Euroitaluni
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The document summarizes the unification of Italy from the early 1800s to 1861. Key figures that helped unify Italy included Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour who allied with France and Britain to defeat the Austrians. By 1861, King Victor Emmanuel II had been proclaimed King of Italy after taking the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and Venice. Italian unification was completed in 1870.
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Unity in italy and germany (2)
Italy was originally divided into six states with the Papal States controlled by France. The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, led by Prime Minister Cavour, sought to unify Italy and annexed Lombardy in 1859 with French support. Nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi led an uprising in the south in 1861 and offered the territory to Piedmont, which helped establish a united Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II. Rome was made the capital in 1870 after the Papal States were annexed when France was defeated by Prussia.
Unification of Italy and Germany
This document summarizes the unification of Italy in the 19th century. It describes how Italy was divided after 1815 and how nationalism led to a unification movement. Key figures who led the unification effort include Giuseppe Mazzini, who established the nationalist group Young Italy; Count Camillo di Cavour, who as Prime Minister of Sardinia industrialized the region and reduced the Pope's influence; and Giuseppe Garibaldi, a nationalist who successfully led the unification of Southern Italy. Ultimately, Cavour was able to trick Garibaldi into allowing Sardinia's king to rule the newly unified Italy under a new Constitutional Monarchy.
Unit 7 - The Unification of Italy and Germany
The document summarizes the unification of Italy and Germany between 1815-1871. It describes how Italy was initially divided but united through the efforts of figures like Cavour, Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II, culminating in the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. It also outlines how Germany was originally divided into 39 states, and how Otto Von Bismark as Prime Minister of Prussia led three successful wars that unified most German states under Prussian leadership by 1871.
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The document provides information on several events and individuals related to the unification of Germany and Italy in the 19th century. It mentions Otto von Bismarck's role in advising William I and helping establish the North German Confederation. It also discusses Camillo Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi's contributions to Italian unification through their roles in the Risorgimento movement and leading military forces. The document additionally outlines some territorial disputes and wars that occurred during this period of national unification, such as the Danish War, Austro-Prussian War, and Franco-Prussian War.
German unification
The document summarizes the unification of Germany in the 19th century. It occurred in stages, beginning with the creation of the Zollverein customs union in 1834. Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian Chancellor, then used diplomatic and military tactics to defeat Denmark, Austria, and France, consolidating Prussian power. This culminated in the formation of the German Empire in 1871 under Kaiser Wilhelm I, completing German unification.
The Unifications of Italy and Germany
(shared using VisualBee)
The document discusses the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. It provides details on the key figures involved in Italian unification such as Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Camillo Benso di Cavour, as well as the military campaigns that led to Italy becoming a nation-state by 1861. For Germany, it outlines Otto von Bismarck's role in achieving unification through war and diplomacy rather than revolution, culminating in the establishment of the German Empire in 1871 under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.
Unification of germany
The document summarizes the unification of Germany from the rise of Prussia in the 1600s to the establishment of the North German Confederation in 1867. Key events included Prussia gaining power under Frederick the Great and seizing Silesia from Austria, conflicts with France that weakened the Holy Roman Empire, the formation of the German Confederation after Napoleon's defeat, and Bismarck engineering conflicts to exclude Austria and unite the German states under Prussian leadership, culminating in the North German Confederation. France opposed further unification under Prussia, fearing the threat to its own power.
Unification of Italy and Germany
The documents discuss the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. Italy was divided into many small states controlled by Austria and the Papal States. Nationalist figures like Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi helped lead the Risorgimento movement for Italian unification. Garibaldi conquered Southern Italy and his forces joined with northern Italian troops led by Cavour to drive out Austrian forces, resulting in a unified Italian state by 1871. Germany was divided until Otto von Bismarck used war and diplomacy to defeat Denmark, Austria, and France, uniting the German states under Prussian leadership by 1871.
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Unity in italy and germany (2)
Italy was originally divided into six states with the Papal States controlled by France. The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, led by Prime Minister Cavour, sought to unify Italy and annexed Lombardy in 1859 with French support. Nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi led an uprising in the south in 1861 and offered the territory to Piedmont, which helped establish a united Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II. Rome was made the capital in 1870 after the Papal States were annexed when France was defeated by Prussia.
Unification of Italy and Germany
This document summarizes the unification of Italy in the 19th century. It describes how Italy was divided after 1815 and how nationalism led to a unification movement. Key figures who led the unification effort include Giuseppe Mazzini, who established the nationalist group Young Italy; Count Camillo di Cavour, who as Prime Minister of Sardinia industrialized the region and reduced the Pope's influence; and Giuseppe Garibaldi, a nationalist who successfully led the unification of Southern Italy. Ultimately, Cavour was able to trick Garibaldi into allowing Sardinia's king to rule the newly unified Italy under a new Constitutional Monarchy.
Unit 7 - The Unification of Italy and Germany
The document summarizes the unification of Italy and Germany between 1815-1871. It describes how Italy was initially divided but united through the efforts of figures like Cavour, Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II, culminating in the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. It also outlines how Germany was originally divided into 39 states, and how Otto Von Bismark as Prime Minister of Prussia led three successful wars that unified most German states under Prussian leadership by 1871.
397-418
The document provides information on several events and individuals related to the unification of Germany and Italy in the 19th century. It mentions Otto von Bismarck's role in advising William I and helping establish the North German Confederation. It also discusses Camillo Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi's contributions to Italian unification through their roles in the Risorgimento movement and leading military forces. The document additionally outlines some territorial disputes and wars that occurred during this period of national unification, such as the Danish War, Austro-Prussian War, and Franco-Prussian War.
