable development to address this issue, including strengthening local resource management practices, developing alternative livelihoods, and facilitating participation of affected communities in policy decisions.
Water cost recovery options Mohamed RaoufWANA forum
The document discusses water cost recovery options and management policies in the WANA region. It recommends promoting both traditional and modern water management systems while diversifying water sources due to volatile oil prices. Sustainable groundwater use and improved irrigation efficiency are also suggested. A variety of environmental management approaches like market-based instruments and persuasion could be used. Finally, cost recovery can promote conservation if tariffs are affordable and tailored to each country's needs, with policies varying at different governance levels.
Al Jayyousi - WANA's Value Chain: A Conceptual FrameworkLaura Haddad
The document discusses a conceptual framework for knowledge creation and sharing in the water sector in the WANA region. It outlines four modes of knowledge conversion: socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization. Effective knowledge management requires fostering tacit knowledge through shared experience and dialogue. It also discusses the importance of team learning and developing communities of practice around issues like virtual water and food security. The proposed approach is for WANA Forum to invest in partnerships to create an enabling environment for knowledge creation through knowledge navigators, architects, and team learning processes.
Haddadin - A Community of Water and EnergyLaura Haddad
The document discusses the natural synergy between water and energy, and how availability of both resources is essential for economic and social development. It notes that most countries in North Africa, Western and Central Asia have imbalances in their water resources and populations. There is a lack of comprehensive agreements over shared water sources such as the Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile Rivers. To prevent escalating conflicts, the document proposes creating a Community of Water and Energy where member countries can cooperatively manage their shared water and energy resources, similar to how the European Community developed cooperation after World War II.
Regional entities and programs in the Western Asia-North Africa (WANA) region attempt to address water challenges from different perspectives, such as supply, demand, institutional, legal, and human. However, over the last 30 years, views of policymakers, civil society, private sector, and donors have diverged, resulting in different policies - some see water as an economic good, while others see it as a human right. For sustainable development in WANA, water management should focus on rural poor communities, responsible development, and human-centered development by balancing people, nature, and economics. While many regional and international organizations influence the region, constraints like strong national identities and poor governance limit these groups' ability to develop a shared
Regional water info systems Jauad El KharrazWANA forum
The document discusses developing water information systems in Western Asia and North Africa (WANA) countries to help cope with water scarcity and drought issues. It recommends setting up a common set of water scarcity and drought indicators agreed upon by WANA countries to improve data collection and sharing of information. Establishing a WANA drought information system and increasing regional cooperation on water management are also suggested to help countries better plan for and mitigate impacts of water scarcity and drought events.
This document discusses water scarcity in Iran and proposes solutions. It notes that Iran receives around 439 billion cubic meters of annual precipitation but overextracts groundwater, extracting 60 billion cubic meters per year while the sustainable yield is estimated at 51 billion cubic meters. Around 95% of available water is used for agriculture. The document argues that improving water use efficiency in agriculture, reclaiming degraded lands, and adopting drought-tolerant crops can help address water scarcity issues without jeopardizing food production. It also discusses the historical role of nomadic pastoralism in sustainably managing rangelands and argues that policies banning nomadism have degraded lands and reduced livestock numbers.
This document discusses integrated water resources management (IWRM) and its practical implementation. It provides an overview of IWRM, including its relevance to key development issues, characteristics, status of adoption globally, and challenges to practical application. Examples of successful IWRM applications and case studies that address problematic water management scenarios are also presented. The document explores linking IWRM programs to goals like the Millennium Development Goals and climate change adaptation through setting achievement milestones.
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON THE CURRENT CONDITIONS OF WATER RESOURCE INFRASTRUCTURE...indexPub
Water is an essential and critical resource for human, animal, and plant survival and continued existence on planet Earth. Water is increasingly becoming a scarce resource; however, the issue of water scarcity has been exacerbated by the intensity of climate change conditions as well as aging water resource infrastructure in many countries, more especially in developing countries such as South Africa. Therefore, there is an urgent need to upgrade water resource infrastructure in South African cities in order to alleviate the stress on the current systems in place.
