Effects of milk supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) on body composition and metabolic syndrome components
Consumption of Synbiotic Bread Decreases Triacylglycerol and VLDL Levels Whil...Haleh Hadaegh
Consumption of synbiotic bread containing the probiotic Lactobacillus sporogenes and prebiotic inulin significantly decreased serum triacylglycerol (TAG), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C), while significantly increasing serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. No significant effects were seen on fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or non-HDL cholesterol compared to consumption of probiotic or control breads alone over the 8-week period.
Growth hormone treatment improved body composition, glucose metabolism, and liver fat in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes. Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to induce obesity and diabetes, then treated with various doses of growth hormone or PBS for 6 weeks. The highest growth hormone dose normalized glucose, glucose tolerance, and liver fat levels while reducing fat mass and increasing lean mass in a dose-dependent manner. Growth hormone therapy improved metabolic outcomes in this mouse model of obesity and type 2 diabetes without worsening insulin levels or organ weights.
This study investigated the effects of aqueous alfalfa extract on blood glucose and lipid levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into four groups: a non-diabetic control group, a diabetic control group, and two groups given 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg of alfalfa extract. Alloxan injection resulted in higher blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and liver enzymes in diabetic rats compared to controls. Treatment with alfalfa extract significantly reduced glucose and lipid levels and improved liver enzymes and pancreas histology in a dose-dependent manner.
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
This document describes a study that used random forest models to integrate data from metabolomics, lipidomics, and clinical studies on rats treated with a PPAR agonist. The random forest models were able to select a small set of discriminatory metabolites that predicted dose levels with high accuracy and link clinical phenotypes to specific metabolite changes. The results provide insights into PPAR metabolism and side effects by linking classical toxicology data to modern omics datasets.
This study sought to determine whether ingesting essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplements in addition to mixed meals would stimulate greater muscle protein synthesis compared to ingesting meals alone, and whether supplements would interfere with the metabolic response to meals. The study found that supplement ingestion resulted in greater muscle protein synthesis than meals alone, and that supplements did not blunt the normal anabolic response to meals. Supplements produced greater increases in net protein balance than meals, indicating a greater anabolic effect from supplements.
Abstract
Background and purpose: Diet and muscle fiber type are all major factors in predicting intramuscular carnosine concentration [1]. Constituent substrate availability, including the amino acids L-histidine and more specifically beta alanine, play the greatest role in determining the concentration of intramuscular carnosine, a potent intracellular Hydrogen ion buffer. The purpose of this review is to analyze the efficacy of beta alanine supplementation on exercise performance, specifically activities relying on anaerobic glycolysis.
Method: The review included articles from peer-reviewed journals with sufficient data related to the purpose and focus of the study. Inclusion criteria included randomized control trials, systematic reviews and meta-analysis published since 2007.
Results: Twenty relevant studies were identified; various experimental protocols were employed, including both acute and chronic effects of beta alanine supplementation on physical performance. All studies were published 2007 through 2017, providing a robust overview of experimentation over the last 10 years.
Discussion and conclusion: Among studies analyzed in this mini-review, the consensus reached regarding the efficacy of beta alanine supplementation for performance enhancement was relatively positive. Most studies followed similar supplementary strategies, consuming anywhere from 1.6 to 6.4g/day for 2 to 10 weeks. The majority of these studies demonstrated statistically significant increases in intramuscular carnosine content, a physiological parameter that is positively correlated with sprinting and power performance. Many studies presented results in support of enhanced muscular endurance performance subsequent to supplementation relative to the placebo group. Researchers also noted a decline in peak aerobic capacity concurrent to a delay in the onset of blood lactate accumulation, supporting the notion of enhanced glycolytic capacity. More research is necessary to identify optimal dosing strategies for performance optimization across the spectrum of physical activities.
This patient underwent surgery for a gunshot wound to the abdomen, resulting in the resection of part of the small intestine and discontinuity of the gastrointestinal tract. This has impaired the patient's ability to meet nutritional needs through oral intake. The patient is in the acute or "flow" phase of the metabolic stress response to trauma, characterized by hyperglycemia and increased protein breakdown. Indirect calorimetry found the patient's resting energy expenditure to be 2557 kcal per day. The registered dietitian recommends beginning enteral nutrition via a feeding tube at a gradual rate to stimulate bowel function, providing a total of 2556 kcal and 160g of protein over 24 hours. Intake and clinical indicators will be monitored daily
Consumption of Synbiotic Bread Decreases Triacylglycerol and VLDL Levels Whil...Haleh Hadaegh
Consumption of synbiotic bread containing the probiotic Lactobacillus sporogenes and prebiotic inulin significantly decreased serum triacylglycerol (TAG), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C), while significantly increasing serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. No significant effects were seen on fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or non-HDL cholesterol compared to consumption of probiotic or control breads alone over the 8-week period.
Growth hormone treatment improved body composition, glucose metabolism, and liver fat in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes. Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to induce obesity and diabetes, then treated with various doses of growth hormone or PBS for 6 weeks. The highest growth hormone dose normalized glucose, glucose tolerance, and liver fat levels while reducing fat mass and increasing lean mass in a dose-dependent manner. Growth hormone therapy improved metabolic outcomes in this mouse model of obesity and type 2 diabetes without worsening insulin levels or organ weights.
This study investigated the effects of aqueous alfalfa extract on blood glucose and lipid levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into four groups: a non-diabetic control group, a diabetic control group, and two groups given 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg of alfalfa extract. Alloxan injection resulted in higher blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and liver enzymes in diabetic rats compared to controls. Treatment with alfalfa extract significantly reduced glucose and lipid levels and improved liver enzymes and pancreas histology in a dose-dependent manner.
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
This document describes a study that used random forest models to integrate data from metabolomics, lipidomics, and clinical studies on rats treated with a PPAR agonist. The random forest models were able to select a small set of discriminatory metabolites that predicted dose levels with high accuracy and link clinical phenotypes to specific metabolite changes. The results provide insights into PPAR metabolism and side effects by linking classical toxicology data to modern omics datasets.
This study sought to determine whether ingesting essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplements in addition to mixed meals would stimulate greater muscle protein synthesis compared to ingesting meals alone, and whether supplements would interfere with the metabolic response to meals. The study found that supplement ingestion resulted in greater muscle protein synthesis than meals alone, and that supplements did not blunt the normal anabolic response to meals. Supplements produced greater increases in net protein balance than meals, indicating a greater anabolic effect from supplements.
Abstract
Background and purpose: Diet and muscle fiber type are all major factors in predicting intramuscular carnosine concentration [1]. Constituent substrate availability, including the amino acids L-histidine and more specifically beta alanine, play the greatest role in determining the concentration of intramuscular carnosine, a potent intracellular Hydrogen ion buffer. The purpose of this review is to analyze the efficacy of beta alanine supplementation on exercise performance, specifically activities relying on anaerobic glycolysis.
Method: The review included articles from peer-reviewed journals with sufficient data related to the purpose and focus of the study. Inclusion criteria included randomized control trials, systematic reviews and meta-analysis published since 2007.
Results: Twenty relevant studies were identified; various experimental protocols were employed, including both acute and chronic effects of beta alanine supplementation on physical performance. All studies were published 2007 through 2017, providing a robust overview of experimentation over the last 10 years.
Discussion and conclusion: Among studies analyzed in this mini-review, the consensus reached regarding the efficacy of beta alanine supplementation for performance enhancement was relatively positive. Most studies followed similar supplementary strategies, consuming anywhere from 1.6 to 6.4g/day for 2 to 10 weeks. The majority of these studies demonstrated statistically significant increases in intramuscular carnosine content, a physiological parameter that is positively correlated with sprinting and power performance. Many studies presented results in support of enhanced muscular endurance performance subsequent to supplementation relative to the placebo group. Researchers also noted a decline in peak aerobic capacity concurrent to a delay in the onset of blood lactate accumulation, supporting the notion of enhanced glycolytic capacity. More research is necessary to identify optimal dosing strategies for performance optimization across the spectrum of physical activities.
This patient underwent surgery for a gunshot wound to the abdomen, resulting in the resection of part of the small intestine and discontinuity of the gastrointestinal tract. This has impaired the patient's ability to meet nutritional needs through oral intake. The patient is in the acute or "flow" phase of the metabolic stress response to trauma, characterized by hyperglycemia and increased protein breakdown. Indirect calorimetry found the patient's resting energy expenditure to be 2557 kcal per day. The registered dietitian recommends beginning enteral nutrition via a feeding tube at a gradual rate to stimulate bowel function, providing a total of 2556 kcal and 160g of protein over 24 hours. Intake and clinical indicators will be monitored daily
The document describes a randomized controlled trial that investigated the impact of consuming apricots, pomegranate juice, fermented sobya, or combinations for 3 weeks on biomarkers related to antioxidant activity and oxidative stress in healthy adults. 35 participants were divided into 5 groups: a control group, an apricot group, a pomegranate juice group, a combination pomegranate juice and fermented sobya group, and a fermented sobya group. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline and after 3 weeks to analyze markers of antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress, and glutathione transferase enzyme activity. The study found that consuming pomegranate juice increased plasma and urinary antioxidant activities and reduced urinary oxidative stress
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Edible Bird’s Nest Attenuates Procoagulation Effects of High-Fat Diet in RatsElabscience
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is used traditionally in many parts of Asia to improve wellbeing, but there are limited studies on its
efficacy. We explored the potential use of EBN for prevention of high fat diet- (HFD-) induced insulin resistance in rats.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic effects of Vinca rosea extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings include:
1) Methanolic extracts of Vinca rosea reduced blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner and improved body weight, lipid profiles, and other diabetes-related biomarkers.
2) The extracts showed regeneration of pancreatic beta cells and restoration of cellular population in the islets of Langerhans.
3) The high dose extract (500mg/kg) was more effective than the low dose (300mg/kg) in managing diabetes symptoms after 14 days, showing similar effects to the antidiabetic drug gliben
Transglucosidase improves the gut microbiota profile of type 2 diabetes melli...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Recently, the relationship between gut microbiota and obesity has been highlighted. The
present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of
transglucosidase (TGD) in modulating blood glucose levels and body weight gain in patients
with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to clarify the underlying mechanism by analyzing
the gut microbiota of T2DM patients.
The effects of curcumin supplementation on liver enzymes, lipidwahyu purnama
This randomized controlled trial studied the effects of curcumin supplementation on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. Fifty-two NAFLD patients were randomly assigned to receive either 1500 mg of curcumin or a placebo daily for 12 weeks, in addition to lifestyle recommendations. Both groups experienced significant reductions in weight, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and other risk factors, with no significant differences between the groups. However, curcumin supplementation alone significantly reduced hepatic fibrosis, cholesterol, and glucose levels compared to the placebo.