German unification
The document summarizes the unification of Germany in the 19th century. It occurred in stages, beginning with the creation of the Zollverein customs union in 1834. Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian Chancellor, then used diplomatic and military tactics to defeat Denmark, Austria, and France, consolidating Prussian power. This culminated in the formation of the German Empire in 1871 under Kaiser Wilhelm I, completing German unification.
The Unifications of Italy and Germany
(shared using VisualBee)
The document discusses the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. It provides details on the key figures involved in Italian unification such as Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Camillo Benso di Cavour, as well as the military campaigns that led to Italy becoming a nation-state by 1861. For Germany, it outlines Otto von Bismarck's role in achieving unification through war and diplomacy rather than revolution, culminating in the establishment of the German Empire in 1871 under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.
Unification of germany
The document summarizes the unification of Germany from the rise of Prussia in the 1600s to the establishment of the North German Confederation in 1867. Key events included Prussia gaining power under Frederick the Great and seizing Silesia from Austria, conflicts with France that weakened the Holy Roman Empire, the formation of the German Confederation after Napoleon's defeat, and Bismarck engineering conflicts to exclude Austria and unite the German states under Prussian leadership, culminating in the North German Confederation. France opposed further unification under Prussia, fearing the threat to its own power.
Unification of Italy and Germany
The documents discuss the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. Italy was divided into many small states controlled by Austria and the Papal States. Nationalist figures like Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi helped lead the Risorgimento movement for Italian unification. Garibaldi conquered Southern Italy and his forces joined with northern Italian troops led by Cavour to drive out Austrian forces, resulting in a unified Italian state by 1871. Germany was divided until Otto von Bismarck used war and diplomacy to defeat Denmark, Austria, and France, uniting the German states under Prussian leadership by 1871.
The Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna from 1814 to 1815 aimed to redraw the political map of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. Key goals included reducing France's power by returning its borders to 1792 lines, restoring monarchies that Napoleon had replaced, and establishing a new balance of power through territorial concessions that strengthened Austria, Prussia, Russia and other states. The Congress made numerous decisions that reshaped borders and transferred lands, seeking to prevent future conflicts through this reorganization of Europe.
Nationalism
The document discusses nationalism and its role in the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. Political nationalism sought to unite all members of a national group into a single nation-state. Factors like Austrian opposition hindered Italian unification initially, but the movement was led by Cavour and Garibaldi united northern and southern Italy. German unification faced challenges like opposition from Austria and France as well as the failure of the 1848 Frankfurt Assembly, but Bismarck was able to use Prussian military strength to defeat Denmark, Austria and France to unite most German states by 1871 under Prussian leadership.
Franco prussian relations pdf
After Prussia's victory over Austria in 1866:
1) Napoleon III of France became deeply concerned by Prussia's growing power and sought to limit Prussian expansion.
2) Tensions rose further during the Luxembourg Crisis of 1866, when Bismarck opposed French influence in the region, damaging Franco-Prussian relations.
3) Over the following years disputes over succession to the Spanish throne and interpretations of communications like the Ems Telegram increased tensions until the Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870, culminating in Prussia's victory and the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership.
Italian and German Unification
The document discusses Italian and German unification in the 19th century driven by nationalism. It outlines the barriers that previously divided Italy and Germany, as well as the key figures involved in unification. Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini worked to inspire nationalism in Italy. Otto von Bismarck used "blood and iron" tactics to defeat opponents and skillfully manipulate geopolitics to unite Germany's states under Prussian leadership by 1871. Both newly unified countries still faced internal problems adjusting to nationhood.
Second World War
Italy joined World War II in 1914 and suffered numerous defeats between 1914 and the 1930s. Fearing an attack from France, Italy reinforced its Alpine border with over 300,000 soldiers and 3,000 cannons. However, Italy soon became a minor ally of Nazi Germany under Mussolini. But after Mussolini's arrest and the Armistice of Cassible, Italian forces collapsed and Germany occupied Northern Italy while royalist and liberal forces controlled Southern Italy, facing resistance from partisans until the war's end.
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Nationalist demands from ethnic groups weakened and ultimately destroyed the Austrian and Ottoman empires. In the Austrian empire, nationalist revolts in 1848 pushed the empire to form the Dual Monarchy in 1867, giving Hungary more autonomy but not satisfying other groups. In the Ottoman empire, nationalist revolts and European interference led to independence for some states by 1878 and wars that further weakened the empire. Both empires struggled to manage nationalist unrest from diverse ethnic groups seeking self-rule.
Unification of germany ppt
Otto von Bismarck was the architect of German unification in the late 19th century. As the chief minister of Prussia, he led Prussia's efforts to defeat Austria, Denmark, and France in three wars over seven years. This established Prussian dominance and allowed for the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871, with the Prussian King Wilhelm I as the first German Emperor. The process unified the various German states under Prussian leadership and helped establish Germany as a nation-state.
Nationalism in germany
1. German nationalism developed in response to the spread of the German language during the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther.
2. German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder further developed ideas of German nationalism based on principles of collective self-determination and cultural identity.
3. After failed attempts to unify Germany in the 1840s, Prussia achieved dominance over Germany through military victories over Denmark, Austria, and France, leading to the founding of the German Empire in 1871.
22.1 building a german nation
Otto von Bismarck unified Germany by first strengthening Prussia's military and forming alliances. He then led Prussia in three successful wars against Denmark, Austria, and France. After Prussia's victory in the Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck used Realpolitik to dissolve the German Confederation and replace it with a new German Empire led by Prussia, with the Prussian king as emperor.