A Meta Analysis on Review of Studies on Water Managementijtsrd
"Water is one of the most important resources available on this earth that has an influence on human activities. All important aspects such as agriculture, industry, day to day life is dependent on water. It is the most important factor for survival of life on this earth. As such it becomes imperative that we find out what is the status of various studies that have been conducted on various aspects of water management.The present paper is an attempt to summarise various aspects of issues involved with use and consumption of water and studies involved therein. It focuses on theoretical concepts like definition of water management, compounding of water as well as actual practices of water management in various parts of the world. Prof Anuradha Gaikwad | Dr S. D. Kadam ""A Meta-Analysis on Review of Studies on Water Management"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Fostering Innovation, Integration and Inclusion Through Interdisciplinary Practices in Management , March 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23081.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/23081/a-meta-analysis-on-review-of-studies-on-water-management/prof-anuradha-gaikwad"
Tamimi - socioeconomic dimension of water policyWANA forum
This document discusses the socioeconomic dimensions of water policy and integrated water resource management (IWRM). It addresses several key points:
1) IWRM aims to balance economic, social, and environmental needs in water allocation and management. However, implementation faces challenges in integrating different sectors and balancing universal vs. region-specific policies.
2) Water demand is growing due to population, economic growth, and climate change, putting pressure on existing supplies. Reallocating water from irrigation could impact regions socioeconomically.
3) The document outlines important socioeconomic trends to consider in water policy, like income, unemployment, poverty, food security, and climate change. It also discusses tensions, transitions, and
The document discusses integrated water resource management (IWRM) and its evolution as the guiding mission for water resources management over the last century. IWRM aims to reconcile competing water uses through public participation and coordination between sectors and scales of management. While IWRM has been widely adopted, problems in water management continue accumulating and questions remain whether IWRM can deliver solutions fast enough. New challenges like climate change and the water-energy-food nexus emphasize the need to accelerate IWRM implementation from planning to action. As sustainable development goals are negotiated in 2015, countries must learn lessons to operationalize IWRM and make the changes needed to achieve expected outcomes.
IWRM in Practice - Operationalising IWRM at Basin Level: Niger River Basin Ca...Iwl Pcu
Presentation by Ousmane Diallo, Water Resources & Environment Specialist, GEF Project & Shared Vision Coordinator (NBA) at the International Conference on IWRM in Tokyo - December 2004
The document discusses Target 6.5 of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals regarding implementing integrated water resource management (IWRM) at all levels by 2030. It analyzes the target and assesses its feasibility using a UN report on best practices for implementing IWRM. The report identifies seven key aspects to successful IWRM implementation: 1) linking strategies to key development issues, 2) clear communication with stakeholders, 3) changing community perspectives, 4) effective monitoring, 5) addressing challenges early, 6) understanding the long-term nature, and 7) management structures. Case studies on transboundary rivers demonstrate how IWRM has helped develop cooperative management plans. The feasibility of the SDG target depends on how
A hand note on water resource management, specially in the context of Bangladesh. I prepared the note for the MS final exam on the course water resource management.
This document proposes a paper on the relationships between ecosystem services, water security, and integrated water resources management (IWRM). It notes that over 2 billion people currently live in areas with absolute water scarcity, and this is projected to rise to 4.6 billion by 2080. The paper will address the state of ecosystem services and their importance for human well-being and development. It will also discuss the degradation of ecosystem services from climate change and human activities, and how this impacts water security. Finally, it will explore the nexus between ecosystem services, water security, and IWRM, and the challenges and opportunities around management.
Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is a flexible, adaptive process that promotes coordinated development and management of water, land, and related resources. IWRM considers all aspects of water usage together and aims to maximize economic and social welfare in an equitable manner while preserving ecosystem sustainability. Key elements of successful IWRM include strong political will, involvement of stakeholders, clear institutional roles, and sufficient financial support. IWRM is not a prescribed set of actions but an iterative process that can vary in each location.
Lecture 2a Concepts of IWRM 2016 -2017.pptxAli Al-naqa
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- Defining IWRM as "a process that promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems."
- Discussing the key principles of IWRM from the Dublin Statement and Rio Declaration, including treating water as an economic good, participatory approaches, and recognizing the finite nature of freshwater resources.
- Emphasizing the need for an integrated approach to water management given challenges of population growth, increasing demand, water pollution, and climate change impacts.
This document discusses evolving the integrated water resources management (IWRM) paradigm by reassessing underlying policy assumptions. It presents a regional outlook on water challenges in the Western Asia-North Africa region and efforts to implement IWRM. It recommends redefining the scope and scale of IWRM, incorporating concepts like virtual water, and linking IWRM with other policies through an integrated socio-technical and institutional framework to address water scarcity in the region.