This study examined the effects of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin on β-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes. The study found that after 24 weeks, combination therapy led to greater improvements in β-cell function measures like Φs and disposition index compared to monotherapy or placebo. Combination therapy also continued to show better β-cell function improvements than monotherapy out to 104 weeks. The study concluded that initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin demonstrated larger benefits to β-cell function over time compared to individual monotherapies.
Bariatric surgery, especially Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), has been shown to be an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes, resulting in blood glucose level improvement in over 75% of cases. This improvement often occurs before significant weight loss and is attributed to changes in gastrointestinal hormones and intestinal glucose metabolism following surgery. Studies in animals and humans indicate that RYGB increases production of hormones like GLP-1 and PYY that promote satiety while decreasing ghrelin, and alters intestinal cells to break down more glucose locally before absorption into the bloodstream.
Axona (caprylidene) is a medical food (see Section 11 “Description” below) containing a proprietary formulation of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), specifically caprylic triglyceride, for the clinical dietary management of the metabolic processes associated with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Axona is taken orally once a day and must be used under the supervision of a physician.
The document describes a study that investigated the anti-obesity and anti-hyperuricemic effects of New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonoides) in high-fat diet induced obese mice. The study found that supplementation with NZS decreased weight gain, fat tissue accumulation, liver weight and size of fat cells. It also improved lipid profiles and decreased levels of uric acid and leptin while increasing adiponectin. NZS decreased genes related to fat formation and increased genes related to fat breakdown. It also decreased the enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase involved in uric acid production. The study suggests NZS can help prevent obesity and related conditions by regulating genes and enzymes involved in lipid and
This study examined the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on regulating inflammation following blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) in rats. Rats were subjected to eight treatment groups, including variations in diet and omega-3 emulsion administered post-injury. Liver tissues were analyzed for lipid profiles using gas chromatography. Preliminary results showed that rats on an American diet or subjected to blast injury had higher ratios of inflammatory omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids compared to house chow-fed or uninjured rats. Rats given the highest doses of an omega-3-enriched emulsion post-injury exhibited significantly lower ratios, suggesting omega-3 therapy may reduce inflammation after bTBI. Further analysis
Moreira, 2014 - Comportamento alimentar para consumo de óleos e gordurasMariana Menezes
This document summarizes a study that analyzed whether stages of change from the Transtheoretical Model aligned with fat consumption among female users of an Academia da Cidade in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. 131 women aged 53.9 years on average participated. Their fat intake was assessed via three 24-hour dietary recalls. After reclassifying stages based on fat intake, fewer women were in action/maintenance stages and more were in precontemplation/contemplation. Consumption of high-fat foods was lower in later stages. The reclassified algorithm agreed with high-fat food intake, showing its applicability for evaluating eating behaviors and informing nutrition education.
This research article studied the effects of quercetin (QCT) on experimentally induced diabetes in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: a control group, a diabetic group induced with streptozotocin (STZ), and a QCT-treated group that received QCT before and after STZ induction. Blood glucose levels increased significantly in the diabetic group but decreased in the QCT-treated group. Histological analysis found that STZ caused pancreatic beta cell degeneration and inflammation in the diabetic group. QCT treatment reversed many of these changes in the pancreas and increased beta cell numbers. Immunohistochemistry revealed that STZ increased iNOS and caspase-3, markers of inflammation and apoptosis, while QCT
Bariatric surgery, especially Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), has been shown to be an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes, resulting in remission of the disease in many patients. Surgery leads to changes in gastrointestinal hormones like GLP-1, PYY, and ghrelin that regulate appetite and glucose metabolism. It also causes the intestines to reprogram glucose handling through increased breakdown before absorption, further improving blood glucose control. While traditionally only used in obese individuals, some studies indicate bariatric procedures may successfully treat diabetes in normal weight patients as well through metabolic changes rather than weight loss alone.
Role of meal replacement in type 2 diabetesAmogh lotankar
This document discusses several studies on the relationship between obesity, diabetes, and meal replacements. It finds that modest weight loss through calorie reduction and physical activity can improve insulin sensitivity. Meal replacements as part of a structured diet plan are emerging as a cost-effective solution for weight management in type 2 diabetes patients. Clinical trials show meal replacements result in greater weight loss and improved cardiovascular risk factors compared to usual diets. Liquid meal replacements are a safe and effective tool for weight loss in obese type 2 diabetes patients, resulting in improved body weight, glucose, and lipid levels.
Favourable effects of consuming a Paleolithic-type diet on characteristics of...Wouter de Heij
This randomized controlled pilot study examined the effects of a 2-week Palaeolithic-type diet versus a reference diet on characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in 34 participants. The Palaeolithic diet resulted in lower blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides and higher HDL cholesterol compared to the reference diet, even after adjusting for unintended weight loss in the Palaeolithic group. Several characteristics of the metabolic syndrome also decreased more with the Palaeolithic diet. The study provides preliminary evidence that a Palaeolithic-type diet may improve cardiovascular risk factors in people with the metabolic syndrome.
The document discusses the importance of body weight measurements in toxicology studies, factors that can affect body weight and growth, how to interpret body weight data, and potential artifacts that can confound the assessment of body weight effects such as ensuring test diets are balanced and controls are appropriate. It provides guidance on evaluating whether observed body weight changes are treatment-related and adverse.
This study investigated the chronic toxic effects of carrageenan on the thyroid gland and pancreas in rats and the possible protective effects of diacerein. Rats were divided into groups receiving carrageenan, diacerein, or a combination. Biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical analysis was performed after 3 months. Carrageenan significantly increased oxidative damage in the thyroid and decreased thyroid function markers compared to controls. Diacerein ameliorated these effects when given with carrageenan. Histologically, carrageenan caused hypothyroid changes while the combination caused milder changes. Carrageenan increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in the thyroid, indicating oxidative damage, which was
O documento fornece dados demográficos e estatísticas de audiência da rádio Ouro Verde FM para mulheres entre 40-59 anos. A rádio tem alcance semanal de 40 mil ouvintes nessa demografia, share de audiência de 13% e afinidade de 234%. Sua faixa de horário de maior audiência é das 14h às 15h.
The document describes a randomized controlled trial that investigated the impact of consuming apricots, pomegranate juice, fermented sobya, or combinations for 3 weeks on biomarkers related to antioxidant activity and oxidative stress in healthy adults. 35 participants were divided into 5 groups: a control group, an apricot group, a pomegranate juice group, a combination pomegranate juice and fermented sobya group, and a fermented sobya group. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline and after 3 weeks to analyze markers of antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress, and glutathione transferase enzyme activity. The study found that consuming pomegranate juice increased plasma and urinary antioxidant activities and reduced urinary oxidative stress
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Edible Bird’s Nest Attenuates Procoagulation Effects of High-Fat Diet in RatsElabscience
Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is used traditionally in many parts of Asia to improve wellbeing, but there are limited studies on its
efficacy. We explored the potential use of EBN for prevention of high fat diet- (HFD-) induced insulin resistance in rats.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic effects of Vinca rosea extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings include:
1) Methanolic extracts of Vinca rosea reduced blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner and improved body weight, lipid profiles, and other diabetes-related biomarkers.
2) The extracts showed regeneration of pancreatic beta cells and restoration of cellular population in the islets of Langerhans.
3) The high dose extract (500mg/kg) was more effective than the low dose (300mg/kg) in managing diabetes symptoms after 14 days, showing similar effects to the antidiabetic drug gliben
Transglucosidase improves the gut microbiota profile of type 2 diabetes melli...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Recently, the relationship between gut microbiota and obesity has been highlighted. The
present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of
transglucosidase (TGD) in modulating blood glucose levels and body weight gain in patients
with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to clarify the underlying mechanism by analyzing
the gut microbiota of T2DM patients.
The effects of curcumin supplementation on liver enzymes, lipidwahyu purnama
This randomized controlled trial studied the effects of curcumin supplementation on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. Fifty-two NAFLD patients were randomly assigned to receive either 1500 mg of curcumin or a placebo daily for 12 weeks, in addition to lifestyle recommendations. Both groups experienced significant reductions in weight, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and other risk factors, with no significant differences between the groups. However, curcumin supplementation alone significantly reduced hepatic fibrosis, cholesterol, and glucose levels compared to the placebo.
This study examined the effects of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin on β-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes. The study found that after 24 weeks, combination therapy led to greater improvements in β-cell function measures like Φs and disposition index compared to monotherapy or placebo. Combination therapy also continued to show better β-cell function improvements than monotherapy out to 104 weeks. The study concluded that initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin demonstrated larger benefits to β-cell function over time compared to individual monotherapies.
Bariatric surgery, especially Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), has been shown to be an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes, resulting in blood glucose level improvement in over 75% of cases. This improvement often occurs before significant weight loss and is attributed to changes in gastrointestinal hormones and intestinal glucose metabolism following surgery. Studies in animals and humans indicate that RYGB increases production of hormones like GLP-1 and PYY that promote satiety while decreasing ghrelin, and alters intestinal cells to break down more glucose locally before absorption into the bloodstream.
Axona (caprylidene) is a medical food (see Section 11 “Description” below) containing a proprietary formulation of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), specifically caprylic triglyceride, for the clinical dietary management of the metabolic processes associated with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Axona is taken orally once a day and must be used under the supervision of a physician.
The document describes a study that investigated the anti-obesity and anti-hyperuricemic effects of New Zealand spinach (Tetragonia tetragonoides) in high-fat diet induced obese mice. The study found that supplementation with NZS decreased weight gain, fat tissue accumulation, liver weight and size of fat cells. It also improved lipid profiles and decreased levels of uric acid and leptin while increasing adiponectin. NZS decreased genes related to fat formation and increased genes related to fat breakdown. It also decreased the enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase involved in uric acid production. The study suggests NZS can help prevent obesity and related conditions by regulating genes and enzymes involved in lipid and
This study examined the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on regulating inflammation following blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) in rats. Rats were subjected to eight treatment groups, including variations in diet and omega-3 emulsion administered post-injury. Liver tissues were analyzed for lipid profiles using gas chromatography. Preliminary results showed that rats on an American diet or subjected to blast injury had higher ratios of inflammatory omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids compared to house chow-fed or uninjured rats. Rats given the highest doses of an omega-3-enriched emulsion post-injury exhibited significantly lower ratios, suggesting omega-3 therapy may reduce inflammation after bTBI. Further analysis
Moreira, 2014 - Comportamento alimentar para consumo de óleos e gordurasMariana Menezes
This document summarizes a study that analyzed whether stages of change from the Transtheoretical Model aligned with fat consumption among female users of an Academia da Cidade in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. 131 women aged 53.9 years on average participated. Their fat intake was assessed via three 24-hour dietary recalls. After reclassifying stages based on fat intake, fewer women were in action/maintenance stages and more were in precontemplation/contemplation. Consumption of high-fat foods was lower in later stages. The reclassified algorithm agreed with high-fat food intake, showing its applicability for evaluating eating behaviors and informing nutrition education.