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After unifying in 1871, Germany strengthened its power by becoming a leading industrial nation in Europe through its resources and workforce. The government pursued economic development and protective tariffs while encouraging scientific research. Chancellor Bismarck pursued foreign policies to isolate France and ensured domestic loyalty, launching a Kulturkampf against Catholics. Germany continued growing its industry, economy, and social reforms, though tensions rose under the new Kaiser Wilhelm II.
German Unification powerpoint
The document summarizes how Otto von Bismarck unified Germany in the late 1800s through a series of strategic wars and negotiations that shifted power away from Austria. Bismarck used "blood and iron" tactics like provoking the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and manipulating the Ems Telegram to start the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 to defeat Germany's rivals and form the German Empire under Prussian leadership.
German unification
German nationalism grew in the early 1800s as the country was divided into many small states. Napoleon conquered parts of Germany between 1807-1812, further dividing the territory. Otto von Bismarck led Prussia to victory over Austria and France between 1866-1871, uniting most German states under Prussian rule and forming the German Empire with William I as Kaiser. The new German state industrialized rapidly and built a strong military under Kaiser Wilhelm II, but remained largely undemocratic.
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The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815. Its main objectives were to redraw the map of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars and restore as many monarchies as possible that had been replaced during that time. Key figures at the Congress included Viscount Castlereagh of Britain, Tsar Alexander I of Russia, Prince von Metternich of Austria, and King Frederick William III of Prussia. The Congress established principles such as the balance of power between states and the legitimacy of ruling families. It redrew national borders and transferred territories between nations across Europe to achieve these goals in the aftermath of the Napoleonic era.
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Prussia strengthened economic and military ties with other German states through the Zollverein and by demonstrating its military prowess in the Danish War. After defeating Austria in the Austro-Prussian War, Prussia formed the North German Confederation and secured military alliances with southern German states. While other European countries feared a unified Germany, Bismarck eased their concerns through diplomatic deals and prevented them from interfering as Prussia continued consolidating the German states under its leadership through provoking select wars.
Nationalism in germany
Prior to the 19th century, Germany was made up of 39 independent states. Prussia, under the rule of Wilhelm, appointed Otto von Bismark as prime minister who believed in using military force rather than diplomacy to achieve his goals. Bismark helped Prussia defeat Denmark and manipulate Austria to weaken it. He then provoked France into declaring war on the German states to convince them to unify under Prussian leadership. This resulted in the formation of a unified German nation with Prussia at its helm after defeating France in the Franco-Prussian War.
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Metternich's downfall was caused by three key events: 1) The Greek War of Independence (1821-1829) awakened pro-freedom sentiments in Europe and weakened Metternich's stance against supporting the Greek rebels; 2) The Revolutions of 1830 spread from France to other countries and led to constitutional changes curbing absolute rulers; 3) The Revolutions of 1848 erupted across Europe as democratic and nationalist ideas overthrew existing regimes, culminating in Metternich's resignation in the face of rebellion in Austria and the end of his era of conservatism.
6. 1859 1870
Italian unification from 1859 to 1870 saw many Italian states vote to merge with Piedmont after a war between France and Austria destabilized the region. Garibaldi led volunteer forces to conquer Sicily and Naples, giving the lands to Victor Emanuel II of Piedmont who became the ruler of most of Italy and was later crowned as King of Italy by the new Italian parliament in 1861. Further territories were gained from Austria in 1866 and the Papal States in 1870, creating a mostly unified Italian state with only a few small exceptions.
Italianunificationppt
The document summarizes the process of Italian unification from the 1815 Congress of Vienna until 1870. Key figures like Cavour, Garibaldi, and Mazzini worked towards unifying the Italian states against Austrian rule. Through the Austro-Sardinian War of 1859, plebiscites to join Piedmont, the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, and Garibaldi's conquest of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, most Italian states were united by 1860 except for the Papal States and Venetia. French troops withdrew from Rome in 1870 after the Franco-Prussian War, allowing Italy to take the city and complete unification.
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Nationalism
The document discusses nationalism and its role in the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. Political nationalism sought to unite all members of a national group into a single nation-state. Factors like Austrian opposition hindered Italian unification initially, but the movement was led by Cavour and Garibaldi united northern and southern Italy. German unification faced challenges like opposition from Austria and France as well as the failure of the 1848 Frankfurt Assembly, but Bismarck was able to use Prussian military strength to defeat Denmark, Austria and France to unite most German states by 1871 under Prussian leadership.
Franco prussian relations pdf
After Prussia's victory over Austria in 1866:
1) Napoleon III of France became deeply concerned by Prussia's growing power and sought to limit Prussian expansion.
2) Tensions rose further during the Luxembourg Crisis of 1866, when Bismarck opposed French influence in the region, damaging Franco-Prussian relations.
3) Over the following years disputes over succession to the Spanish throne and interpretations of communications like the Ems Telegram increased tensions until the Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870, culminating in Prussia's victory and the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership.
Italian and German Unification
The document discusses Italian and German unification in the 19th century driven by nationalism. It outlines the barriers that previously divided Italy and Germany, as well as the key figures involved in unification. Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini worked to inspire nationalism in Italy. Otto von Bismarck used "blood and iron" tactics to defeat opponents and skillfully manipulate geopolitics to unite Germany's states under Prussian leadership by 1871. Both newly unified countries still faced internal problems adjusting to nationhood.