The document discusses integrated water resources management (IWRM) in Myanmar. It provides background on IWRM concepts and principles, and how they are being applied in Myanmar through efforts such as establishing river basin organizations, reforming water sector policies and laws, and integrating water management across levels and sectors to achieve sustainability, equity, and efficiency. Lessons from applying IWRM in other countries emphasize that the approach must be adapted to each local context and priorities, and involve stakeholders at all levels through participatory processes.
1) Ecosystem services provide important benefits to water security according to GWP's framework and goals of promoting integrated water resources management.
2) Degradation of ecosystem services poses a challenge to achieving water security and sustainable development goals due to effects on water quantity and quality as well as resilience to climate change.
3) GWP plans to focus on generating and sharing knowledge about the value of ecosystem services, engage policymakers, and strengthen partnerships to advocate for the conservation of ecosystem services as an essential element of water security.
Integrated water resources management (IWRM) takes a holistic approach to managing water resources and considers all aspects of the water cycle and all water uses. It aims to balance social welfare, economic efficiency, and environmental sustainability. IWRM involves coordinated management of water, land, and related resources across sectors and scales. Key principles include participatory decision making, recognizing women's roles, and valuing water economically and socially. While IWRM provides a flexible framework, implementing it requires balancing integration across levels and sectors without getting mired in complexity.
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Policymakers in Arab countries have shifted from solely supply-side solutions for water management to also emphasizing demand-side approaches like conservation. National frameworks have been established in most countries to oversee water resources according to Agenda 21 guidelines. The primary strategy for sustainable water use is protecting current supplies through harvesting rainwater, safeguarding storage, and maintaining traditional systems. Relying solely on desalinated water risks volatility from oil prices. Improving irrigation efficiency in agriculture and reducing high water use crops can optimize groundwater use. Different cost recovery options for water provide varying incentives, with increasing block rates that charge more for higher usage levels being most effective for conservation. However, solutions must be tailored to individual country contexts and ensure afford
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Abdulrazzak - Coordinating Action at the Regional LevelLaura Haddad
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The document discusses virtual water trade as a potential policy option for improving water use efficiency in the water scarce West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region. It outlines the concept of virtual water, which refers to the water embedded in agricultural products. Importing virtual water through food can help relieve pressure on a nation's water resources. However, there are also issues to consider with relying on virtual water trade as a policy, including food security, environmental impacts, and geopolitical concerns. Regional cooperation could help address some of these challenges when analyzing the suitability of virtual water trade for WANA countries. The document emphasizes applying virtual water concepts to agricultural products and trade to help WANA nations achieve strategic water security through international food imports.
The document discusses the role of biosaline agriculture in coping with water scarcity in the WANA region. It notes that the WANA region has very low available renewable water resources per capita that are projected to decline further. Biosaline agriculture focuses on growing crops that are tolerant of saline or brackish water and soil conditions as a way to use marginal water resources and reduce pressure on freshwater supplies. The document provides estimates of available brackish water resources and potential land areas for biosaline agriculture in several WANA countries, finding that approximately 14% of total irrigated land in the region could utilize brackish water resources.
Ghaffour - Desalination and Water ReuseLaura Haddad
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El Kharraz - Water Information SystemsLaura Haddad
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Hashemi - Evolving Integrated Water Resources Management
1. Evolving the Integrated Water
Resources Management (IWRM)
Paradigm:
To reassess the underline policy assumptions
Mukhtar Hahsemi Scientific Advisor, Office of Applied Researches , IWRMC, Ministry of Energy, Iran
2. Evolving the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Paradigm:
policy shift towards integrated and sustainable
management of water resources in the region.