This research article studied the effects of quercetin (QCT) on experimentally induced diabetes in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: a control group, a diabetic group induced with streptozotocin (STZ), and a QCT-treated group that received QCT before and after STZ induction. Blood glucose levels increased significantly in the diabetic group but decreased in the QCT-treated group. Histological analysis found that STZ caused pancreatic beta cell degeneration and inflammation in the diabetic group. QCT treatment reversed many of these changes in the pancreas and increased beta cell numbers. Immunohistochemistry revealed that STZ increased iNOS and caspase-3, markers of inflammation and apoptosis, while QCT
Bariatric surgery, especially Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), has been shown to be an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes, resulting in remission of the disease in many patients. Surgery leads to changes in gastrointestinal hormones like GLP-1, PYY, and ghrelin that regulate appetite and glucose metabolism. It also causes the intestines to reprogram glucose handling through increased breakdown before absorption, further improving blood glucose control. While traditionally only used in obese individuals, some studies indicate bariatric procedures may successfully treat diabetes in normal weight patients as well through metabolic changes rather than weight loss alone.
Role of meal replacement in type 2 diabetesAmogh lotankar
This document discusses several studies on the relationship between obesity, diabetes, and meal replacements. It finds that modest weight loss through calorie reduction and physical activity can improve insulin sensitivity. Meal replacements as part of a structured diet plan are emerging as a cost-effective solution for weight management in type 2 diabetes patients. Clinical trials show meal replacements result in greater weight loss and improved cardiovascular risk factors compared to usual diets. Liquid meal replacements are a safe and effective tool for weight loss in obese type 2 diabetes patients, resulting in improved body weight, glucose, and lipid levels.
Favourable effects of consuming a Paleolithic-type diet on characteristics of...Wouter de Heij
This randomized controlled pilot study examined the effects of a 2-week Palaeolithic-type diet versus a reference diet on characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in 34 participants. The Palaeolithic diet resulted in lower blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides and higher HDL cholesterol compared to the reference diet, even after adjusting for unintended weight loss in the Palaeolithic group. Several characteristics of the metabolic syndrome also decreased more with the Palaeolithic diet. The study provides preliminary evidence that a Palaeolithic-type diet may improve cardiovascular risk factors in people with the metabolic syndrome.
The document discusses the importance of body weight measurements in toxicology studies, factors that can affect body weight and growth, how to interpret body weight data, and potential artifacts that can confound the assessment of body weight effects such as ensuring test diets are balanced and controls are appropriate. It provides guidance on evaluating whether observed body weight changes are treatment-related and adverse.
This study investigated the chronic toxic effects of carrageenan on the thyroid gland and pancreas in rats and the possible protective effects of diacerein. Rats were divided into groups receiving carrageenan, diacerein, or a combination. Biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical analysis was performed after 3 months. Carrageenan significantly increased oxidative damage in the thyroid and decreased thyroid function markers compared to controls. Diacerein ameliorated these effects when given with carrageenan. Histologically, carrageenan caused hypothyroid changes while the combination caused milder changes. Carrageenan increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in the thyroid, indicating oxidative damage, which was
O documento fornece dados demográficos e estatísticas de audiência da rádio Ouro Verde FM para mulheres entre 40-59 anos. A rádio tem alcance semanal de 40 mil ouvintes nessa demografia, share de audiência de 13% e afinidade de 234%. Sua faixa de horário de maior audiência é das 14h às 15h.
A rádio Ouro Verde FM Easy oferece música suave e de qualidade para proporcionar momentos agradáveis aos ouvintes, além de informações diárias e conteúdo sobre bem-estar. Sua audiência é composta principalmente por adultos da classe AB entre 40-59 anos, que buscam atualização, lazer e consumo. Anunciar na rádio permite falar diretamente com esse público qualificado e de alto poder aquisitivo.
A PN Mídia é uma plataforma digital especializada em comunicação para o mercado náutico, disponibilizando conteúdos sobre embarcações, equipamentos e estilos de vida náuticos. A plataforma inclui um site responsivo e presença em mídias sociais, oferecendo opções de marketing de conteúdo, publicidade e classificados para marcas se relacionarem com consumidores náuticos.
Scientists studied the health effects of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The bombings killed over 160,000 people initially and caused radiation sickness in survivors. The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission was established to study the long-term health impacts, helping scientists understand how radiation damaged the human body. Their research laid the foundation for new drugs and medicines to help treat Japanese people affected by the bombings.
El documento describe el sistema de aporte de oxígeno al cuerpo, el cual consta del aparato respiratorio y cardiovascular. El aparato respiratorio captura el oxígeno del aire y lo introduce al organismo, mientras elimina el dióxido de carbono. La sangre transporta el oxígeno a los tejidos a través del aparato cardiovascular, el cual distribuye la sangre bombeada por el corazón. Juntos, estos sistemas permiten llevar oxígeno a los tejidos y órganos según sus necesidades y
Attacking an entrenched enemy position requires careful planning and coordination. Soldiers must work as a team to overcome defenses and eliminate hostile forces. Success depends on using supporting fires, maneuvering skillfully, and maintaining the initiative to defeat dug-in adversaries.
We'll wear shoe covers and gloves to maintain your floors and walls stay as clean as when we got there, and we'll vacuum the areas where the job was performed. That is what we'd want within our homes, and that is what we'll do in yours. Plus, we come designed with our very own tools, ladders, and vacuums.
Thank you for sharing your perspective. While history shows real injustices, more understanding and nonviolence are needed to build a just future for all.
A Rádio Ouro Verde FM Easy oferece música suave e de qualidade para momentos agradáveis, atraindo um público fiel composto principalmente por adultos da classe AB entre 40-59 anos, que consomem produtos e serviços de alto valor. O documento fornece detalhes sobre o perfil do público, horários de maior audiência e alcance para anunciantes.
This document discusses the pros and cons of using paper versus electronic documents at Florida Gulf Coast University (FGCU). It notes that while paper has benefits like being easy to use anywhere, relying heavily on paper is wasteful and bad for the environment. It suggests that FGCU could save money and resources by transitioning more processes like submitting assignments online. However, going completely paperless may not be feasible and removing paper options entirely could limit accessibility. The document concludes that FGCU should aim for a middle ground by designating some days for paper and others for electronic documents while encouraging recycling to reduce waste.
This document provides an induction on safety, health, security and environmental policies and procedures at an aerial terminal (ACT). It outlines the terminal layout, common hazards, and safety requirements. Employees and contractors must be aware of equipment, chemical hazards, electrical safety and other risks. High-risk areas like the quayside and inspection yard are identified. Proper protective equipment, work permits, transportation safety, emergency procedures and accident reporting are reviewed. The objectives are to prevent accidents and ensure procedures with subcontractors are followed. Environmental protection, prohibited substances, and occupational health services are also addressed.
This pilot study investigated the effects of daily soy supplementation for six months on abdominal fat and metabolic risks in early post-menopausal women. The study involved 12 early post-menopausal women who were randomly assigned to receive either a soy supplement of 25g soy protein and 160mg isoflavones or a whey protein placebo daily. The soy supplement resulted in significantly lower waist circumference and marginally lower abdominal fat compared to the placebo group. Additionally, the soy supplement appeared to have favorable effects on metabolic profiles, though these were not statistically significant, with the exception of higher triglyceride levels. The results suggest that soy supplementation may be effective at reducing abdominal fat and improving metabolic risks in early post-menopausal women
1) The study examined the effects of a 6-week aerobic exercise program on serum resistin levels in 24 sedentary obese women divided into an exercise or control group.
2) While the exercise group showed improvements in body weight and abdominal obesity after the program, their serum resistin levels did not change significantly compared to pre-training levels.
3) The findings suggest that more substantial weight loss, of at least 5% of body weight, may be needed to see improvements in adipocytokine levels like resistin in obese individuals.
- A 1-year randomized study examined the effects of consuming 500 ml of raw camel milk per day as an adjunct to routine diabetic management in type 1 diabetes patients.
- Patients who consumed raw camel milk had significant reductions in HbA1c, blood glucose, and necessary insulin dose compared to baseline. There were no significant changes in these measures for the control group receiving only routine management.
- The results suggest that raw camel milk consumption may help maintain long-term glycemic control and reduce insulin requirements for type 1 diabetes patients.
This 1-year randomized study examined the effects of consuming raw camel milk daily in addition to routine diabetic management for type 1 diabetes patients. 12 patients consumed 500ml of raw camel milk per day while 12 patients received only routine care. Both groups had adjustments to their insulin doses to maintain blood sugar levels. Patients consuming camel milk saw a significant reduction in HbA1c, average blood sugar, and necessary insulin dose compared to baseline. There were no significant side effects reported from camel milk consumption. The study suggests that raw camel milk may help improve glycemic control and reduce insulin needs for type 1 diabetes patients when used as an adjunct to insulin therapy.
Systematic Reviews and Meta- and Pooled AnalysesEffects of.docxssuserf9c51d
Systematic Reviews and Meta- and Pooled Analyses
Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets Versus Low-Fat Diets on Metabolic Risk
Factors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials
Tian Hu, Katherine T. Mills, Lu Yao, Kathryn Demanelis, Mohamed Eloustaz, William S. Yancy, Jr,
Tanika N. Kelly, Jiang He, and Lydia A. Bazzano*
* Correspondence to Dr. Lydia A. Bazzano, Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical
Medicine. 1440 Canal Street, SL-18, Suite 2000, New Orleans, LA 70112 (e-mail: [email protected]).
Initially submitted December 16, 2011; accepted for publication May 11, 2012.
The effects of low-carbohydrate diets (≤45% of energy from carbohydrates) versus low-fat diets (≤30% of
energy from fat) on metabolic risk factors were compared in a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Twenty-three trials from multiple countries with a total of 2,788 participants met the predetermined eligibility crite-
ria (from January 1, 1966 to June 20, 2011) and were included in the analyses. Data abstraction was conducted
in duplicate by independent investigators. Both low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets lowered weight and improved
metabolic risk factors. Compared with participants on low-fat diets, persons on low-carbohydrate diets experi-
enced a slightly but statistically significantly lower reduction in total cholesterol (2.7 mg/dL; 95% confidence inter-
val: 0.8, 4.6), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.7 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval: 1.0, 6.4), but a greater
increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.3 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval: 1.9, 4.7) and a greater de-
crease in triglycerides (−14.0 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval: −19.4, −8.7). Reductions in body weight, waist
circumference and other metabolic risk factors were not significantly different between the 2 diets. These
findings suggest that low-carbohydrate diets are at least as effective as low-fat diets at reducing weight and
improving metabolic risk factors. Low-carbohydrate diets could be recommended to obese persons with abnor-
mal metabolic risk factors for the purpose of weight loss. Studies demonstrating long-term effects of low-
carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular events were warranted.
carbohydrate-restricted diet; fat-restricted diet; meta-analysis; metabolic syndrome; obesity
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.
