This document discusses cancer, including its types, symptoms, causes, and treatments. It describes cancer as abnormal cell growth that can spread to other tissues. The main types are carcinoma (arising from epithelial cells), sarcoma (from connective tissues), lymphoma (lymphatic system), and leukemia (blood-forming tissues). Symptoms vary but may include fatigue, lumps, weight changes, and skin/organ changes. Causes include behaviors like smoking as well as genetic factors. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy - all aiming to remove or destroy cancer cells.

1. CANCER ITS SPREAD ,TYPES AND TREATMENT
PRESENTED BY : ALBEENA AYUB

3. INTRODUCTION
 Cancer is regarded as a group of disease characterized
by an :
 Abnormal growth of cells ,
 Ability to invade nearby and distant tissues and
organs .
 And the cells cannot die and divide disorderly
manner.

4. TYPES OF CANCER
 Types of cancer are:
 Carcinoma
 Sarcoma
 Lymphoma
 Leukemia

5. CARCINOMA
 Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer. Basal cell
carcinoma begins in the basal cells — a type of cell
within the skin that produces new skin cells as old
ones die off.
 Basal cell carcinoma often appears as a slightly
transparent bump on the skin, though it can take other
forms.
 Basal cell carcinoma occurs most often on areas of the
skin that are exposed to the sun, such as head and
neck.

6.  Arises from the epithelial cell lining the internal
surface of organs like ( mouth , oesuphagus . Uretus ).

7. SARCOMA :
 Arises from the mesodermal cell line contributing the
various connective tissues( bones , fibrous tissues )
 Soft tissue sarcoma forms in the tissues that connect,
support and surround other body structures. This
includes muscle, fat, blood vessels, nerves, tendons
and the lining of joints.

8. Lymphoma :
 Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which
is part of the body's germ-fighting network.
 The lymphatic system includes the lymph nodes
(lymph glands), spleen, thymus gland and bone
marrow. Lymphoma can affect all those areas as well as
other organs throughout the body.

9.  The main subtypes are:
 Hodgkin's lymphoma (formerly called Hodgkin's
disease)
 Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

10. LEUKEMIA :
 Leukemia is cancer of the body's blood-forming
tissues, including the bone marrow and the lymphatic
system.
 Some forms of leukemia are more common in
children.
 Other forms of leukemia occur mostly in adults.
 Leukemia usually involves the white blood cells.

11.  white blood cells are potent infection fighters — they
normally grow and divide in an orderly way, as body
needs them. But in people with leukemia, the bone
marrow produces abnormal white blood cells, which
don't function properly.

12. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS :
 Fatigue
 Lump or area of thickening that can be felt under the
skin
 Weight changes, including unintended loss or gain
 Skin changes, such as yellowing, darkening or redness
of the skin, sores that won't heal, or changes to
existing moles
 Changes in bowel or bladder habits
 Persistent cough or trouble breathing
 Fever

13. FACTORS CAUSING CANCER:
 Smoking and tobacco use
 Alcohol
 Lack of physical activity
 Being overweight or obese
 Poor diet
 Sun exposure
 Radiation exposure
 Virus infections and other infections
 Exposure to cancer-causing substances
 Family history and genetics
 Hormonal imbalance
 Age

14. TREATMENT :
 Surgery
 Chemotherapy
 Hormone therapy
 Radiotherapy
 Gene therapy
 Targeted therapy

15.  Surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as
much of the cancer as possible.
 Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer
cells.
 Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-
powered energy beams, such as X-rays or protons, to kill
cancer cells. Radiation treatment can come from a
machine outside your body (external beam radiation), or
it can be placed inside your body (brachytherapy).

16.  Hormone therapy. Some types of cancer are fueled
by your body's hormones. Examples include breast
cancer and prostate cancer. Removing those hormones
from the body or blocking their effects may cause the
cancer cells to stop growing.
 Targeted drug therapy: Targeted drug treatment
focuses on specific abnormalities within cancer cells
that allow them to survive.

17.  Immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, also known as
biological therapy, uses body's immune system to
fight cancer. Cancer can survive unchecked in body
because immune system doesn't recognize it as an
intruder. Immunotherapy can help immune system
"see" the cancer and attack it.