Evolving the Towards implementing IWRM
Integrated Water The concept of IWRM was envisaged by the
International Water Resources in 1960s (Braga, 2001)
but these principles were updated in 1992 in Dublin
Resources and later were adopted at the UN conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de
Management Janeiro, 1992. They provide the basis for an
integrated approach to water management. Global
(IWRM) Water Partnership (GWP) has been a driving force
behind the internationalisation of the concept. GWP
(2000) defines IWRM as:
Paradigm: IWRM is the art & science of blending the right
proportions of regular interaction and interdependent
To reassess the underline policy
groups of items into a whole. The concept of integrated
assumptions
water resources management in contrast to traditional
fragmented management is concerned with the
management of water demand as with its supply. (GWP,
A Regional Outlook 2000)
WANA countries are characterised by scarce
IWRM is a holistic and integrated approach
water resources and its availability is declining
based on the sustainability criteria: equity,
to a crisis level. Accordingly, water is the most
economic efficiency and environmental
important and binding constraint for any future
sustainability. GWP (2000) elaborates that the
development in the region. Freshwater shortages in
word ‘management’ refers to both management and
the whole region is accelerating due to many factors
development and indicates that the decision is made
including wasteful use of the resources, poor
at the lowest possible level. There are certain
management and lack of investment in developing
anomalies in the IWRM definition and approach. For
water sector for different uses such as agriculture,
example, there are ambiguities about the meaning of
domestic or industrial. In WANA countries, most of
the lowest possible level of decision making. A water
water is used for agriculture in an unsustainable way.
resources system consists of three interacting
Without proper demand management policies
components:
together with the reduction in water use by this
sector, a disastrous economic and social consequence Physical (infrastructure and technology) and natural
will follow (e.g. Mubarak, 1998; Wang et al 2006). environment;
Population growth and urbanisation are two Institutional; and
phenomena in which put a great deal of
Socio-economic.
pressure on water and land resources. In the
last decades, a tremendous rate of urbanisation Neglecting a particular aspect of the system poses
coupled with a great deal of industrialisation have great challenges to the sustainable management of
endangered the biodiversity in the WANA region and this precious resource. Hence, the water resource
caused environmental degradation. In addition, this system is not only about the natural system and the
has brought a higher standard of living and expansion infrastructure and technology, but it is inter-related
of modern technology. Hence, there has been a with institutional and socio-economic subsystems as
well.
Page 2
3. Evolving the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Paradigm:
There has been a lack in implementing IWRM integration may have four characteristics or
worldwide despite its adoption by national dimensions as shown in Table 1.
governments around the globe (Biswas, 2004).
The 2006 World Water Forum (WWF) report Also, There is a need for an integrated
outlines major problems with implementing the research policy. The sectoral approach to research
IWRM Paradigm; including institutional barriers and is non-integrated approach to deal with water
lack of capacity building measures (WWF, 2006). In resources issues. There are 26 different UN agencies
2009, the Fourth world water Forum was held in dealing with water and water related issues. More
Istanbul, Turkey. According to the World Water recently, they have come under the banner of UN
Assessment Programme report, the institutional Water. The main issues in reassessing the IWRM
aspect is still an important limiting factor in the paradigm within a strategic research framework are
implementation Process (WWAP, 2009). Many framed.
scholars have called for reassessment of the IWRM
concept (e.g. Biswas, 2004; Falkenmark and The criteria for a sustainable water policy
Rockstörm, 2006; Falkenmark et al, 2004; and In the 1970s, the concept of sustainable
Llamas and Martinez-Santos, 2005). For example, development (SD) came into the domain of
Biswas (2004) asks whether IWRM is a universal academia and since then it has been promoted
concept applicable to diverse cultural and religious by different United Nation agencies and has
settings. Hence how to implement IWRM in diverse become a policy worldwide. The 1987 World
cultures and settings is an important question. Commission on Environment and Development
(WCED) report, also known as the Brundtland
Many countries have clear policy towards Report (named after the former Norwegian Prime
implementing IWRM backed up by legislative Minister, Gro Harlem Brundtland), brought the
measures. Numerous researchers are involved in a concept of sustainable development into prominence.
variety of IWRM research themes but their efforts The report defines sustainable development as:
are dispersed and there is lack of communications
between different research groups as well as between
policymakers and the research communities. The
impact of non-water polices are greater on the
status of water resources (World Bank, 2007). For
example, the agricultural self sufficiency policy has a
great impact on the way water resources are
managed. Water is a multidisciplinary, multi-sectoral
issue and it forms the basis of the human existence: it
relates to eradication of poverty and hunger.