There were an estimated 937 million overweight and 396
million obese people worldwide in 2005 (1). Moreover, it
was estimated that 68.0% of American adults were either
overweight or obese in 2009 (2). Overweight and obesity
are important risk factors for diabetes, cardiovascular dis-
ease, cancer, and premature death. The high prevalence of
obesity has become a serious public health challenge. The
dietary recommendations for weight loss from the Ameri-
can Heart Association and the National Insti ...
This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of diet-induced weight loss, exercise-induced weight loss, exercise without weight loss, and a control group on obesity and related health factors in obese men over 3 months. It found that both diet-induced and exercise-induced weight loss groups lost approximately 7.5 kg (8%) of body weight, with greater total fat loss in the exercise group. Abdominal fat and insulin resistance decreased similarly in both weight loss groups. Exercise without weight loss reduced abdominal fat and prevented further weight gain, but did not change weight or insulin resistance.
Alicia Wong1
, Wan Chien Han1
, Elsie Low1
,
Chai Xiang Goh1
,
Siew Li Ng1
,
Lee Kuan Kwan1
Abstract: Diabetes-specific formulas have shown to be effective at improving glucose control with additional
nutritional benefits. Furthermore, diabetes-specific formulas are commonly used for diabetic patients with
insufficient oral intake. However, not much diabetes-specific formulas in the market shows the GI of these
formulas, which is clinically useful on glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The aim of this study was to
assess the GI of a newly developed diabetes-specific formula, Contro eazy NOW. The open labelled, single center
study involved 11 individuals from a pool of 18 healthy subjects. After an overnight fast, volunteers were given
Contro eazy NOW containing 50g of carbohydrate or the reference drink (glucolin) on different occasions in
random order. Postprandial blood glucose levels were measured in finger pricked capillary blood for two hours
after intake of the beverages and positive incremental area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for both Contro
eazy NOW and reference drink. The GI of Contro eazy NOW was determined by dividing AUC (Contro eazy
NOW) by the AUC (reference drink). The results show that the diabetes-specific formula has the GI of 38.4, which
is categorized as low GI. Therefore, Contro eazy NOW with low GI can be the preferred option for nutritional
management of diabetic patients in need of nutritional support.
Keywords: diabetes-specific formula, diabetes, low glycemic index, medical nutrition therapy.
This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study assessed the effects of Oxytocin FactorTM for weight loss over 45 days. 45 participants were randomized to receive either a placebo or Oxytocin FactorTM twice daily. Results showed that the Oxytocin FactorTM group lost more weight (14.89 lbs), body fat (4.72%), and waist circumference (4.31 inches) on average compared to the placebo group, though statistical significance was not achieved due to the small sample size. Larger studies are needed to determine the statistical significance of Oxytocin FactorTM as a safe and effective weight loss tool.
Alicia Wong1
, Wan Chien Han1
, Elsie Low1
,Chai Xiang Goh1
, Siew Li Ng1
,
Lee Kuan Kwan1
1Alpro Academy, Lot 45880, Jalan Techvalley 3/2, Sendayan Techvally, 71950 Bandar Sri Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan,
Malaysia.
Abstract: Glycemic index (GI) describes the blood glucose response after consumption of a carbohydrate
containing test food relative to a carbohydrate containing reference food, typically glucose or white bread. GI was
originally designed for people with diabetes as a guide to food selection, and advice being given to select foods with
a low GI. Nonetheless low GI food should not be limited to diabetes patients but healthy individuals too as more
recent recommendations on the potential of low GI diets to reduce the risk of chronic diseases and to treat other
metabolic syndromes. This study aims to evaluate the GI of 2 oral nutritional supplements, Metabolic Recovery
and Metabolic Relievve in healthy adults. Fasted subjects consumed one of the 2 oral nutritional supplements at
each visit, with a two day wash out period between visits. Every subject received both oral nutritional supplements
and blood glucose at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 mins were measured after the consumption of oral nutritional
supplements which all containing 50g carbohydrates per serving. The trapezium method was used to compute the
area under the curve for blood glucose and GI of both oral nutritional supplements were determined with
reference to glucolin. The results show that both oral nutritional supplements has low GI, with Metabolic Recovery
having the GI of 46.7 ± 16.4 and Metabolic Relievve with GI of 45.2 ± 16.4. Therefore, both Metabolic Recovery
and Metabolic Relievve can be the preferred option for nutritional management of diabetic patients and healthy
individuals in need of nutritional support.
Keywords: Oral nutritional supplements, glycemic index, blood sugar level, diabetes, meal replacement.
This Cochrane review summarizes the results of 14 randomized controlled trials involving 377 participants that compared exercise programs to no exercise for people with type 2 diabetes. The review found that exercise significantly improved blood sugar control, as shown by a 0.6% reduction in HbA1c levels, even without weight loss. Exercise also decreased body fat, increased insulin response, and decreased blood lipids and visceral adipose tissue. No adverse effects or safety issues with exercise were reported.
The document summarizes two studies on the effects of fish protein supplementation. Study 1 investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) supplementation on body composition, CCK, and GLP-1 secretion in overweight adults. It found that FPH increased levels of appetite-regulating hormones CCK and GLP-1 and decreased body weight, BMI, fat mass, and waist circumference. Study 2 examined the effects of low-dose fish protein supplementation on glucose tolerance, blood lipids, blood pressure, and body composition in overweight adults. It found that fish protein improved glucose tolerance and lowered LDL cholesterol while increasing muscle mass and decreasing body fat percentage. Both studies demonstrated beneficial effects of fish protein supplementation on weight regulation and metabolic
Effect of Piper crocatum Extract Against Weight Loss and Liver Enzyme Levels ...iosrphr_editor
Piper crocatum is one of Indonesian medicinal plant that contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of Piper crocatum aqueous extract against a decrease in body weight (BW) and the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (AMPK, ACC, FAS) in liver obese rats. This study used four groups of Sprague dawley rat (n = 6), including normal group (N), obese controls (OC), Piper crocatum extract dose 1260 mg/kgBW (PcA), and Piper crocatum extract dose of 1890 mg/kgBW (PcB). Measurement of metabolic liver enzyme levels (AMPK, ACC, FAS) are using ELISA kit (CusabioTM). Results of this study showed that the PcA group produce the highest reduction in body weight (4.52%), and the lowest levels of ACC (9.13 ng/g) and FAS (360.68 ng/g) which was significantly different from obese control group (95% CI). Piper crocatum extract can't activate AMPK. The highest levels in rat liver AMPK is in N group with 8.42 ng/g, but this value is not significantly different from other groups.
The document summarizes a study that examined the effects of aerobic exercise and lifestyle intervention among young Indian women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). 30 subjects between ages 18-25 with PCOS were randomly assigned to either an experimental group that performed aerobic exercises 3 times per week for 12 weeks, or a conventional group that did stretching exercises daily for 12 weeks. Both groups received dietary advice. The study found that both groups had statistically significant improvements in hormonal profiles and quality of life, but the aerobic exercise group had greater improvements compared to the stretching group. The study concluded that aerobic exercise combined with lifestyle changes can help manage metabolic abnormalities in young women with PCOS.
Intake of Black Vinegar on Anthropometric Measures, Cardiometabolic Profiles,...mahendrareddychirra
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are the most important chronic diseases around the world. They are associated with huge medical expenditure and with increasing morbidity and mortality among related cardio-metabolic diseases in developing and developed countries [1,2].
Vinegar was first reported to have anti-glycemic effects since 1988 in animal and human studies [3]. Vinegar may be associated with improved insulin sensitivity and delayed gastric emptying that accompanied improved glycemic control and reduced body weight [4,5].
This document contains abstracts from presentations at the December 2014 International Sports and Exercise Nutrition Conference.
The first abstract finds that high intensity exercise (70% VO2max) increased sensitivity to sour tastes compared to low intensity exercise (50% VO2max), with no differences in sensitivity to other tastes. Sensitivity to sweet tastes negatively correlated with changes in blood glucose for both intensities.
The second abstract finds that a 16-week diet and exercise program resulted in fat mass loss and lean mass gain for all diet groups (high protein or control), along with improved health markers. Extra protein intake from dairy did not further enhance results.
The third abstract finds that intensive treadmill exercise in mice increased small intestine permeability,
Dietary Strategies for Weight Loss MaintenanceMARKETDIGITALBN
Weight regain after a successful weight loss intervention is very common. Most studies
show that, on average, the weight loss attained during a weight loss intervention period is not
or is not fully maintained during follow-up. We review what is currently known about dietary
strategies for weight loss maintenance, focusing on nutrient composition by means of a systematic
review and meta-analysis of studies and discuss other potential strategies that have not been studied
so far. Twenty-one studies with 2875 participants who were overweight or obese are included in
this systematic review and meta-analysis
This document summarizes a randomized controlled trial that compared weight loss and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet. 307 participants were assigned to either a low-carbohydrate diet with limited carbohydrate intake (20g/day for 3 months, then increasing) or a low-fat diet with limited calorie intake (1200-1800 kcal/day). Both diets were combined with behavioral treatment. At 2 years, weight loss was similar (around 7kg) between groups. The low-carbohydrate diet resulted in greater improvements in blood lipids but also more initial side effects. Long-term weight loss requires ongoing behavioral support regardless of diet.
Elevated levels of circulating chemerin have an association with insulin resistance among Bangladeshi subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. The study measured levels of serum chemerin, insulin, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in 34 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and 46 control subjects. Serum chemerin and HOMA-IR levels were significantly higher in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance compared to controls. There was a significant positive association found between serum chemerin levels and HOMA-IR among all subjects. Logistic regression also found serum chemerin to be a significant determinant of impaired glucose tolerance after adjusting for confounding factors.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of altered milk protein treatments on satiety in healthy young adults. 32 participants were given one of four milk treatments or a placebo and measured their satiety levels before and after using visual analogue scales. The treatments varied the ratios of casein and whey proteins. The results found no significant differences in satiety levels between the treatment days for the 5 participants whose data was analyzed. The study was unable to provide strong evidence of a relationship between the altered milk protein treatments and satiety, and further research is needed.
