This document discusses various ethical issues related to assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and organ transplantation. It provides an overview of ARTs including in vitro fertilization (IVF), surrogacy, and cloning. For IVF, it describes the basic process and notes both advantages like helping infertility as well as risks like multiple pregnancies. It discusses the first IVF babies and the growth of the IVF industry. For surrogacy, it defines traditional and gestational types and notes debates around commercial surrogacy and parental rights. For cloning, it explains the different types and highlights both potential medical benefits and risks/concerns about human cloning. The document also covers organ transplantation, including what can be donated, types of
Ethical issues associated with fertility treatmentChris Willmott
These slides are from a talk I was invited to give at the Teacher Scientist Network (www.tsn.org.uk) Master Class on Reproductive Technologies.
This turns out to be a series of CPD events for science teachers from East Anglia, hosted on the Norwich Research Park. The aim of the events is specifically to inform teachers about cutting edge developments in biology and biomedicine (rather than, say, discuss suitable classroom activities). It looks like they've got a really good thing going - congratulations to Phil Smith who organises the TSN.
Details of the day can be found at http://tinyurl.com/tsnfertility My slides are presented her unaltered from the version I used on the day. With hindsight, on the basis of discussion after the talk, I might have added in a couple of things. For example, I gather that from an Islamic perspective the soul is not believed to have entered the body at the time when PGD would be conducted and hence this is culturally acceptable (and preferable to, for example, a later termination).
see more resources at bioethicsbytes.wordpress.com
MEDICO LEGAL ISSUES In Infertility & IVF DR. SHARDA JAIN Dr. Jyoti Agarwal ...Lifecare Centre
MEDICO LEGAL ISSUES In Infertility & IVF DR. SHARDA JAIN Dr. Jyoti Agarwal Dr. Jyoti Bhaskar
HISTORY of IVF
THE WORLD FIRST IVF BABY..LOUISE BROWN 25/7/1978
WORLD 2nd but INDIA,s first undocumented IVF BABY..KANUPRIYA [DURGA]…was born
67 days later on 3/10/1978 through effort of
DR SUBHAS MUKHERJEE****Mainly went unnoticed
BABY HARSHA 6/8/1986 …
BOMBAY KEM HOSPITAL + ICMR Effort.
Uterus Transplantation Utx (obstetric and gynecology) D.A.B.M
Is the surgical procedure whereby a healthy uterus is transplanted into an organism of which the uterus is absent or diseased.
As part of normal mammalian sexual reproduction, a diseased or absent uterus does not allow normal embryonic implantation, effectively rendering the female infertile.
This phenomenon is known as Absolute Uterine Factor Infertility (AUFI).
Uterine transplant is a potential treatment for this form of infertility.
Uterus is a dynamic, complex organ. It is hugely blood-flow dependent.
More than 116,000 Number of men, women and children on the national transplant waiting list as of August 2017.
33,611 transplants were performed in 2016.
20 people die each day waiting for a transplant.
every 10 minutes another person is added to the waiting list.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
First Successful IVF: Birth of Louise Brown in 1978
Rapid developments in the field of ART
Moral panic
Ethics
Ethical issues
Ethical concerns
Moral issues
Social issues
Religion
Case study
Ethical issues associated with fertility treatmentChris Willmott
These slides are from a talk I was invited to give at the Teacher Scientist Network (www.tsn.org.uk) Master Class on Reproductive Technologies.
This turns out to be a series of CPD events for science teachers from East Anglia, hosted on the Norwich Research Park. The aim of the events is specifically to inform teachers about cutting edge developments in biology and biomedicine (rather than, say, discuss suitable classroom activities). It looks like they've got a really good thing going - congratulations to Phil Smith who organises the TSN.