Second World War
Italy joined World War II in 1914 and suffered numerous defeats between 1914 and the 1930s. Fearing an attack from France, Italy reinforced its Alpine border with over 300,000 soldiers and 3,000 cannons. However, Italy soon became a minor ally of Nazi Germany under Mussolini. But after Mussolini's arrest and the Armistice of Cassible, Italian forces collapsed and Germany occupied Northern Italy while royalist and liberal forces controlled Southern Italy, facing resistance from partisans until the war's end.
22.4 nationalism threatens old empires
Nationalist demands from ethnic groups weakened and ultimately destroyed the Austrian and Ottoman empires. In the Austrian empire, nationalist revolts in 1848 pushed the empire to form the Dual Monarchy in 1867, giving Hungary more autonomy but not satisfying other groups. In the Ottoman empire, nationalist revolts and European interference led to independence for some states by 1878 and wars that further weakened the empire. Both empires struggled to manage nationalist unrest from diverse ethnic groups seeking self-rule.
Unification of germany ppt
Otto von Bismarck was the architect of German unification in the late 19th century. As the chief minister of Prussia, he led Prussia's efforts to defeat Austria, Denmark, and France in three wars over seven years. This established Prussian dominance and allowed for the proclamation of the German Empire in 1871, with the Prussian King Wilhelm I as the first German Emperor. The process unified the various German states under Prussian leadership and helped establish Germany as a nation-state.
Nationalism in germany
1. German nationalism developed in response to the spread of the German language during the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther.
2. German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder further developed ideas of German nationalism based on principles of collective self-determination and cultural identity.
3. After failed attempts to unify Germany in the 1840s, Prussia achieved dominance over Germany through military victories over Denmark, Austria, and France, leading to the founding of the German Empire in 1871.
22.1 building a german nation
Otto von Bismarck unified Germany by first strengthening Prussia's military and forming alliances. He then led Prussia in three successful wars against Denmark, Austria, and France. After Prussia's victory in the Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck used Realpolitik to dissolve the German Confederation and replace it with a new German Empire led by Prussia, with the Prussian king as emperor.
22.2 germany strenghtens
After unifying in 1871, Germany strengthened its power by becoming a leading industrial nation in Europe through its resources and workforce. The government pursued economic development and protective tariffs while encouraging scientific research. Chancellor Bismarck pursued foreign policies to isolate France and ensured domestic loyalty, launching a Kulturkampf against Catholics. Germany continued growing its industry, economy, and social reforms, though tensions rose under the new Kaiser Wilhelm II.
German Unification powerpoint
The document summarizes how Otto von Bismarck unified Germany in the late 1800s through a series of strategic wars and negotiations that shifted power away from Austria. Bismarck used "blood and iron" tactics like provoking the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and manipulating the Ems Telegram to start the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 to defeat Germany's rivals and form the German Empire under Prussian leadership.
German unification
German nationalism grew in the early 1800s as the country was divided into many small states. Napoleon conquered parts of Germany between 1807-1812, further dividing the territory. Otto von Bismarck led Prussia to victory over Austria and France between 1866-1871, uniting most German states under Prussian rule and forming the German Empire with William I as Kaiser. The new German state industrialized rapidly and built a strong military under Kaiser Wilhelm II, but remained largely undemocratic.
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1) Western European nations transitioned to more democratic forms of government in the late 19th century, with Great Britain establishing a constitutional monarchy, France forming a republic, and Italy uniting as a nation.
2) Central and Eastern European nations generally maintained monarchies, though Germany established an imperial government under Bismarck and Russia faced unrest under Tsar Nicholas II.
3) By the early 20th century, rising international tensions due to military and colonial rivalries had divided Europe into two opposing alliance systems, setting the stage for World War I.
Josh Bruner
The Netherlands gained independence from Spain in 1579 after an 80-year war. It became a commercial power in the 17th century but was controlled by France in the 18th century. Notable Dutch cities include Amsterdam, the capital, Assen known for racing, and Tilburg which has an old basilica. The Netherlands prospered during the industrial revolution from mining and has had a friendly relationship with the United States.
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High school lecture about the events leading to Napoleon's downfall and the actions taken by the Congress of Vienna.
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The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815. Its main objectives were to redraw the map of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars and restore as many monarchies as possible that had been replaced during that time. Key figures at the Congress included Viscount Castlereagh of Britain, Tsar Alexander I of Russia, Prince von Metternich of Austria, and King Frederick William III of Prussia. The Congress established principles such as the balance of power between states and the legitimacy of ruling families. It redrew national borders and transferred territories between nations across Europe to achieve these goals in the aftermath of the Napoleonic era.
Reasons for german unification other states
Prussia strengthened economic and military ties with other German states through the Zollverein and by demonstrating its military prowess in the Danish War. After defeating Austria in the Austro-Prussian War, Prussia formed the North German Confederation and secured military alliances with southern German states. While other European countries feared a unified Germany, Bismarck eased their concerns through diplomatic deals and prevented them from interfering as Prussia continued consolidating the German states under its leadership through provoking select wars.
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Prior to the 19th century, Germany was made up of 39 independent states. Prussia, under the rule of Wilhelm, appointed Otto von Bismark as prime minister who believed in using military force rather than diplomacy to achieve his goals. Bismark helped Prussia defeat Denmark and manipulate Austria to weaken it. He then provoked France into declaring war on the German states to convince them to unify under Prussian leadership. This resulted in the formation of a unified German nation with Prussia at its helm after defeating France in the Franco-Prussian War.