Effect of the use of intragastric balloon to reduce weight in the management...Shendy Sherif
The document discusses a study that evaluated the use of an intragastric balloon to induce weight loss in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The study found that the balloon resulted in significant weight loss and reductions in BMI, waist circumference, liver enzymes, and liver size over 6 months. It also found reductions in fasting ghrelin levels, which may decrease appetite and improve metabolic parameters. Overall, the intragastric balloon was concluded to be an effective, safe, and applicable method for inducing weight loss and limiting risks of metabolic syndrome and steatohepatitis.
Similar to Central Lechera Asturiana, estudio de intervención Naturlinea (20)
Este documento es la memoria anual de responsabilidad social corporativa de 2013 de Capsa Food. Resume los datos destacables del año, incluyendo el crecimiento de las ventas, la inversión en empleados y la comunidad, y los esfuerzos para preservar el medio ambiente. Además, proporciona una breve historia de la compañía desde su creación en 1967 y describe sus marcas líderes, productos y canales de distribución.
El documento proporciona varias recetas saludables y sugiere seleccionar productos de temporada y funcionales de Central Lechera Asturiana para hacer las recetas aún más saludables. También recomienda sustituir la leche y la nata por opciones sin lactosa si se es intolerante, y que se puede cocinar y disfrutar igual de las recetas.
La leche es uno de los alimentos más completos y proporciona proteínas, grasas, lactosa y minerales, siendo especialmente rica en calcio. El consumo de lácteos se asocia con beneficios para la salud como la prevención de osteoporosis, diabetes, enfermedades cardiovasculares, hipertensión arterial, síndrome metabólico, cáncer y obesidad.
Este estudio prospectivo evaluó los efectos del ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) en 71 niños y adolescentes obesos. Tras 8 meses de suplementación diaria con 3 gramos de CLA, el índice de masa corporal relativo (IMCr) promedio disminuyó significativamente de 154.8% a 144.4%. Además, la circunferencia abdominal tuvo una tendencia a la baja. No hubo cambios significativos en los niveles de glucosa, insulina u otros parámetros bioquímicos. Los resultados sugieren que el CLA puede contrib
El documento describe las propiedades y estudios realizados sobre la cepa Bifidobacterium longum ES1. Se ha demostrado que esta cepa probiótica tiene efectos antiinflamatorios y puede hidrolizar parcialmente péptidos dañinos del gluten. Estudios en ratas y humanos han mostrado que B. longum ES1 reduce los niveles de citoquinas proinflamatorias y aumenta la producción de citoquinas antiinflamatorias, mejorando los síntomas de la enfermedad celíaca. La cepa ES1 se ha mostrado seg
La patología cardiovascular es multifactorial, pero los niveles altos de colesterol plasmático son un importante indicador de riesgo para su desarrollo. Naturcol contiene fitoesteroles vegetales que han demostrado reducir los niveles de colesterol de manera eficaz. Tomar dos vasos de Naturcol al día aporta 1,6 gramos de fitoesteroles, lo que reduce el colesterol, mientras que tomar un vaso al día aporta 0,8 gramos y mantiene los niveles de colesterol.
Este documento describe los beneficios de la leche con fibra de Central Lechera Asturiana para mejorar la función intestinal. Contiene una combinación única de maltodextrina resistente a la digestión y fibra de inulina que aumentan la frecuencia intestinal y mejoran los síntomas de estreñimiento. Un estudio clínico mostró que un vaso diario mejoró significativamente los criterios de estreñimiento en comparación con la leche sin fibra.
La soja procede de Extremo Oriente y es rica en proteínas, conteniendo los ocho aminoácidos esenciales. Tiene un alto contenido en fibra y minerales, y bajo contenido en grasas y carbohidratos. Estudios muestran que el consumo de soja puede reducir el riesgo de enfermedades cardíacas, mejorar la densidad ósea, reducir los síntomas de la menopausia y los niveles de colesterol y glucosa en sangre.
Este documento describe un estudio post-lanzamiento (PLM) de monitoreo de productos lácteos funcionales con tonalin. El estudio PLM tiene como objetivo obtener información adicional sobre el patrón de consumo y la seguridad de los productos una vez comercializados, así como mejorar las condiciones de oferta. El estudio involucra la recolección de datos sobre el consumo real de los productos y la detección de posibles efectos adversos inesperados.
Evaluación de productos de nueva formulación con esteroles incorporados, aplicables a controlar trastornos metabólicos asociados con factores de riesgo cardiovascular.
Estudio clínico observacional en personas con exceso de peso en tratamiento controlado con dieta y ejercicio asociados a la ingesta de productos lácteos con ácido linoleico conjugado durante 12 semanas
1) El documento describe un preparado lácteo fermentado con pulpa de plátano y galleta que contiene leche, azúcar, fibra, vitaminas y minerales. 2) El preparado ofrece un aporte nutricional balanceado de energía, proteínas, hidratos de carbono, grasas, vitaminas y minerales para el crecimiento infantil. 3) Además, contiene ácido docosahexaenoico y probióticos que son beneficiosos para la salud visual, el neurodesarrollo y la microflora intestinal.
Este documento describe la intolerancia a la lactosa, sus síntomas, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Afecta al 70% de la población mundial y se debe a la incapacidad de digerir la lactosa debido a bajos niveles de la enzima lactasa. El tratamiento consiste en una dieta baja en lactosa y suplementos de calcio, ya que la falta de leche puede provocar deficiencias. También presenta un producto lácteo sin lactosa enriquecido con calcio que es adecuado para personas con intolerancia a la lactosa.
Este documento proporciona información nutricional detallada sobre una variedad de productos lácteos de Central Lechera Asturiana. Explica los beneficios para la salud de cada producto, incluidos los productos lácteos funcionales como Jalea Vital, Naturcol y Sin Lactosa con Calcio, que están dirigidos a problemas de salud específicos. También incluye tablas con datos nutricionales como calorías, proteínas, grasas y vitaminas para cada producto. El objetivo es facilitar esta información a profesionales de
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
Central Lechera Asturiana, estudio de intervención Naturlinea
1. Effects of milk supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (isomers cis-9,
trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) on body composition and metabolic syndrome
components
Nuria Laso1
, Emma Brugue´2
, Josep Vidal2
, Emilio Ros2
, Joan Albert Arnaiz3
, Xavier Carne´3
, Sergi Vidal4
,
Sergi Mas1
, Ramon Deulofeu5
and Amalia Lafuente1
*
1
Dep. Farmacologı´a y Quı´mica Terape´utica, Universidad de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Casanova 143, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain
2
Endocrinology Service, Hospital Clı´nico Universitario de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
3
Clinical Pharmacology Service, Hospital Clı´nico Universitario de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
4
Nuclear Medicine Service, Hospital Clı´nico Universitario de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
5
Clinical Biochemistry Service, Hospital Clı´nico Universitario de Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
(Received 20 December 2006 – Revised 12 March 2007 – Accepted 27 March 2007)
The effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on body weight and body composition in man are controversial. The aim of this study was to inves-
tigate the effects of milk supplementation with CLA on body composition and on the biochemical parameters of the metabolic syndrome. This was
a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects were randomised to a daily intake of 500 ml milk supplemented with 3 g CLA (using
a mixture of the bioactive isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12, marketed as Tonalinw
, Naturlinea; Central Lechera Asturiana) or placebo
for 12 weeks. Sixty healthy men and women (aged 35–65 years) with signs of the metabolic syndrome participated (BMI 25–35 kg/m2
). Dual-
energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body composition (week 0 baseline and week 12). Total fat mass in the CLA-milk subgroup
with a BMI # 30 kg/m2
decreased significantly while no changes were detected in the placebo group (,2 %, P¼0·01). Trunk fat mass showed a
trend towards reduction (,3 %, P¼0·05). CLA supplementation had no significant effect on the parameters of the metabolic syndrome, nor was
it associated with changes in haematological parameters or renal function. The supplementation of milk with 3 g CLA over 12 weeks results in a
significant reduction of fat mass in overweight but not in obese subjects. CLA supplementation was not associated with any adverse effects
or biological changes.
Conjugated linoleic acid: Body fat composition: Metabolic syndrome: Man: BMI
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a mixture of linoleic acid
isomers with conjugated double bonds. This fatty acid is
produced naturally in the rumen of ruminant animals by
biohydrogenation of linoleic acid or synthetically1
. CLA was
first identified when extracts from fried beef were found to
be anticarcinogenic2
. This effect was confirmed in animal
and in vitro models of carcinogenesis3– 8
. Further studies
showed other beneficial effects of this CLA, including protec-
tion against arteriosclerosis, immune stimulation and modu-
lation of body composition9– 12
.
The main isomer of CLA in natural foods is cis-9, trans-11,
but trans-10, cis-12 is the isomer that affects energy metab-
olism and body fat deposition and composition in mice11,12
.
The main dietary source of CLA for man is ruminant
meats, such as beef and lamb, and dairy products, such as
milk and cheese. The mean estimated daily CLA intake is
0·3–2·6 g/d13,14
, but in recent years, dietary changes have
resulted in a decrease of CLA consumption.
It has been proposed that supplementing food with CLA could
benefit health15
. The effects of CLA on body weight and body
composition in man are documented, although some clinical
studies in this field have been short term or have included a
small sample of subjects16
. Moreover, the type of CLA isomer
and the dose used varied between studies which may account
for the discordant results. While some studies using a mixture
of the bioactive isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12,
reported reductions in body fat mass (BFM)17– 20
or an increase
in lean body mass17,18,21
, other short-term studies showed no
effect on body composition22 –25
.
Here we examined the effect of a 50 % mixture of the two
active CLA isomers (cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12;
Tonalinw
, Naturlinea; Central Lechera Asturiana, Spain)
added to a skimmed milk, on BFM, lean body mass, BMI
and biochemical parameters related to the metabolic
syndrome. Although no serious toxic effects of CLA have
been reported, we also evaluated alterations in the hepatic
* Corresponding author: Dr Amalia Lafuente, fax þ34 934035881, email amalialafuente@ub.edu
Abbreviations: BFM, body fat mass; CLA, conjugated linoleic acid; DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
British Journal of Nutrition (2007), page 1 of 8 doi: 10.1017/S0007114507750882
q The Authors 2007
2. and renal function in addition to changes in haematological
parameters.