Details of the day can be found at http://tinyurl.com/tsnfertility My slides are presented her unaltered from the version I used on the day. With hindsight, on the basis of discussion after the talk, I might have added in a couple of things. For example, I gather that from an Islamic perspective the soul is not believed to have entered the body at the time when PGD would be conducted and hence this is culturally acceptable (and preferable to, for example, a later termination).
see more resources at bioethicsbytes.wordpress.com
MEDICO LEGAL ISSUES In Infertility & IVF DR. SHARDA JAIN Dr. Jyoti Agarwal ...Lifecare Centre
MEDICO LEGAL ISSUES In Infertility & IVF DR. SHARDA JAIN Dr. Jyoti Agarwal Dr. Jyoti Bhaskar
HISTORY of IVF
THE WORLD FIRST IVF BABY..LOUISE BROWN 25/7/1978
WORLD 2nd but INDIA,s first undocumented IVF BABY..KANUPRIYA [DURGA]…was born
67 days later on 3/10/1978 through effort of
DR SUBHAS MUKHERJEE****Mainly went unnoticed
BABY HARSHA 6/8/1986 …
BOMBAY KEM HOSPITAL + ICMR Effort.
Uterus Transplantation Utx (obstetric and gynecology) D.A.B.M
Is the surgical procedure whereby a healthy uterus is transplanted into an organism of which the uterus is absent or diseased.
As part of normal mammalian sexual reproduction, a diseased or absent uterus does not allow normal embryonic implantation, effectively rendering the female infertile.
This phenomenon is known as Absolute Uterine Factor Infertility (AUFI).
Uterine transplant is a potential treatment for this form of infertility.
Uterus is a dynamic, complex organ. It is hugely blood-flow dependent.
More than 116,000 Number of men, women and children on the national transplant waiting list as of August 2017.
33,611 transplants were performed in 2016.
20 people die each day waiting for a transplant.
every 10 minutes another person is added to the waiting list.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
First Successful IVF: Birth of Louise Brown in 1978
Rapid developments in the field of ART
Moral panic
Ethics
Ethical issues
Ethical concerns
Moral issues
Social issues
Religion
Case study
PGD is a state-of-the-art procedure used in conjunction with In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in which the embryo is tested for certain conditions prior to being placed in the womb of the woman.
THE ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY REGULATION RULES, 2010
Members of drafting committee11 members
1- Sr Advocate Supreme Court of India
2 – Public Interest Legal Support and Research
3 – Dept of Family Welfare, M of Fam Wel and Research
5 – experts from the field of Reproductive Medicine
Uterine factor infertility happens when the uterus is not present, the uterus is underdeveloped, or the uterus is present but is nonfunctional.
There are two main causes of uterine factor infertility. These causes include:
Being born without a functioning uterus.
Having the uterus removed (hysterectomy).
The Assisted Reproductive Techniques - ART (IVF, IUI, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI etc.)Muhammad Anas Shamsi
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is used to treat infertility. It includes fertility treatments that handle both a woman's egg and a man's sperm. It works by removing eggs from a woman's body. The eggs are then mixed with sperm to make embryos. The embryos are then put back in the woman's body. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common and effective type of ART.
Egg donation is the process by which a fertile woman donates eggs to another woman to help her conceive as part of an assisted reproduction treatment.
In this procedure a doctor removes an egg or eggs from the donor, fertilizing them in a laboratory, and then transferring the resulting embryos into the recipient’s uterus.
Doctors do this using in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Role of Stem Cells in Obstetrics and Gynecology PracticeAsha Jain
Role of Stem Cells in Obstetrics and Gynecology Practice
Talk delivered at 4th Biennial International ISCSGCON 2021
on Febuary 13,2021 by Dr. Asha Jain
GOVT. OF INDIA GUIDELINES 2014ON STANDARDS OF FEMALE STERILISATION, Dr. Sh...Lifecare Centre
GOVT. OF INDIA GUIDELINES 2014ON STANDARDS OF FEMALE STERILISATION, Dr. Sharda Jain , Female sterilisation new, Dr. Sharda Jain , sterlisation , contraceptive
Dr. Sunita Chandra, Chairperson & Director-Rajendra Nagar Hospital & IVF Centre and Mopheus Lucknow Fertility Centre gave the talk on IVF PREGNANCY at webinar on March 27,2021
PGD is a state-of-the-art procedure used in conjunction with In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in which the embryo is tested for certain conditions prior to being placed in the womb of the woman.