Multidimensional aspects of water policy
integration
Hence, Policy integration has been proven to
be useful in environmental and water
resources management as sectoral polices have
proven to be ineffective. IWRM provides an interface
for policy integration which is challenging and has
been beset with both technical and conceptual
problems. But integration is a multidimensional
phenomenon including strategic, structural,
procedural, facilitative, functional and methodological
integrations (Morrison et al, 2004). Water policy
Page 3
4. Evolving the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Paradigm:
Four Dimensions Five Criteria for sustainability
of integration (sustainable development Principles of IWRM In terms of policymaking
(Morrison et al, (Gasparatos et al, 2008)
2004))
1- a multi- 1- integration of social, Holistic approach An integrated and inter-sectoral policy-
jurisdictional economic, environmental and making Framework that can assess the
spatial institutional issues and their impact of non-water policies on water
organization interactions and policy and display their inter-linkage
interdependencies;
2-participatory 2- creating a participatory a participatory
coordination of environment; empowerment approach Creating enabling environments for
different policies; participatory decision-making
stakeholders,
civil societies
and actors
3- collaborative 3- predictions of future trends Using a systems
decision- making and the impact of policies and analysis approach Institutional design criteria to evaluate and
from the development plans on (policies, scenarios, monitor planning and implementation of the
participatory sustainability; management options strategies adopted through the policy-
approach 4- dealing with uncertainties by (measures) and making process
taking conservative and strategies). See Box 1.
precautionary measures
4- agreement 5- to foster ecocentric ethics supporting the socio-
based on and equity (intergenerational economic welfare of Policy appraisal mechanisms to indicate the
rationality and intergenerational); people i.e. performance and the impact of water
eradicating poverty; policy
empowering women;
sustaining the
environment
Table 1. Governing principles in water resources management and their policy implications (adopted form Hashemi and
O'Connell (2011)
as if they are in ‘infinite supply’ which is a linear
approach or “the one- way society” approach (Braga,
”development that meets the needs of the present 2001).
without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their Box1: basic definitions (Source: Hashemi and O'Connell, 2011) In
own needs” (WCED, 1987: 43). the
• Policy: a political (governmental) statement outlining the last
The word “needs” is used twice vision. Goals and objectives of IWRM plans
in the above sentence and some • Scenario: a futuristic outlook of development such as
critics have argued that the
assumptions under which development occurs; these are
anthropocentric nature of the
exogenous to the water system such as population growth
Brundtland report is a paradox
or climate change that cannot be controlled or
and accused her of taking a
determined by the water system
political stance in her approach
• Management option: a measure or an action taken to
by putting human needs at the
centre of sustainable improve the performance of the water system, these
development (Barr, 2008). Braga measures can be legal, institutional, technical, social,
(2001) points out that the economics, ecological.
explanation of the meaning of • Strategy: a collection of management options to be
the term given by WCED (1987) considered under different anthropogenic and natural
is rather ambiguous and argues climatic scenarios.
that the sustainability of natural
systems is a measure of how they come into decades there have been many contributions to the
equilibrium during naturally occurring changes. sustainable development debate(e.g. Barr, 2008; Khan,
However, humans have used these natural resources 1995; Hediger, 2000; Pearce 1988; Pearce et al, 1989
among others), notably Khan’s (1995) triangular
Page 4
5. Evolving the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Paradigm:
model of sustainable development (social, economic land and water management (Amezaga, 2006 and
and environmental sustainability) and Giddings et al’s Calder, 2005). Calder (2005) argues that many
(2002) nested sustainability model based on tradeoffs land and water policies failed because of the
among social, ecological and economic objectives. “mismatch between the public and scientific
Gasparatos et al’s (2008) review on the SD debate perceptions of the biophysical impacts of
came up with a consensus on five criteria for changing land-use, that policies were more often
sustainability which forms the basis of a holistic based on ‘land and water myths’ than modern
sustainability assessment (Table 1.) science.” (Calder, 2005; p.309). Calder (2005)
proposes an Integrated Water and Land
The missing policy links Resources Management (IWLRM).
Falkenmark et al (2004) call for the 5. A fifth omission is the idea of ‘virtual water’
redefinition of ‘water science’ intersecting which is not usually considered in the traditional
established applied and pure sciences such as IWRM concept. The idea of virtual water trade
agricultural, medical, social, economic, ecology postulated by Allan (2003) is already being used
and environmental, water law and geophysical and many countries depend on imports of
sciences. Public health (sanitation and water supply), agricultural produce and virtual water. Virtual
equity issues (poverty elimination) and environmental water “ is a measure of the total water used in
sustainability (conservation of aquatic resources) are producing a good or service (Frontier
the main drivers for some of the UN policies such as Economics, 2008)”. The embedded water in food
the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and and other products is considered to be virtual
hence water is seen as part of larger societal and water
ecological issues. Traditionally, renewable water
6. The fisheries sector has been overlooked in river
resources (Blue Water) have been considered in
basin management policies.
traditional water management. Some other important
aspects have been omitted which can be considered 7. The role of belief (culture, religion) has been
as missing policy links which are neglected in IWRM neglected which has a direct bearing on policy
plans. decision-making process.