Metternich
Metternich's downfall was caused by three key events: 1) The Greek War of Independence (1821-1829) awakened pro-freedom sentiments in Europe and weakened Metternich's stance against supporting the Greek rebels; 2) The Revolutions of 1830 spread from France to other countries and led to constitutional changes curbing absolute rulers; 3) The Revolutions of 1848 erupted across Europe as democratic and nationalist ideas overthrew existing regimes, culminating in Metternich's resignation in the face of rebellion in Austria and the end of his era of conservatism.
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The document summarizes the process of Italian unification from the 1815 Congress of Vienna until 1870. Key figures like Cavour, Garibaldi, and Mazzini worked towards unifying the Italian states against Austrian rule. Through the Austro-Sardinian War of 1859, plebiscites to join Piedmont, the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, and Garibaldi's conquest of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, most Italian states were united by 1860 except for the Papal States and Venetia. French troops withdrew from Rome in 1870 after the Franco-Prussian War, allowing Italy to take the city and complete unification.
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Nationalism in Italy and Germany in the 19th century led to their unification. In Italy, Mazzini advocated for unification, Cavour used diplomacy, and Garibaldi led military campaigns. They drove out Austria and united northern and southern Italy. In Germany, Bismarck used war against Denmark, Austria, and France to unite the German states under Prussian leadership, crowning Wilhelm I as the first emperor in 1871. Both countries faced challenges after unification due to regional and cultural differences within their new borders.
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Unifications of Italy and Germany
In the mid-19th century, nationalist movements led by Piedmont-Sardinia and Prussia resulted in the unification of Italy and Germany. Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II unified most Italian states by 1861, while Bismarck used three wars from 1864-1871 to unite most German states under Prussian leadership. These new nation states of Italy and Germany altered the balance of power in Europe and weakened the influence of Austria-Hungary.
Age of Nationalism & Imperialism.pdf
Nationalism fueled the unification of both Italy and Germany in the late 1800s. Italian unification was led by Cavour and Garibaldi and united the Italian peninsula, except for Rome and Venice. German unification was orchestrated by Otto von Bismarck through three wars against Denmark, Austria, and France, culminating in the establishment of the German Empire in 1871. The decline of the Ottoman and Austrian-Hungarian empires contributed to the rise of nationalism and imperialism in Europe during this time period.
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Otto von Bismarck used cunning diplomacy and three wars to unite Germany under Prussian leadership between 1864 and 1871. He first allied with Denmark against Austria to gain territory. He then manipulated tensions to provoke the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, defeating Austria and further expanding Prussian dominance of northern German states. Finally, Bismarck edited a telegram to anger France and provoke the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, in which a swift Prussian victory over France allowed for the unification of Germany and formation of the German Empire under Prussian King Wilhelm I.
Age of Nationalism & Imperialism.pdf
Otto von Bismarck used cunning politics and three wars to unify Germany under Prussian leadership in the 1860s-1870s. Through the Danish War of 1864, Austro-Prussian War of 1866, and Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, Bismarck expanded Prussian territory and influence over German states. His policies of "blood and iron" and Realpolitik involved starting conflicts to further Prussian interests despite ethical concerns. By 1871, Bismarck had defeated Denmark, Austria, and France, enabling the proclamation of a German Empire with Wilhelm I as Kaiser.
Age of Nationalism & Imperialism.pdf
Nationalism fueled the unification of both Italy and Germany in the late 1800s. Italian unification was led by Cavour and Garibaldi and united the Italian peninsula, except for Rome and Venice. German unification was orchestrated by Otto von Bismarck through three wars against Denmark, Austria, and France, culminating in the establishment of the German Empire in 1871. The decline of the Ottoman and Austrian empires contributed to the rise of nationalism and imperialism in Europe during this time period.
Risorgimento
The document summarizes key events in the Risorgimento, the 19th century movement for Italian unification and independence. It describes early nationalist sentiment in the 1830s-1840s, the Five Days of Milan uprising against Austrian rule, and Carlo Alberto's failed war of independence in 1848. It then discusses the formation of nationalist societies like the Società Nazionale in Turin and the roles of figures like Cavour, Garibaldi, and Mazzini in later military campaigns against Austria culminating in the proclamation of a united Kingdom of Italy in 1861, though it did not include Veneto, Trentino, or Rome at first.
Europe in the second half of the 19th century
The document summarizes key events in Europe in the second half of the 19th century, including the unifications of Italy and Germany and the rise of colonialism. It describes how Napoleon III supported Italian unification against Austria and fought Prussia, contributing to German unification. It outlines the roles of Cavour, Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II in creating the Kingdom of Italy. It also discusses Bismarck's manipulation of conflicts that led to the defeat of Denmark, Austria and France and the establishment of a unified German Empire under Wilhelm I. Finally, it provides context on the scramble for African colonies by European powers and the consequences of colonial rule.
Unif. of italy
The document summarizes the key individuals and events involved in the unification of Italy from the 18th century to 1871. It describes the roles of nationalist leaders Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo Benso di Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi in inspiring nationalist sentiment and military campaigns that helped unify the Italian states. It outlines how Cavour allied with France and fought Austria, and how Garibaldi led volunteers to take control of Sicily and southern Italy. By 1871, Italy was unified under King Victor Emmanuel II, though tensions remained with the Papal States over control of Rome.