THE ASSISTED REPRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY REGULATION RULES, 2010
Members of drafting committee11 members
1- Sr Advocate Supreme Court of India
2 – Public Interest Legal Support and Research
3 – Dept of Family Welfare, M of Fam Wel and Research
5 – experts from the field of Reproductive Medicine
Uterine factor infertility happens when the uterus is not present, the uterus is underdeveloped, or the uterus is present but is nonfunctional.
There are two main causes of uterine factor infertility. These causes include:
Being born without a functioning uterus.
Having the uterus removed (hysterectomy).
The Assisted Reproductive Techniques - ART (IVF, IUI, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI etc.)Muhammad Anas Shamsi
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is used to treat infertility. It includes fertility treatments that handle both a woman's egg and a man's sperm. It works by removing eggs from a woman's body. The eggs are then mixed with sperm to make embryos. The embryos are then put back in the woman's body. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common and effective type of ART.
Egg donation is the process by which a fertile woman donates eggs to another woman to help her conceive as part of an assisted reproduction treatment.
In this procedure a doctor removes an egg or eggs from the donor, fertilizing them in a laboratory, and then transferring the resulting embryos into the recipient’s uterus.
Doctors do this using in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Role of Stem Cells in Obstetrics and Gynecology PracticeAsha Jain
Role of Stem Cells in Obstetrics and Gynecology Practice
Talk delivered at 4th Biennial International ISCSGCON 2021
on Febuary 13,2021 by Dr. Asha Jain
GOVT. OF INDIA GUIDELINES 2014ON STANDARDS OF FEMALE STERILISATION, Dr. Sh...Lifecare Centre
GOVT. OF INDIA GUIDELINES 2014ON STANDARDS OF FEMALE STERILISATION, Dr. Sharda Jain , Female sterilisation new, Dr. Sharda Jain , sterlisation , contraceptive
Dr. Sunita Chandra, Chairperson & Director-Rajendra Nagar Hospital & IVF Centre and Mopheus Lucknow Fertility Centre gave the talk on IVF PREGNANCY at webinar on March 27,2021
BIOETHICS, a bridge between the facts and moral behaviour.UAS,GKVK<BANGALORE
Ethics guides us to make choices or judgements from the wrong to right.Bioethics refer a study of the ethical issues arising from health care, biological and medical sciences.
Transgenic fish or genetically modified fish(GM fish) are genetically modified organism. The DNA of the fish is modified using genetic engineering techniques.
Aim is to introduce a new trait to fish
GM fish has been approved by FDA
Ethical and Legal Issues Related to Medical Genetics Rayhan Shahrear
Define ethics and bioethics.
State the major ethical issues related to medical genetics.
Outline the uniqueness of medical genetics.
Outline the relevant ethical principles in medicine.
Discuss some ethical dilemmas that arise in the genetic clinic.
Explain the ethical dilemmas and public interest.
Dr. Najnin Akhter
Phase-A, Year-2, Block-6
Guided by Prof. K M Shamim
Embryo culture is a component of in vitro fertilisation where in resultant embryos are allowed to grow for some time in an artificial medium before being inserted into the uterus.
To Clone or not to Clone The Ethical Question Joseph Farnsw.docxturveycharlyn
To Clone or not to Clone: The Ethical Question
Joseph Farnsworth
A couple that had been married for only two years was in a terrible car accident. The
wife walked away with a few cuts and bruises. The husband, however was unconscious
when the paramedics arrived. He went into a coma shortly after arriving at the nearby
hospital. He came out of the coma but was never to be the same again. It turns out that
when he was in the accident he had severe head trauma, and would be a vegetable the rest
of his life. He could not take part in the reproduction of children. The wife is now
distraught because they will never have children together. She heard about the possibility
of cloning and believes that it is the only way that she will ever have children. Is it so?