Methods
We performed a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled
dietary intervention trial. Participants in the study were men
and women (n 60), aged 35–65 years, with a BMI of 25–35
(kg/m2
) and with a waist diameter .102 cm in men and
.88 cm in women. Moreover, to be included in the study,
subjects had to fulfil two additional National Cholesterol Edu-
cation Program criteria for the metabolic syndrome, namely
(1) systolic pressure .130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure
.85 mmHg; (2) fasting plasma glucose .110 mg/dl; (3)
HDL-cholesterol ,50 mg/dl in women and , 40 mg/dl in
men; (4) TAG . 150 mg/dl. Otherwise participants were
apparently healthy. Finally, participants had to show a stable
weight defined as a body weight variation of ,5 % in the 3
months previous to the study. Exclusion criteria included:
alcoholism, active thyroid disease, diabetes mellitus treated
with insulin or drugs, renal or liver dysfunction, and malignant
tumours or other serious diseases. Moreover, subjects on anti-
obesity drugs, with dietary variations of over 10 % in kJ/d
during the study, subjects taking adrenergic agonists (a, b
or both), pregnant or lactating women and subjects participat-
ing in another dietetic study were also excluded. The study
was approved by the Ethical Research Board of the Hospital
Clinic. Patients gave their signed informed consent. All sub-
jects were recruited either from a primary care centre or an
outpatient clinic dealing with cardiovascular risk. Subjects
were randomised to receive 3 g CLA (using a mixture of the
bioactive isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12; Tona-
linw
; n 30) in 500 ml skimmed milk (0·3 % total fat mass;
Central Lechera Asturiana) or placebo (500 ml of the same
skimmed milk; n 30) every day for 12 weeks. Packages of
milk were delivered monthly by a home delivery service.
The study protocol is summarised in Fig. 1. In brief, demo-
graphic data were recorded when subjects began the study
(at week 26). Weight, waist circumference, BMI, blood
pressure, dietary control and adverse effects were recorded
on each monthly visit (week 26, week 0, week 4, week 8,
week 12). Body composition was analysed by dual-energy
X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA; with a Lunar Prodigy and soft-
ware version 5.6). BFM (trunk and total) and lean body mass
(trunk and total) were assessed at each time-point.
Blood samples were obtained from fasting subjects in week
26 to check whether they met the inclusion criteria and again
at week 0 and week 12. All samples were analysed in the same
laboratory. The following analytic variables were studied:
metabolic syndrome parameters (HDL-cholesterol, TAG, fast-
ing plasma glucose and fasting immunoreactive insulin) and
security parameters (haematological profile, renal and hepatic
function). Insulin sensitivity was estimated from the HOMA-
IR index [HOMA-IR ¼ fasting glucose (mmol/l) £ fasting
immunoreactive insulin (mU/ml)/22·5].
Compliance and changes in the current diet were assessed
through 3 d diet records on each visit. Each subject also com-
pleted a FFQ at weeks 26, 0 and 12. A dietitian provided gen-
eral counselling at the beginning of the study with detailed
instruction on how to complete the FFQ, but no specific
limits were set regarding energy intake or dietary habits.
A software program, Dietsourcew
(Novartis, Switzerland)
was used to calculate energy intake and macro- and micro-
nutrient distribution. The dietitian also gave recommendations
about exercise which was monitored throughout the study
using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire26
.
Three exercise categories were established (low, medium
and intensive). Since the main aim of the study was to test
the effects of CLA on body composition, subjects were
excluded from the study when their total daily energy intake
varied more than 10 % or when the variation in energy
intake had resulted in a weight change .5 % during the study.
Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS soft-
ware package version 11.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Changes in anthropometric and analytical variables from base-
line to week 12 in each study group were assessed by paired
Student’s t-test. An unpaired Student’s t-test was used to com-
pare the mean change in each study variable between the two
treatment groups. ANOVA was used to test the overall effect
of the CLA supplementation and the interaction between CLA
and other parameters. At baseline, differences in qualitative
variables (such as sex or tobacco consumption) were tested
through x2
; Student’s t-test was used to assess differences in
continuous variables (age). P,0·05 was considered statisti-
cally significant.
Results
In our trial, ten participants from the CLA group and seven
from the control group were excluded from analysis because
of protocol violations: because of loss of follow-up (one par-
ticipant from each group), dietary energy intake variations
$10 % during the study (seven participants from the CLA
group and four participants from the placebo group), weight
reduction $5 % (one participant from the CLA group and
two participants from the control group), both dietary and
weight variations (one participant from the CLA group)
(Fig. 2). There were no differences in exclusion percentages
in the two groups (x2
NS). Primary DEXA and analysis
were performed in the ‘per protocol’ population. Patients
lost to follow-up and patients with major protocol violations
(those with dietary or weight changes outside the pre-defined
boundaries) were excluded from the study.
At baseline, mean age (CLA 54·79 (SE 7·55) years; placebo
52·92 (SE 7·92) years), sex (CLA 75 % male; placebo 78 %
male) or tobacco consumption (CLA 31·5 % smokers; placebo
41·6 % smokers) showed no significant differences between
the two groups. Alcohol consumption and exercise categories
were also similar in the two groups. Likewise, at this time-
point, metabolic syndrome variables (Table 1) did not differ
Weeks –6 0–4 4 8 12
Dietetic and
clinical control
Analytic
control
Densitometry
Fig. 1. Study design.
N. Laso et al.2
3. Patients randomised
(n 60)
CLA
(n 30)
Placebo
(n 30)
Lost to follow-up
(n 1)
Lost to follow-up
(n 1)
Protocol violation
Dietary: 7
Weight: 1
D+W: 1
Protocol violation
Dietary: 4
Weight: 2
D+W: 0
Protocol compliant
(n 20)
Overweight (n 10); male/female 6/4; mean age 55.5±6
Obese (n 10); male/female 9/1; mean age 54.1±8
Protocol compliant
(n 23)
Overweight (n 11); male/female 10/1; mean age 49.9±8
Obese (n 13); male/female 8/5; mean age 55.4±7
Data available
(n 29)
Data available
(n 29)
Fig. 2. Study participant data. CLA, conjugated linoleic acid.
Table 1. Clinical values of metabolic syndrome of subjects participating in the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and placebo groups, at week
0 (pre-value) and week 12 (post-value) and stratified by BMI at the beginning of the study
BMI # 30 BMI . 30
CLA Placebo CLA Placebo
Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE
BMI (kg/m2
) Pre 28·1 2 27·1 1 32·8 2 33·4 1
Post 27·9 2 27·1 1 32·7 2 33·1 2
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) Pre 146·1 15 145·0 19 150·5 13 146·9 17
Post 142·2 20 148·1 25 155·5 12 150·3 18
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) Pre 83·8 9 81·3 8 87·0 10 85·3 11
Post 81·6 9 80·9 11 88·5 9 83·8 7
Waist circumference (cm) Pre 101·4 9 99·4 6 111·9 7 109·5 9
Post 101·3 9 99·0 6 111·3 8 109·4 10
Total intake
in kJ Pre 9506·9 2456 10 177·6 1879 9580·9 2079 8563·8 2289
Post 9614·8 2418 10 391·0 2301 10 139·9 1925 9207·7 1456
in kcal Pre 2272·2 587 2432·5 449 2289·9 497 2046·8 547
Post 2298·1 578 2483·5 550 2423·5 460 2200·6 348
Glycaemia (mg/dl) Pre 96·4 19 87·2 18 91·4 18 103·4 32
Post 90·2 11 83·7 20 87·8 23 102·9 41
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) Pre 47·2 8 39·3 7 46·0 11 43·2 7
Post 53·2* 10 45·1** 6 49·0 11 45·0 9
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) Pre 159·2 37 134·0 37 153·7 29 161·4 38
Post 175·6 42 127·0 38 155·8 32 155·1 31
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) Pre 253·3 69 205·5 37 235·2 39 241·4 42
Post 262·5 61 204·9 43 244·4 41 234·6 38
TAG (mg/dl) Pre 170·0 107 161·0 88 183·9 141 183·7 51
Post 167·6 72 214·9 197 194·3 102 238·0 178
HOMA-IR index§ Pre 3·2 1 3·0 1 3·7† 3 6·6 3
Post 3·1 0 3·2 1 3·8 2 6·7 4
Mean values were significantly different from the pre-values when comparing paired data within groups: *P¼0·02; **P¼0·009.
Mean value was significantly different from that of the placebo group: †P¼0·04.
§ HOMA-IR ¼ fasting glucose (mmol/l) £ fasting immunoreactive insulin (mU/ml)/22·5.
Milk supplemented with CLA and fat-mass reduction 3
4. significantly between the two groups. In the overweight sub-
group, total fat tissue was significantly higher in the CLA
than in the placebo group at week 0 (Table 2).
Compliance with treatment was over 99 %. At week 12,
daily energy intake, body weight and BMI had not altered
from baseline values in either group.
When all subjects were considered, neither BFM (total fat
tissue 30·6 to 30·5 kg in the CLA group; 30·3 to 30·0 kg in
the placebo group) nor lean body mass (52·0 to 52·2 kg in
the CLA group; 52·4 to 52·9 kg in the placebo group) differed
significantly from baseline values. Gender did not affect these
parameters. However, when subjects were stratified by BMI at
week 0 (BMI . 30 or #30 kg/m2
), we observed a slight but
significant decrease in total fat mass and a trend towards a
decrease in trunk fat mass in the CLA subgroup when compar-
ing paired data within cases (pre v. post values), while no
changes in the placebo group were detected (Table 2). The
differences were statistically significant when the change (D)
in BFM parameters were compared between the two groups,
CLA v. placebo. When ANOVA was used to test the overall
effect of the CLA supplementation (F ¼ 0·02; P¼0·8), BMI
(F ¼ 0·001; P¼0·9) and interaction between the two, the
former interaction was statistically significant (F ¼ 8·3;
P¼0·006).
CLA supplementation was not associated with a significant
change in any of the components of the metabolic syndrome
compared with the control (Table 1). At week 12, there was
no significant change in waist circumference, fasting plasma
glucose, plasma TAG, total cholesterol, or systolic or diastolic
blood pressure. LDL-cholesterol increased slightly in both
CLA groups but these changes were not statistically signifi-
cant. In contrast, in the subgroup of overweight patients,
HDL increased in both groups. Insulin sensitivity at the end
of the study period, as assessed from the HOMA-IR index,
did not differ significantly from baseline levels. We did not
observe a worsening in either hepatic or renal function mar-
kers, nor in haematological parameters in the CLA group
(Table 3). We detected a significant reduction of alanine ami-
notransferase, a marker of liver disease in the CLA overall
group (P¼0·01; results not shown). The statistical significance
disappeared when the groups were stratified by BMI. Eight
subjects in the control group (26·6 %) and one case (3·5 %)
in the CLA group presented mild intestinal adverse effects
(laxative effects and flatulence).
Discussion
Milk supplementation with CLA (3 g/d) significantly reduces
BFM after 12 weeks of treatment in overweight patients but
not in grade I obesity subjects. Reductions affected both
total and trunk values. We used DEXA technology to deter-
mine changes in body composition. This method has been
validated by other studies and it can detect even small changes
in body weight or composition.