There are seven omissions:
Evolving IWRM: A reassessment of policy
1. Soil moisture and water consumed by plants assumptions
(Green Water) normally disregarded in water Considering the above conceptual constraints, the
balance of the system. IWRM concept needs to be reshaped if to provide a
valid interface for sustainable policymaking processes:
2. Wastewater (gray) and return water is
overlooked in estimating water resources 1. Redefinition of the scope or focus of IWRM
potential. - this means that an equitable allocation strategy
3. Environmental services (ecological functions) of should not only consider blue water (as at
water. Many researchers agree that a share of present) but consider the whole water balance
water resources should be allocated to the (Blue and Green Water or so called the ‘ever-
environment for the purpose of maintaining the green’ revolution: Falkenmark and Rockstörm,
health and viability of water-dependent 2006). This means that we need to understand
ecosystems (including estuaries) at catchment the physical processes affecting green water (e.g.
level (Robins et al, 2005). vapour flow and green soil flow) and be able to
include these concepts in the water balance
4. The impact of land-use change on Blue Water components of the water resources models.
resources is an important factor not only for Hence, there are many technical challenges to
water resources but for the land resource as initiate the new green revolution. Technology
well. There is an explicit inter-linkage between will have an important role to play. It has to
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6. Evolving the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Paradigm:
adjust to new paradigms and take an adaptive and proposes an Integrated Water and Land water
innovative technical strategy. On the social side, Resources Management, IWLRM. Falkenmark et
the green revolution is a difficult proposition to al (2004) call for redefinition of ‘water science’
lead and control and depends on decision making intersecting established applied and pure sciences
at both micro (e.g. farmers) and macro (e.g. such as agricultural, medical, social, economic,
market forces) levels. The first green revolution ecology & Environmental, water law and
lifted hunger from many parts of Asia and the geophysical sciences. Public health (sanitation and
new green revolution is required (shift of water supply), equity issues (poverty elimination)
agricultural policy towards rain-fed or dryland and environmental sustainability (conservation of
agriculture) to solve the work hunger problem. aquatic resources) are the main drivers for some
Expanding blue water consumption (that is of the UN polices such the Millennium
irrigation) is not a sustainable option. Development Goals (MDGs) and hence water is
seen as part of larger societal and ecological
2. Redefinition of the scale of IWRM - at
issues. The concept of ecohydrology might be a
present the river basin is considered to be the
useful basis for a sustainable land use
ideal unit for IWRM. ”. A depoliticized river
management programme. Application of this
basin concept approach has been postulated by
concept entails three steps as described by
IWRM and the need for establishing
Gouder de Beauregard et al (2002):
interconnections within an ecological unit has
been taken into consideration. Nevertheless, • A comprehensive ecological study of the
decisions on natural resources such as water are catchment (climate, soil science, vegetation,
ultimately political and have political, financial and human occupation)
ecological costs. Some parts of the basin have to
• Implementation of a water quality catchment
pay the price of the decisions. It is argued that
modelling system to assess the fluxes of
the environment has endured the cost due to
pollutants. The outputs of the model will
unsustainable practices. Since most of the blue
contribute to a land use management policy and
renewable resources are used in agriculture (this
long term management strategies
is true in the developing world), and since
agriculture is an important economic sector with • Implementation of technologies to restore the
a vital social role, a smaller physical unit (at ecosystem
catchment or watershed level) can be used to
4. Virtual water as part of water security
reflect what happens at the farming level.
policy. The concept of ‘virtual water’ should be
3. Ecohydrology concept as an interface for included in formal water policy assessments to
Land and Water linkage. The impact of land- appreciate the real potential of water resources.