Introduction
The ethics of human cloning has become a great issue in the past few years. The
advocates for both sides of the issue have many reasons to clone or not to clone. This is
an attempt to explore the pros and cons of human cloning and to provide enough
information of both sides of the arguments in order for the reader to make their own
informed decision on whether human cloning is ethical or not. Cloning will first be
defined. Then a brief explanation of why questions concerning cloning humans have
arisen will be presented. Some things cannot be known for sure unless it is tested, i.e.,
human cloning is allowed. Followed by that, a discussion of the facts and opinions that
support cloning will be presented and then the same against cloning. Please remember
that not all of this has proven true nor is able to be proven yet, but has simply been
argued as a scientific hypothesis. Finally, my own personal opinion will be stated.
Defining Human Cloning
When speaking of human cloning, what is meant? Different groups and organizations
define it differently. To use a specific definition, the American Medical Association
(AMA) defined cloning as “the production of genetically identical organisms via somatic
cell nuclear transfer. „Somatic cell nuclear transfer‟ refers to the process which the
nucleus of a somatic cell of an existing organism is transferred into an oocyte from which
the nucleus has been removed” (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 1). In other
words, cloning is the method of produce a baby that has the same genes as its parent.
You take an egg and remove its nucleus, which contains the DNA/genes. Then you take
the DNA from an adult cell and insert it into the egg, either by fusing the adult cell with
the enucleated egg, or by a sophisticated nuclear transfer. You then stimulate the
reconstructed egg electrically or chemically and try to make it start to divide and become
an embryo. You then use the same process to implant the egg into a surrogate mother
that you would use with artificial insemination. (Eibert)
However, many groups have used a broader definition of cloni ...
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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5. ‘Infertility’ is clinically accepted as the
inability to conceive after 12 months of
actively trying to conceive.
6. ASSITED REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES
A medical intervention
developed to improve an
‘infertile’ couple’s chance of
pregnancy.
One of the best achievement
in the field of reproduction.
9. WHAT IS IVF?
IVF broadly deals with removal of eggs from the woman
fertilizing it in the laboratory and transferring the
fertilized eggs into the uterus after a few days later.
Following cause may be considered for IVF
• Failed ovulation induction
•Tubal diseases
•Endometriosis
•Idiopathic infertility
10. 4 basic steps
1. Superovulation
2. Egg collection
3. In vitro fertilisation
4. Embryo transfer
ALMOST
3 EMBRYOS
IVF cycle
11. Many embryos created.
Healthy ones kept but
defective embryos are
destroyed.
Healthy embryos can be
transferred to woman or they
can be frozen for use at later
date. Sometimes they are
experimented on.
12. Do you support the idea of
producing human embryos for
medical purposes? Why?
Not supporting new production
Superovulation procedure will be
risk because of excess usage of
drugs
14. We support the use of
frozen embyos or other
unwanted healthy embyos
for stem research……
because
15. An early embryo that has not yet implanted into the uterus
does not have the psychological, emotional or physical
properties that we associate with being a person.
An embryo in the earliest stages is not clearly defined as an
individual
A fertilized egg before implantation in the uterus could be
granted a lesser degree of respect than a human fetus or a
born baby
Before day 14, the embryo has no central nervous system and
therefore no senses. If we can take organs from patients who
have been declared brain dead and use them for transplants,
then we can also use hundred-cell embryos that have no
nervous system.
If we destroy a blastocyst before implantation into the
uterus we do not harm it because it has no beliefs, desires,
expectations, aims or purposes to be harmed.
18. • She born just 67 days
after Marie Louise
Brown was born.
• Dr. Subhash
Mukhopadhyay was
invited by the Kyoto
University in 1979 to
present his findings during
a seminar in Japan but
denied a passport by the
Indian government.
• The depressed physician
committed suicide in 1981.