The literature on the effects of CLA on body composition
gives discordant results. Some of the factors that may account
for disparity between studies are the type of CLA isomers
used, the length of the treatment period and the type
of patients enrolled. Table 4 shows some of the most relevant
studies in this field. Most of the short-term assays (3 months)
have been done with overweight patients. We believe that the
lack of effect of CLA on BFM in obese subjects could be
related to the short duration of the study. A 3- or 4-month
study may not be long enough to detect all the changes
caused by CLA. Only the study of Riseru´s et al.23
showed sig-
nificant changes in obese subjects (BMI $ 30) after 3 months
of treatment. However, anthropometric measurements may not
be reliable. The study of Gaullier et al.27,28
, the only long-term
one (12 months and 24-month follow-up), was performed on
overweight subjects (average BMI between 27 and 28).
These subjects showed reductions of 7·5 % in BFM from 6
to 12 months of treatment with CLA. If these changes in
BFM are extrapolated to 3 months (Fig. 3), they would
coincide with the 3 % decrease observed in the present
Table 2. Results of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, at week 0 (pre-value) and week 12 (post-value) and stratified
by BMI at the beginning of the study
BMI # 30 BMI . 30
CLA (n 10) Placebo (n 11) CLA (n 10) Placebo (n 13)
Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE
Trunk fat tissue (kg) Pre 16·7 4 13·7 2 18·7 2 21·4 5
Post 16·2 4 13·7 2 19·0 2 21·1 5
D 20·50‡ 0·05 0·26 20·33
Total fat tissue (kg) Pre 29·1† 7 22·6 3 32·1 5 36·7 7
Post 28·5* 6 22·9 4 32·4 5 36·1 8
D 20·61‡‡ 0·28 0·32 20·67
Trunk lean tissue (kg) Pre 22·5 4 23·8 2 26·9 4 25·6 5
Post 22·3 4 23·5 2 27·0 4 25·9 5
D 20·15 20·33 0·08 0·33
Total lean tissue (kg) Pre 47·4 10 51·3 6 56·1 8 53·2 12
Post 47·7 10 51·7 6 56·2 8 53·8 13
D 0·32 0·42 0·06 0·55
CLA, conjugated linoleic acid; D, change.
Mean value was significantly different from the pre-value when comparing paired data within groups: *P¼0·02.
Mean value was significantly different from those of the placebo group: †P¼0·03.
D Mean values were significantly different (CLA v. placebo): ‡P¼0·05; ‡‡P¼0·01.
N. Laso et al.4
5. study. In the present study most of the fat mass was lost from
the trunk area, which is not surprising since individuals suffer-
ing from the metabolic syndrome usually present an accumu-
lation of abdominal fat. The use of the DEXA technique
allows not only the study of body composition but also the
descriptive study of such modifications in the different areas
of the body.
It should be emphasized that this is the first study to be
reported in which the mixture of two isomers was assessed
in a large number of subjects and also the first in which the
effects on body composition were measured using DEXA in
both overweight and obese subjects.
It has been claimed that cis-9, trans-11, the main isomer
found in the diet, modulates growth29
, and that trans-10,
cis-12 has a beneficial effect on body composition and dia-
betes in mice30
. Furthermore, trans-10, cis-12 also has been
found to increase insulin resistance in a low percentage of
human subjects with metabolic syndrome23
.
The mechanisms by which CLA may affect body compo-
sition are unclear. CLA is believed to accumulate in tissues
of animals and man, where it is readily metabolised. In vitro
and in vivo studies report that the capacity of CLA to reduce
adipose tissue can be explained by one or more of the following
mechanisms: the induction of adipocyte apoptosis31
; reduced
accumulation of fatty acids in adipocytes because of an
inhibition of lipoprotein lipase and an increase in carnitine
palmitoyltransferase in serum32
; the binding to peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor present in fat tissue and modifi-
cation of the signalling cascade to down-regulate leptin
expression33
; the prevention of the TAG accumulation in adipo-
cytes34
; and the modification of the metabolic rate11,35
.
In the present study, energy intake slightly increased
throughout the study in both experimental groups, although
differences were not significant. This observation indicates
that the effects of CLA on fat mass are diet-independent.
Exercise and use of tobacco did not differ significantly
between groups, and therefore neither factor can explain the
changes in body composition observed in the CLA group.
Although CLA supplementation was associated with a
change in body composition, it was not related to significant
alterations of metabolic parameters. Previous studies on
CLA report contradictory effects on blood lipids, which
have recently been reviewed36
. According to Tricon et al.37
,
trans-10, cis-12-CLA could increase both total and LDL-
cholesterol concentrations more than the cis-9, trans-11-
CLA isomer. However, none of the studies reviewed in this
report36
described significant effects attributable to CLA
intake on the concentrations of total cholesterol or LDL-
cholesterol. Smedman & Vessby18
observed, as we did in
the present study, increases in LDL-cholesterol levels in the
group receiving CLA, although the changes observed were
not significantly different from the control. In principle, non-
significant changes should be considered as fluctuations
within the normal physiological range. Moreover, in the
present study they were not reproduced in the other BMI
subgroup (.30). As to other possible modifications of the
lipid profile, the literature contains references to HDL
reduction16,15
, VLDL reduction38
or any effect on choles-
terol21
. In the present study, no significant variation in total
cholesterol or TAG variations were observed. In a similar
study, Basu et al.39,40
showed that men with metabolic syn-
drome increased F2-isoprostane excretion after supplemen-
tation with a CLA isomer mixture. This increased excretion
returned to baseline levels 2 weeks after withdrawing CLA
treatment. These findings indicate that CLA may induce
lipid peroxidation; however, we did not test these possible
effects in the present study.
We did not observe changes in fasting plasma glucose,
blood pressure or insulin sensitivity estimates. Riseru´s et al.20
showed an increased insulin resistance after 12 weeks of treat-
ment with trans-10, cis-12-CLA isomer, in a male population
with metabolic syndrome. Notably this effect was not
observed when the mixture of isomers (Tonalinw
mixture
used in the present study) was used20
.
We detected a significant reduction of alanine aminotrans-
ferase in the overall CLA group but the statistical significance
Table 3. Safety analysis, at week 0 (pre-value) and week 12 (post-value) and stratified by BMI at the beginning of the study
BMI # 30 BMI . 30
CLA Placebo CLA Placebo
Intervals reference Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE
Creatinine (mg/dl) 0·3–1·3 Pre 1·0 0 1·2 0 1·1 0 1·2 0
Post 1·0 0 1·2 0 1·1 0 1·1 0
Insulin (mU/l) 12·4 ^ 3 Pre 13·6 4 13·9 3 15·3 10 25·8 7
Post 13·9 3 15·4 6 17·4 9 25·7 13
AST (U/l) 5–40 Pre 29·0 10 24·6 3 25·0 8 26·6 7
Post 25·0 2 27·0 6 23·0 4 25·9 7
ALAT (U/l) 5–40 Pre 31·9 10 29·9 6 33·1 21 32·8 15
Post 27·3 10 33·4 10 27·2 12 33·2 12
Leucocytes ( £ 109
/l) 4–11 Pre 7·9 2 7·0 1 7·8 1 7·5 1
Post 7·2 1 6·9 1 7·9 1 7·6 2
Hb (g/dl) 120–170 Pre 150·3 11 149·6 9 153·6 11 146·9 12
Post 147·2 9 149·5 10 152·3 11 146·1 11
Haematocrit (l/l) 0·36–0·51 Pre 0·4 0 0·4 0 0·5† 0 0·4 0
Post 0·4 0 0·4 0 0·4 0 0·4 0
Platelet ( £ 109
/l) 150–400 Pre 280·0†† 51 216·8 30 248·3 51 228·8 54
Post 261·4 45 219·8 26 239·1 46 220·1 46
ALAT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CLA, conjugated linoleic acid.
Mean values were significantly different from those of the placebo group: †P¼0·03; ††P¼0·01.
Milk supplemented with CLA and fat-mass reduction 5
6. Table 4. Review comparing published results
Authors and year Journal and reference number
No. of cases/control
and sex Isomers, dosage and duration Method
BMI averages,
cases/control Results, BFM %
Thom et al. (2000) J Int Med Res19
10/10 CLA c9,t11; CLA t10,c12; CLA
c11,t13; CLA t8,c10
Near IR light ,25 Reduction BFM
Men 1·8 g
3 months
Riseru´s et al. (2001) Int J Obes Relat Metab
Disord23
14/10 CLA t10,c12; CLA c9,t11 SAD (anthropometry) 32·1/31·7 Reduction SAD (0·6 cm)
Men 4 g
Metabolic standard 4 weeks
Blankson et al. (2000) J Nutr17
7/8 CLA t10,c12; CLA c9,t11 DEXA 27·7/28·2 Reduction, 6 %
Men and women 3·4 g
3 months
Riseru´s et al. (2002) Diabetes Care20
19/19 1 group CLA t10,c12; SAD impedance 30·1/30·2 No reduction
Men 1 group CLA t10,c12; CLA c9,t11
Metabolic standard 3·4 g
3 months
Smedman & Vessby
(2001)
Lipids18
25/25 CLA t10,c12; CLA c9,t11 Impedance 20–25 Reduction, 3·8 %
Men and women 4·2 g
3 months
Kamphuis et al. (2003) Int J Obes Relat Metab
Disord24
30/30 CLA t10,c12; CLA c9,t11 Hydrodensitometry 26·2/25·7 No reduction
Men and women 3·6 g
3 months
Gaullier et al.
(2004, 2005)
Am J Clin Nutr27
and
J Nutr28
60/59 CLA t10,c12; CLA c9,t11 DEXA 28·2/27·7 Reduction, 7·5 % (from 6th
to 12th month)
Men and women 4·5 g
12 months, follow-up 24 months
Malpuech-Brugere
et al. (2004)
Obes Res25
45/45 1 group CLA t10,c12; DEXA 27·7/27·7 No reduction
Men and women 1 group CLA c9,t11
1·5 and 3 g
4 months
BFM, body fat mass; c, cis; CLA, conjugated linoleic acid; DEXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; SAD, sagital abdominal diameter; t, trans.
N.Lasoetal.6
7. disappeared when the groups were stratified by BMI. Alanine
aminotransferase can be considered a marker for fat liver
degeneration, which can occur in obese subjects. Studies
such as that by Tsuboyama-Kasaoka et al.41
show that high
doses of CLA induce liver enlargement and lipodystrophy in
experimental animals. The dose of CLA like the ones used
in the present study does not affect hepatic function, or may
even favour the normalisation of certain enzymes.
We performed a ‘per protocol’ analysis on compliant
patients with no major protocol violations, in order to quantify
the effect of the intervention with a limited sample size.
Patients were randomised when they entered the study, and
so any slight variations between the subgroup studied at
baseline are attributable to chance alone. For example, the
CLA group with the lowest weight (BMI , 30) showed greater
total fat mass in the DEXA compared with placebo group.