Key individuals
Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who aimed to unite Italy and establish a democratic republic. He founded secret societies like Young Italy and led failed revolutionary attempts in the 1830s-1840s. While he inspired patriotism, his methods were unsuccessful and he had little practical experience. Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, was a Piedmontese statesman who initially aimed to expand Piedmont's power but later worked to unite Italy. He gained support from Britain and France through diplomacy and the Crimean War. With French aid, Piedmont defeated Austria in 1859 but Italy remained divided until the 1860s when Giuseppe Garibaldi led the conquest of the Kingdom of the
Chaper 26 reaction and nationalism
The document discusses political developments in several European countries in the 19th century. It describes how nationalism grew after the Napoleonic Wars and led to the unification of Italy and Germany. For Italy, it discusses Count Cavour's diplomacy that helped create a united Italy by 1861. For Germany, it outlines Bismarck's strategic wars that defeated Denmark, Austria, and France, allowing Prussia to unite most German states by 1871. It also discusses the establishment of the dual monarchy in Austria-Hungary in 1867 in response to revolutions in 1848. For Russia, it notes Alexander II's reforms like emancipating serfs but also increased revolutionary sentiments, leading his successor Alexander III to implement harsher policies
Ita culture week 2
The word "Italia" likely originated from the Oscan word "Víteliú", meaning "land of young cattle". It was first applied to the southern portion of the Italian peninsula. Over time, the Greeks expanded its usage to a larger region of Italy. However, it was under Emperor Augustus that the term was applied to the entire Italian peninsula south of the Alps. Various groups and individuals worked towards unifying the Italian states over centuries, including the Carbonari secret society, Giuseppe Mazzini's Young Italy movement, and Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand. Final unification was achieved in 1861 under King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia.
SST ppt.pdf
The document summarizes the unification of Germany and Italy. It describes how Germany was unified under Prussian leadership between 1848 and 1871 through three wars. Otto von Bismarck helped incorporate smaller German kingdoms into a new German state, with Wilhelm I declared as its emperor. Italy was unified between 1848 and 1861, with Count Cavour allying with France to defeat Austria and free northern Italy, and Garibaldi defeating the Bourbon kings in the south to free the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of the newly united Italy.
Unificación italia y alemania
Italy was initially divided into six different states with the Papal States controlled by France. The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, led by Prime Minister Cavour, helped unite Italy by annexing Lombardy in 1859 and Veneto in 1866 with the help of France and an Austro-Prussian war. Nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi led an uprising in 1861 and offered Southern Italy to Piedmont, helping complete Italian unification. Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the first King of Italy in 1861. Rome was made capital after France annexed the Papal States in 1870 while fighting Prussia.
Ch 15 Reaction & Nationalism
This document provides an overview of the unification of Italy in the 19th century. It discusses the key obstacles to Italian unity, including frequent foreign rule and warfare that led to strong regional identities. It then describes the roles of Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi in helping to expel the Austrians and unite Italy's states. Finally, it notes some challenges the new nation of Italy faced, such as regional divisions, tensions with the Catholic Church, and unrest between radicals and conservatives.
Age of nationalism & imperialism
This document provides background information on nationalism and imperialism in Europe in the 1800s. It discusses the rise of nationalism and how it contributed to the unification of both Italy and Germany. For Italy, it describes how Camillo Cavour used skillful diplomacy and military alliances to help drive Austria out of northern Italian territories and unite most of Italy under one kingdom by 1861. For Germany, it explains how Otto von Bismarck helped Prussia defeat Austria and the other German states to forge a unified German empire through his policy of "blood and iron", achieving unification by 1871 despite religious and political divisions within Germany.
1312 10 Ideologies, Upheavals, and Imperialism
Metternich and the Congress of Vienna established a conservative order in post-Napoleonic Europe based on absolutism and the status quo. However, the 1830s and 1840s saw the rise of liberalism, nationalism, socialism, and other ideological movements challenging this order. Revolutions broke out across Europe in 1848 but were ultimately suppressed by conservative forces. Nonetheless, the forces of nationalism and liberalism continued to spread, leading to the unification of Italy and Germany in the late 1860s and 1870s. Meanwhile, European imperialism expanded dramatically in the late 19th century, with nearly all of Africa and parts of Asia being colonized or made into spheres of influence between 1884 and 1914.
Mc Kay Ch25 Sections 1 & 2
1) Otto von Bismarck was appointed by King William I of Prussia to head the Prussian government and pursue German unification through military strength and nationalism.
2) Bismarck provoked Austria into the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and secured victory, expelling Austria from German affairs.
3) Bismarck then defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, allowing him to complete German unification under Prussian leadership and creating a unified German state led by Prussia.
Unification ppt
This document discusses the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. It describes how Italy was unified through the efforts of Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi who helped bring together the various kingdoms and city-states of the Italian peninsula into a single nation through revolutionary and military actions against foreign rulers. Similarly, it outlines how Germany was unified through the diplomacy and warfare of Otto von Bismarck, including Prussia's wars against Denmark, Austria, and France which consolidated the northern German states under Prussian leadership and inspired the southern German states to also join, culminating in the establishment of the German Empire in 1871.
Unit 6: Nation states and empires in Europe I
The document summarizes key events in the formation of nation states and empires in Europe following the Napoleonic Wars and French Revolution. It discusses:
1) The Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815 which sought to restore the pre-Napoleonic monarchies and balance of power in Europe through the principles of compensation, balance of power, and legitimacy.
2) Revolutionary waves in the 1820s and 1830s as liberals sought reforms, leading Austria to crack down on dissent and intervene against revolutions.
3) The revolutions of 1848 which broke out across Europe calling for political and economic reforms but ultimately failed to bring lasting change.
4) The unification of Italy from
Mrinali social studies
The document summarizes the unification of Germany and Italy in the 19th century. For Germany, Prussia took the lead in unifying the German states through three wars over seven years, culminating in the Prussian king being proclaimed German Emperor in 1871. For Italy, the country was divided among several states in the mid-19th century. Through the efforts of figures like Cavour and Garibaldi, and with the support of France, Italy was unified with Victor Emmanuel II as its king by 1861. However, nationalist ideas had not fully spread and many Italians remained unaware of the concept of a unified Italian nation.