Durga's birth was
caught in ethical and
moral controversies
The physician's
achievements were not
recognised at first.
20. Fertilization is confirmed before
implantation can occur.
Gives women with damaged
oviducts, the carry their own fetus.
Sometimes it may give
opportunity to older ones .
ADVANTAGES
23. Nadya Suleman, the California mother who
became known as the “Octomom” after she
gave birth to octuplets in 2009
24. Average cost of total
treatment
$10,000 - $25, 000
(American dollars)
Industry generates $ 2
billion per year.
IVF INDUSTRY
25. Israel is the world capital of in vitro
fertilisation
The second highest rate of IVF procedures is
in Iceland,
Another noteworthy fact is that Israel
provides free, unlimited in vitro procedures for
its citizens for up to 2 children per woman,
under 45 years of age.
TOP IVF COUNTRIES
26. We can help any couple to have a
baby, no matter what their medical
problem !
Third party reproduction
Embryo adoption
Donor eggs
Surrogate uterus
THE PROMISE OF ART'S
28. “surrogacy is an arrangement
in which a women carries and
gives birth to the baby for the
couple who want to have a
child ”
What is surrogacy?
Substitute..?
33. Cindy reutzal act as surrogate for her daughter
Emily jordan in 2012
Cindy reutzalEmily jordan
What will be relation of child to the
surrogate…?
Mike jordan & Emily jordan
34. Commercial surrogacy is
legal in india since 2002
INDIA….why?
•Low cost
•Abundance of medical expertise
in the field.
•Inter- country commercial
surrogacy is unregulated.
35. ADVANTAGES
1. A Good Alternative to Adoption
2.Good option for couples who are of the
same gender and single parent.
36. Surrogacy for homosexuals…?
Illegal in india.
But legal in many other countries like
holland, belgium , canada, spain
As a doctor, patients decision is our
concern(autonomy) but be sure to respect law
( justice)
No interfere in personal life .
40. Male homosexual couples, single
foreign men and women, nonmarried
couples and couples from countries
where surrogacy is illegal
Surrogacy is provided to single
men and women who are indian
citizens
41. AAMIR – KIRAN ‘S
SURROGATE BABY
BROUGHT SURROGACY
ISSUES IN INDIA INTO
SPOTLIGHT In 2011
CELEBRITIES OF INDIA
42. SHAHRUKH KHAN – GAURI ‘S 3RD
BABY BOUGHT
PREGNANACY THROUGH SURROGACY INTO
CENTRE STAGE IN INDIA in 2014
53. Is it a good idea to use cloned humans for organ
transplants? Why?
Cells seem to have a defined life span
built into them.
Eg:"Dolly" was created from a cell that was about
six years old; this is middle age for a ewe. Dolly's
cells were also middle-aged. She was expected to
live only for five years, which is shorter than the
normal life span of 11 years.
If this is also true of humans, then cloned
people would have a reduced life expectancy.
The cloning technique could take many years
off their life
54. Do you think cloned humans will have the same
talents as the original one? Why?
Some talents seem to be genetically influenced.
There is no guarantee that the first cloned
humans will be normal.
The fetus might suffer from some disorder that is
not detectable by ultrasound. Disorders may
materialize later in life.
They may be born disabled.
55. Experiments conducted: Failed
Experiments
1999 2002
A company called Clonaid
announced that they
successfully cloned the
first human. Experts say
it is impossible for the
company to clone a human
due to inadequate
technology.
Scientists secretly
placed a human
cloned embryo
into a pig. The cell
onlylived to be 32
days old.
56. Panayiotis Zavos, a fertility
doctor, claimed he has cloned 14
human embryos and implanted 11
of them into four women.
The experiment was conducted in
a secret laboratory most likely in
the Middle East.
None of the women
became pregnant
This is Cady, who died at age 10
ina car accident. More recently, Dr.
Panayiotis Zavos infused her DNA into
a cow's egg to study human cloning.