The degree of compliance was high in the present study,
over 99 %. This high compliance rate demonstrates good tol-
erance of CLA milk (Naturlinea with Tonalinw
). Only 3·5 %
of the CLA group and 26·6 % of the control group showed
slight adverse effects in gastrointestinal symptoms such as
abdominal discomfort, laxative effects and flatulence. These
adverse effects have been described by other authors17 –20
.
Moreover, the lack of alterations in haematological parameters
and renal function further supports the security of milk sup-
plemented with CLA.
In conclusion, 3 g CLA supplementation (Naturlinea with
Tonalinw
), over a 12-week period produced a significant
reduction of fat mass in overweight subjects with a BMI # 30.
CLA supplementation was not associated with any adverse
effects or biological changes. Further long-term studies are
needed to evaluate more important reductions or to assess
the effects in obese subjects. The present data indicate that
CLA supplementation may be a useful approach to reduce fat
mass, which is a prominent cardiovascular risk factor.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Corporacio´n Alimentaria
Pen˜asanta, The Spanish Ministry of Health, Institute Carlos
III (Ciber CB06/03, Fisiopatologia, obesidad y Nutricio´n)
and DURSI GRC2005SGR00039. We especially wish to
thank Roser Mestres, Blanca Valero, Isidora Torralba and
Eva Sua´rez (Rossello´ Primary Care Centre), Marı´a Mongay,
Mo`nica Domenech and Cristina Sierra (Hypertension Unit,
Hospital Clinic, Barcelona), and Ana Pe´rez, Berenice Corte´s
and Merce` Serra (Lipids Unit, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona)
for facilitating the recruitment of patients.
References
1. Pariza MW, Park Y & Cook ME (1999) Conjugated linoleic
acid and the control of cancer and obesity. Toxicol Sci 52,
107–110.
2. Pariza M, Ashoor S, Chu F & Lund D (1979) Effects of
temperature and time on mutagen formation in pan-fried
hamburger. Cancer Lett 7, 63–69.
3. Zu HX & Schut HA (1992) Inhibition of 2-amino-3-methylimi-
dazol (4,5-f) quinoline-DNA adduct formation in CDF1 mice by
heat-altered derivatives of linoleic acid. Food Chem Toxicol 30,
9–16.
4. Ip C, Singh M, Thompson HJ & Scimeca JA (1994) Conjugated
linoleic acid suppresses mammary carcinogenesis and prolifera-
tive activity of the mammary gland in the rat. Cancer Res 54,
1212–1215.
5. Liew C, Schut HA, Chin SF, Pariza MW & Dashwood RH
(1995) Protection of conjugated linoleic acids against
2-amino-3-methylimidazol (4,5-f) quinoline-induced colon car-
cinogenesis in the F344 rat: a study of inhibitory mechanisms.
Carcinogenesis 16, 3037–3043.
6. Schonberg S & Krohan HE (1995) The inhibitory effect of con-
jugated dienoic derivatives (CLA) of linoleic acid on the growth
of human tumor cell lines is in part due to increased lipid
peroxidation. Anticancer Res 15, 1241–1246.
7. Cunningham DC, Harrison LY & Shultz TD (1997) Prolifera-
tive responses of normal human mammary and MCF-7 breast
cancer cells to linoleic acid, conjugated linoleic acid and eico-
sanoid synthesis inhibitors in culture. Anticancer Res 17,
197–203.
8. Wong MW, Chef BP, Wong TS, Hosick HL, Boylston TD &
Schultz TD (1997) Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid
on lymphocyte function and growth of mammary tumors in
mice. Anticancer Res 17, 987–993.
9. Lee KN, Kritchevsky D & Pariza MW (1994) Conjugated lino-
leic acid and atherosclerosis in rabbits. Atherosclerosis 108,
19–25.
10. Miller C, Park Y, Pariza MW & Cook M (1994) Feeding con-
jugated linoleic acid to animals partially overcomes catabolic
responses due to endotoxin injection. Biochem Biophys Res
Commun 198, 1107–1112.
11. West DB, Delany JP, Camet PM, Blohm F, Truett AA &
Scimeca J (1998) Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body
fat and energy metabolism in mouse. Am J Physiol 275,
R667–R672.
12. Park Y, Allbright KJ, Liu W, Storkson JM, Cooj ME & Pariza
MW (1997) Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body compo-
sition in mice. Lipids 32, 853–858.
13. German JB, Dilard CJ & Ward RE (2002) Bioactive com-
ponents in milk. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 5, 653–658.
14. Yu L, Adams D & Watkins BA (2003) Comparison of commer-
cial supplements containing conjugated linoleic acids. J Food
Composit Anal 16, 419–428.
15. Nagao K & Yanagita T (2005) Conjugated fatty acids in food
and their health benefits. J Biosci Bioeng 100, 152–157.
16. Gaullier JM, Berven G, Blankson H & Gudmundsen O
(2002) Clinical trial results support a preference for using
5·0
0·0
ChangeinBFM(%)
–5·0
–10·0
0 3 6 9 12
Time (months)
Fig. 3. Fig. taken from Gaullier et al.27
and modified for the present study
(·····). BFM, body fat mass.
Milk supplemented with CLA and fat-mass reduction 7
8. CLA preparations enriched with two isomers rather than four
isomers in human studies. Lipids 37, 1019–1025.
17. Blankson H, Stakkestad JA, Fagertum H, Thom E, Wadstein J &
Gudmunsen O (2000) Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat
mass in overweight and obese humans. J Nutr 130, 2943–2948.
18. Smedman A & Vessby B (2001) Conjugated linoleic acid sup-
plementation in humans – metabolic effects. Lipids 36, 773–781.
19. Thom E, Wadstein J & Gudmunsen O (2001) Conjugated lino-
leic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans. J Int
Med Res 29, 392–396.
20. Riseru´s U, Arner P, Brismar K & Vessby B (2002) Treatment
with dietary trans-10 cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid causes
isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with metabolic
syndrome. Diabetes Care 25, 1516–1521.
21. Berven G, Bye A, Hals O & Karlsen OA (2000) Safety of con-
jugated linoleic acid (CLA) in overweight or obese human
volunteers. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 102, 455–462.
22. Zambell KL, Keim NL, Van Loan MD, Gale B, Benito P,
Kelley DS & Nelson GJ (2000) Conjugated linoleic acid
supplementation in humans: effects on body composition and
energy expenditure. Lipids 35, 777–782.
23. Riseru´s U, Berglund L & Vessby B (2001) Conjugated linoleic
acid (CLA) reduced abdominal adipose tissue in obese middle-
aged men with signs of metabolic syndrome: a randomised
controlled trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25, 1129–1135.
24. Kamphuis MM, Lejeune MP, Saris WH & Westerterp-Plantenga
MS (2003) The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplemen-
tation after weight loss on body weight regain, body compo-
sition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects. Int J
Obes Relat Metab Disord 27, 840–847.
25. Malpuech-Brugere C, Verboeket-van de Venne WP, Mensink
RP, Arnal MA, Morio B, Brandolini M, Saebo A, Lassel TS,
Chardigny JM, Sebedio JL & Beaufrere B (2004) Effects of
two conjugated linoleic acid isomers on body fat mass in over-
weight humans. Obes Res 12, 591–598.
26. Craig CL, Marshall Al, Sjostrom M, Bauman AE, Booth ML,
Ainsworth BE, Pratt M, Ekelund U, Yngve A, Sallis JF & Oja
P (2003) International Physical Activity Questionnaire
(IPAQ): 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports
Exer 35, 1381–1395.
27. Gaullier JM, Halse J, Hoye K, Kristiansen K, Fagertun H, Vik H
& Gudmundsen O (2004) Conjugated linoleic acid supplemen-
tation for 1 year reduces body fat mass in healthy overweight
humans. Am J Clin Nutr 79, 1118–1125.
28. Gaullier JM, Halse J, Hoye K, Kristiansen K, Fagertun H, Vik H &
Gudmundsen O (2005) Supplementation with conjugated lino-
leic acid for 24 months is well tolerated by and reduces body fat
mass in healthy, overweight humans. J Nutr 135, 778–784.
29. Pariza MW, Park Y & Cook ME (2001) The biologically active
isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Prog Lipid Res 40,
283–298.
30. Park Y, Storckson JM, Albright KJ, Liu W & Pariza MW (1999)
Evidence that the trans-10,cis-12 isomers of conjugated linoleic
acid induces body composition changes in mice. Lipids 34,
235–241.
31. Evans M, Geigerman C, Cook J, Curtis L, Kuebler B &
McIntosh M (2000) Conjugated acid linoleic suppresses trigly-
ceride accumulation and induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipo-
cytes. Lipids 35, 899–910.
32. Park Y & Pariza MW (2001) The effects of dietary conjugated
nonadecadienoic acid and body composition in mice. Biochim
Biophys Acta 1533, 171–174.
33. Kallen C & Lazar M (1996) Antidiabetic thiazolidinediones
inhibit leptin on gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 93, 5793–5796.
34. Granlud L, Juvet L, Pedersen J & Nebb H (2003) Trans 10, cis
12-conjugated linoleic acid prevents triacylglycerol accumu-
lation in adipocytes by acting as a PPARgamma modulator.
J Lipid Res 44, 1441–1452.
35. Szymczyk B, Pisulewski PM, Szczurek W & Hanczakowski P
(2001) Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on growth perform-
ance, feed conversion efficiency, and subsequent carcass quality
in broiler chickens. Br J Nutr 85, 465–473.
36. Salas-Salvado J, Marquez-Sandoval F & Bullo M (2006) Conju-
gated linoleic acid intake in humans: a systematic review focus-
ing on its effect on body composition, glucose, and lipid
metabolism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 46, 479–488.
37. Tricon S, Burdge G, Kew S, et al. (2004) Opposing effects
of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid
on blood lipids in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 80,
614–620.
38. Noone EJ, Roche HM, Nugent AP & Gibney MJ (2002)
The effect of dietary supplementation using isomeric blends
of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in healthy
human subjects. Br J Nutr 88, 243–251.
39. Basu S, Riseru´s U, Turpeinen A & Vessby B (2000) Conjugated
linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in men with abdominal
obesity. Clin Sci 99, 511–516.
40. Basu S, Smedman A & Vessby B (2000) Conjugated linoleic
acid induces lipid peroxidation in humans. FEBS Lett 468,
33–36.
41. Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Takahashi M, Tanemura K, Kim HJ,
Tange T, Okuyama H, Kasai M, Ikemoto S & Ezaki O (2000)
Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces adipose
tissue by apoptosis and develops lipodystrophy in mice.
Diabetes 49, 1534–1542.
N. Laso et al.8