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Dutch Masters.pdf
This document lists several Dutch masters from the 17th century and one or two of their most famous works. It includes artists like Van Dyck, Van Honthorst, Frans Hals, Jacob van Ruisdael, Jan Steen, Pieter Claesz, Johannes Vermeer, and briefly names one or two of their most iconic paintings, such as Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring.
2018
This document outlines highlights of a trip through Europe in 2018, including visiting the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam, touring Cologne Cathedral in Cologne, enjoying BMW headquarters while staying in Munich, making a short stop in Innsbruck, Austria, seeing major landmarks like St. Mark's Square and the Doge's Palace in Venice, potentially stopping in Montbeliard if time allows, driving through Dijon to stay in Paris, and visiting Versailles and London.
Euro france1815 1871
France experienced significant political upheaval and multiple changes in ruling powers between 1814 and 1871. Louis XVIII ruled from 1814-1824 after the fall of Napoleon, but was forced to grant a constitution limiting his powers. His successor, Charles X, proved very unpopular and was overthrown in the 1830 Revolution. Louis-Philippe then ruled as a constitutional monarch from 1830-1848, but growing inequality led to his overthrow as well. The Second French Republic was established but Louis Napoleon soon staged a coup and declared himself Emperor Napoleon III, ruling the Second French Empire from 1852-1870. However, Napoleon III's overconfidence in provoking the Franco-Prussian War led to devastating defeat and
Eurogloriousrev.
The Glorious Revolution occurred in 1688 when James II, an unpopular Catholic king of England, was overthrown in favor of his Protestant daughters Mary and Anne. William of Orange invaded England with a Dutch army after being invited by several nobles unhappy with James' pro-Catholic policies, and James fled without bloodshed. William and Mary then ruled jointly as monarchs under an agreement that limited the king's power.
Eurofrenchrev
The French Revolution was caused by financial crisis from wars, corruption, and poor crop yields that bankrupted King Louis XVI's government. This led to calls for the Estates General representative assembly and the storming of the Bastille prison in Paris. The Revolution deposed the monarchy, established a republic, and brought Enlightenment ideas of equality, though it also saw internal power struggles and the Reign of Terror under Robespierre before stabilizing under the Directory.
Euroearlyeasterneurope
1) Eastern Europe experienced significant turmoil in the 17th century due to serfdom, the Black Death, and ethnic divisions within the Habsburg Empire.
2) In 1683, the Ottoman Empire laid siege to Vienna but was defeated by a joint force led by King John III Sobieski of Poland, ending the Ottoman threat to central Europe.
3) Facing no male heir, Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI secured an agreement where his daughter Maria Theresa would inherit his lands to prevent their partition, though this led to conflict after his death.
Eurocounterref
The Catholic Reformation was a period of reform in the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation. Two key popes, Paul III and Julius III, oversaw ecumenical councils that supported traditional Catholic doctrines. The Council of Trent met from 1545-1563 and reformed clerical education and the sale of indulgences. The Jesuits were also established in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola to convert people and educate them on six continents. Several Catholic orders like the Ursulines and Oratorians were also founded to further the reforms and spread Catholic teachings.
Goya turner-friedrich
This law firm is named after famous artists Goya, Turner, and Friedrich known for their paintings. Goya is known for Saturn, Turner for Fighting Temeraire and Slave Ship, and Friedrich for Wanderer, Sea of Ice, and Stages of Life. The law firm brands itself as the "Coolest Law Firm Ever!" based on the iconic works of these three artists.
Post mod
This document lists major American post-modern artists from the 1940s-1970s such as Pollock, DeKooning, Newman, Rothko, Johns, Rauschenburg, Stella, Lichtenstein, Warhol, Smithson, Indiana, Christo, and Serra. It provides the titles of some of their most famous and influential works such as Pollock's No. 5, DeKooning's Woman III, Newman's Vir Heroicus Sublimus, Rothko's Seagrams murals featuring Red, Orange, Gold, Johns' Flag, Rauschenburg's Retroactive, Stella's Fahne Hoch!, Lichtenstein's Whaam!, Warhol's
Early Renaissance
The document discusses several early Renaissance Italian artists including Giotto, Ghiberti, Brunelleschi, and Fra Angelico. It mentions some of their most famous works such as Giotto's Holy Trinity, Tribute Money, and Expulsion from Paradise frescoes as well as Fra Angelico's religious paintings and Ghiberti's battle of San Romano relief. The document focuses on important developments and influential figures in early Renaissance art in Italy.
Amer art5
This document provides an overview of American art from the mid-20th century, listing various artists and some of their most famous works such as Georgia O'Keeffe's paintings of flowers including Blue and Green Red Canna, Man Ray's Destroyed, Thomas Hart Benton's America Today, and Andrew Wyeth's Christina's World and Wind. It also mentions Piet Mondrian, Norman Rockwell, and Ansel Adams' landscape photographs including Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico.