use change on blue water resources is an National food security is a distinct agricultural
important factor not only to water resources but policy of many countries. The impact on this
to the land resource as well. There is an explicit policy on water resources systems is to allocate
inter-linkage between land and water more water for irrigation. UN and international
management (Amezaga, 2005 and Calder, 2005). agencies have other goals such as hunger
Therefore, this can be considered to be a fourth alleviation and eradication of poverty which
major omission in blue water resources means greater food productions and hence more
management. Calder (2005) argues that many water for irrigation. The idea of virtual water
land and water polices failed because of the trade is not new as many countries depend on
“mismatch between the public and scientific imports of agricultural produce. Allan (1997,
perceptions of the biophysical impacts of 2003) has postulated the idea of ‘virtual water’ as
changing land-use, that policies were more often a viable policy for most of the WANA region and
based on ‘land and water myths’ than modern need to be considered in agricultural policy and
science.” (Calder, 2005; p.309). Calder (2005) regional developments plans. There is a greater
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7. Evolving the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Paradigm:
need for research into the usefulness of virtual 2000). In the 1990s a serious debate was
water by considering water security. Water initiated. These tended to be statement of
security is increasingly becoming an important policies by local authorities and were non
issue in WANA region as food security is statuary measures and did not include nationwide
essentially a water security. policies for implementation. However, this
voluntary approach initiated consensus between
5. Considerations for the role of belief and
different stakeholders. By year 2000, a full
culture. Biswas’s (2004) questioning of universal
document was produced by EU as ICZM Strategy
applicability of the IWRM paradigm and whether
followed by EU ICZM Recommendation in 2002.
is it applicable to cultures, religions and so on is
The ICZM may also be linked to other
vitally important as public and stakeholder
complementing concepts such as Integrated
participations is postulated to be a key to
Coastal Area and River-basin Management
implement of IWRM plans. Culture is a larger
(ICARM) which is not a new or alternative
medium than ethics or religious beliefs and as
management but focuses on the remaining issues
seen, in decision making, actors’ beliefs are very
or the gaps which exists due to sectoral and
important. Most religions have the same value-
institutional divisions of responsibility
laden perspectives with regard to the precious
(UNEP/MAP/PAP, 1999).
resource. Daniels & Endfield (2009) argue that
the action taken by the decision makers’ are
influenced by their perceptions. Policymaking is
more than just “a struggle over ideas” it is about
struggle over ideas and values within a cultural
context (Hashemi and O'Connell, 2011).
Legitimacy is an important issue for any public
policy debate. So the interplay between public
The Way forward: an integrated research
policy and legitimacy is a vital component in a
policy
policy analysis.
Many great civilisations have emerged from
6. Establishing Water-land-sea interface by WANA region which has a diverse and rich
linking IWRM and ICZM. There is a lag of culture and history. Most of the countries share
concern for coastal waters in river basin natural resources including water resources. War
legislation, policies and strategies and vice versa. over water has not materialised and these shared
In addition, there is a lack of public and political resources should provide an opportunity for greater
awareness of importance of coastal ecosystems cooperation and policy integration at regional level.
and their links to river basin and vice versa. Low
lying coastal area is vital for the development of The disparity and dynamic nature of water scarcity in
nature and society since they contain more than a changing world requires an integrated research
60 % of the human population, yielding 90% of policy into the IWRM concepts that can cater for the
the global fisheries and produce about 25% of mentioned paradigm shift and the change of
global biological productivity, (UNESCO-IHP- boundaries of research inquiries.
OIC, 2004). Integrated Coastal Zones
The role of research community is vital with two
Management (ICZM) have been promoted for
main objectives: (1) to draw the national research
more than 3 decades (Vallega, 1999) which
strategy and (2) to attain a sustainable and viable
provides a unique policy opportunity to elaborate
research portfolio with appropriate funding
the sea-land interface by providing an integration
mechanisms; achieving financial sustainability of
platform for other policy directives relative to
scientific endeavours.
the coast. The Council of Europe began
promoting integrated Coastal Zones A dialogue within the research communities is
Management (ICZM) back in 1973 (Jewell et al, essential to enhance communications and to
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8. Evolving the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Paradigm:
remove institutional barriers. This will create a
platform for a wider dialogue among policy makers,
the scientific community and the public at large.
Researchers can become facilitators in difficult public
policy debates and create a foundation for
participatory decision making processes. It is
anticipated that this 'Policy Brief' will contribute to
the dialogue about the role of the scientific
community in bridging the gaps between science and
policy domains.
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