HUMAN CLONING EXPERIMENT in 2009
57. India does not have specific law
regarding cloning but has guidelines
prohibiting whole human cloning or
reproductive cloning.
India allows therapeutic cloning and the
use of embryonic stem cells for research
proposes
60. What is organ donation?
It is the process of removing organ or
tissue from a live ,dead or recently
dead person to be used for another
person.
The person who donates is DONOR
and who receives is RECIPIENT.
65. Valery Spiridonov
set to be first for
world's first full
HEAD transplant by
Dr Sergio Canavero
to happen about in
2017
“is it actually
possible to fuse two
spinal cords and stop
the recipient’s body
from rejecting the new
head?”
68. PENIS TRANSPLANT , IN 2014
Surgeons at
Stellenbosch
University and
Tygerberg Hospital
performed a nine-hour
operation to attach a
donated penis.
Took place on Dec. 11,
2014, but was not
publicly announced until
this MARCH 2015while
doctors waited to see
how the patient would
recover.
70. Elijah Smith a columbus
man said he wanted to
be an organ and tissue
donor
Elijah Smith a columbus
man said he wanted to
be an organ and tissue
donor
After his brain death the
family don’t want his
organs to be harvested.
After his brain death the
family don’t want his
organs to be harvested.
71. People of all ages.
Any healthy willing person.
Only one exception is that HIV
and ACTIVE CANCER patients
cannot donate
MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS
72. In INDIA around 6000 people die every day
waiting for organ transplant.
Every 17 minutes someone dies waiting for
transplant.
Every 13 minutes someone is added to a
waiting list.
STATUS IN INDIA
73. INTERNATIONAL ORGAN TRADE
Developed by WHO due to the
shortage of an indigenous “supply” of
organs, where potentialreceipients
travel abroad to obtain organs through
commercial transactions
74. PROS CONS
Religious reasons
Family beliefs
Misconceptions
Donors are scared of their
own health
A single donor can save
more than one life.
People who are certified
brain dead are capable of
donating many body parts
Organs can be donated after
death and can be 'banked'
Potential donors are easy to
find
79. We are future doctors
We must have idea to solve
Such dilemmas
80. Recognise that
a dilemma exist
Dissect the
problem
Do you need more
information?
Identify and apply any
relevant legal or
professional guidelines
Is the issue
resolved?
No
Yes
Can you justify the
dilemma with sound
arguments?
Analyse
the facts
Is this issue resolved?
Yes
No
Seek help of a BIOETHICIST
81. WHAT IS “BIOETHICS”?
Bioethics: “a field of study concerned
with the ethics and philosophical
implications of certain biological and
medical procedures, technologies,
and treatments, such as organ
transplants, genetic engineering, and
care of the terminally ill”
83. AUTONOMY
Respect a person’s right to make their own decisions
Teach people to be able to make their own choices
Support people in their individual choices
Do not force or coerce people to do things
‘Informed Consent’ is an important outcome of this
principle
84. BENEFICENCE( To do good)
Our actions must aim to ‘benefit’ people – health, welfare, comfort,
well-being, improve a person’s potential, improve quality of life
‘Benefit’ should be defined by the person themselves. It’s not what we
think that is important.
Act on behalf of ‘vulnerable’ people to protect their rights
Prevent harm
Create a safe and supportive environment
Help people in crises
85. do not to inflict harm on people
do not cause pain or suffering
do not incapacitate
do not cause offence
do not deprive people
do not kill
NON-MALEFICENCE(to do not harm)
86. Treating people fairly
Not favouring some individuals/groups over others
Acting in a non–discriminatory / non-prejudicial way
Respect for peoples rights
Respect for the law
JUSTICE
87. Distributive Justice – sharing the scarce
resources in society in a fair and just manner (e.g. health
services, professional time)
How should we share out healthcare resources?
How do we share out our time with patients?
Deciding how to do this raises some difficult questions
Patients should get…..
an equal share ?
just enough to meet their needs ?
what they deserve ?
what they can pay for ?