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This document provides a list of American artists and artworks from the mid-20th century including Maxfield Parrish who painted Dinky Bird, King of the Black Isles, and Daybreak. It also mentions NC Wyeth who painted portraits of Stonewall Jackson, book illustrations for Treasure Island and The Last of the Mohicans, and John Paul Jones. The document lists some works by Frank Lloyd Wright including the Winslow House, Oak Park Studio, Moore House, Robie House, Fallingwater, and the Guggenheim Museum. It also mentions Grant Wood and some of his works like Gothic and Birthplace as well as Paul Revere's Midnight Ride and a painting of Weem's Fable
Amerart iii
This document provides an overview of several American artists from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including Mary Cassatt, Frank Weston Benson, Edmund Tarbell, F.C. Hassam, Frederic Remington, and Edward Hopper. It lists multiple paintings for each artist, such as "The Child's Bath" and "The Boating Party" by Cassatt, "After the Storm" and "Sisters" by Benson, and "Road in Maine" and "Nighthawks" by Hopper, providing a survey of their works from that period in American art history.
Am art2
This document provides an overview of American art in the post-Civil War era, mentioning several important artists and some of their most famous works such as Matthew Brady's Civil War photographs, Thomas Nast's political cartoons including images of Tammany Tiger and Third Term Panic, James McNeill Whistler's paintings in tonal shades of color like White, Grey and Black, Winslow Homer's paintings of the Civil War like Sharpshooter and Prisoners, and Thomas Eakins' paintings documenting medical education like The Gross Clinic.
Am art1
The document lists important early American artists such as Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Charles Willson Peale, Gilbert Stuart, John James Audubon, Albert Bierstadt, and Currier and Ives. It also lists some of their famous works including West's Death of Wolfe, Copley's Death of Nelson, Peale's Princeton, Stuart's Washington, Audubon's Golden Eagle, Bierstadt's Sierra Nevada, and Currier and Ives prints like Fireman and Central Park. The document seems to provide a survey of influential artists and some of their iconic works that helped establish American art from the colonial period through the 19th century.
Beginner romell
The transition from Roman Republic to Empire occurred over several violent periods beginning with the Gracchus Brothers reforms sparking conflict, followed by the power struggle between Marius and Sulla, and culminating with Julius Caesar crossing the Rubicon which began a civil war allowing him to become dictator before being assassinated, leading to additional conflict between Mark Anthony and Octavian which Octavian ultimately won allowing him to become the first Roman emperor Augustus and begin the Pax Romana period of peace.
Ira
The document discusses the origins and history of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in Northern Ireland from the 1960s-1990s. It covers civil rights marches, enemies of the IRA, attacks in the early 1970s including the 1979 Warrenpoint bombing and assassination of Lord Mountbatten, martyrs of the IRA, a failed 1984 bomb plot to kill the British Prime Minister, a 1991 assassination attempt on UK PM John Major, 1996 attacks, and IRA leaders.
Arh greek statues
This document lists 10 ancient Greek statues from different periods including Kouros, Kroisos, Peplos Kore, Kritios Boy, Charioteer, Zeus or Poseidon, Discuss Thrower, Spear Bearer, Aphrodite of Knidos, and Scraper.
Elbow
The document discusses the elbow room in the USA. Elbow room refers to having plenty of space and not feeling crowded. Historically, the USA has had an abundance of wide open spaces with low population densities compared to other countries. This led to a cultural value placed on independence and self-reliance as people had more personal space and privacy.
Farm and city
Social life in the Middle Ages revolved around the feudal system of lords and peasants tied to the land, with peasants living under the three field system and joining guilds for crafts and trade. Towns grew around fairs and markets along major trade routes, and centers of learning like universities and scholars such as Aquinas and Dante helped spread new ideas while the use of Latin and local languages developed.
More from Jason Curry (20)
Euroitaluni
- 1. ITALIAN UNIFICATION Il Risorgimento with pickles and black olives
- 2. Carbonari Nationalist rebels against Austrian control of Northern Italy and Spanish rule over the Kingdom of Naples
- 3. Young Italy Giuseppe Mazzini Nationalist leader exiled to London but returned for revolution in 1848 Founder of Young Italy Inspiration for generation of independence-loving Italians
- 4. Giuseppe Garibaldi Student of Mazzini Helped many South American countries gain independence Led the Red Shirts
- 5. Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour Outstanding politician from Piedmont-Sardinia P.M. who ingratiated his country with France and Britain and allied with Napoleon III against Austrians to unite Italy under.......
- 6. King Victor-Emmanuel II Excommunicated by Pope for taking Papal States, Took Kingdom of Two Sicilies, Venice Had to stop Garibaldi from taking Rome Proclaimed King of Italy in 1861
- 7. Unification in 1859 1860 1861 Completed in 1870, with help from wars
- 8. Otto von Bismarck Prussian Junker Professional diplomat PM for Prussia Pragmatist who rammed through legislation over the objections of the majority of the Prussian Parliament
- 9. War of Schleswig, 1864 Danes tried to incorporate the region Bismarck got the German states and Austria to gang up in a popular cause
- 10. Austria, Unpopular Catholic Austria got Protestant Holstein as a prize, and Prussia was granted Schleswig Most German states now feared Austrian intervention, which made Prussia much more popular Napoleon III of France friendly to Prussian cause, along with Italy
- 11. Austro-Prussian War, 1866 The Seven Weeks War Quick victory for Prussia based on technological advances Austria now driven out of Northern Germany
- 12. Next stop, Paris! The only way to unite Catholic Southern Germany was to find a common enemy Napoleon III filled the vacuum by insulting Prussian royal family over Spanish inheritance Selective editing of Ems dispatch
- 13. Franco-Prussian War Utter defeat for France and Napoleon III, who was captured at Sedan and deposed by French government
- 14. Siege of Paris
- 15. German Empire proclaimed at Hall of Mirrors, January, 1871
- 16. Treaty of Frankfurt Alsace and Lorraine to Germany, Wilhelm I recognized as Emperor France humiliated, huge indemnity payment