Alicia Wong1
, Wan Chien Han1
, Elsie Low1
,
Chai Xiang Goh1
,
Siew Li Ng1
,
Lee Kuan Kwan1
Abstract: Diabetes-specific formulas have shown to be effective at improving glucose control with additional
nutritional benefits. Furthermore, diabetes-specific formulas are commonly used for diabetic patients with
insufficient oral intake. However, not much diabetes-specific formulas in the market shows the GI of these
formulas, which is clinically useful on glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The aim of this study was to
assess the GI of a newly developed diabetes-specific formula, Contro eazy NOW. The open labelled, single center
study involved 11 individuals from a pool of 18 healthy subjects. After an overnight fast, volunteers were given
Contro eazy NOW containing 50g of carbohydrate or the reference drink (glucolin) on different occasions in
random order. Postprandial blood glucose levels were measured in finger pricked capillary blood for two hours
after intake of the beverages and positive incremental area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for both Contro
eazy NOW and reference drink. The GI of Contro eazy NOW was determined by dividing AUC (Contro eazy
NOW) by the AUC (reference drink). The results show that the diabetes-specific formula has the GI of 38.4, which
is categorized as low GI. Therefore, Contro eazy NOW with low GI can be the preferred option for nutritional
management of diabetic patients in need of nutritional support.
Keywords: diabetes-specific formula, diabetes, low glycemic index, medical nutrition therapy.
Alicia Wong1
, Wan Chien Han1
, Elsie Low1
,Chai Xiang Goh1
, Siew Li Ng1
,
Lee Kuan Kwan1
1Alpro Academy, Lot 45880, Jalan Techvalley 3/2, Sendayan Techvally, 71950 Bandar Sri Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan,
Malaysia.
Abstract: Glycemic index (GI) describes the blood glucose response after consumption of a carbohydrate
containing test food relative to a carbohydrate containing reference food, typically glucose or white bread. GI was
originally designed for people with diabetes as a guide to food selection, and advice being given to select foods with
a low GI. Nonetheless low GI food should not be limited to diabetes patients but healthy individuals too as more
recent recommendations on the potential of low GI diets to reduce the risk of chronic diseases and to treat other
metabolic syndromes. This study aims to evaluate the GI of 2 oral nutritional supplements, Metabolic Recovery
and Metabolic Relievve in healthy adults. Fasted subjects consumed one of the 2 oral nutritional supplements at
each visit, with a two day wash out period between visits. Every subject received both oral nutritional supplements
and blood glucose at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 mins were measured after the consumption of oral nutritional
supplements which all containing 50g carbohydrates per serving. The trapezium method was used to compute the
area under the curve for blood glucose and GI of both oral nutritional supplements were determined with
reference to glucolin. The results show that both oral nutritional supplements has low GI, with Metabolic Recovery
having the GI of 46.7 ± 16.4 and Metabolic Relievve with GI of 45.2 ± 16.4. Therefore, both Metabolic Recovery
and Metabolic Relievve can be the preferred option for nutritional management of diabetic patients and healthy
individuals in need of nutritional support.
Keywords: Oral nutritional supplements, glycemic index, blood sugar level, diabetes, meal replacement.
Intake of Black Vinegar on Anthropometric Measures, Cardiometabolic Profiles,...mahendrareddychirra
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are the most important chronic diseases around the world. They are associated with huge medical expenditure and with increasing morbidity and mortality among related cardio-metabolic diseases in developing and developed countries [1,2].
Vinegar was first reported to have anti-glycemic effects since 1988 in animal and human studies [3]. Vinegar may be associated with improved insulin sensitivity and delayed gastric emptying that accompanied improved glycemic control and reduced body weight [4,5].
Diabetese- One reason not to Worry ! A new Clinically researched NATURAL PROD...VISHAL CHANDRA
DBC-24 is a new researched product from TULIP LAB.
Clinical Trail has established good efficacy and safety of the product in lowering blood glucose levels and reducing insulin resistance with regular usage.
The product is devoid of side effects of Chemical based Drugs.
The product is also effective in management of Irregular menstrual cycle on account of Cyst formation in Ovaries
( Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome- PCOS )
International level clinical trail has been registered on WHO PORTAL : See the link in the slides
For
Alicia Wong1
, Wan Chien Han1
, Elsie Low1
,Chai Xiang Goh1
, Siew Li Ng1
,
Lee Kuan Kwan1
1Alpro Academy, Lot 45880, Jalan Techvalley 3/2, Sendayan Techvally, 71950 Bandar Sri Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan,
Malaysia.
Abstract: Glycemic index (GI) describes the blood glucose response after consumption of a carbohydrate
containing test food relative to a carbohydrate containing reference food, typically glucose or white bread. GI was
originally designed for people with diabetes as a guide to food selection, and advice being given to select foods with
a low GI. Nonetheless low GI food should not be limited to diabetes patients but healthy individuals too as more
recent recommendations on the potential of low GI diets to reduce the risk of chronic diseases and to treat other
metabolic syndromes. This study aims to evaluate the GI of 2 oral nutritional supplements, Metabolic Recovery
and Metabolic Relievve in healthy adults. Fasted subjects consumed one of the 2 oral nutritional supplements at
each visit, with a two day wash out period between visits. Every subject received both oral nutritional supplements
and blood glucose at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 mins were measured after the consumption of oral nutritional
supplements which all containing 50g carbohydrates per serving. The trapezium method was used to compute the
area under the curve for blood glucose and GI of both oral nutritional supplements were determined with
reference to glucolin. The results show that both oral nutritional supplements has low GI, with Metabolic Recovery
having the GI of 46.7 ± 16.4 and Metabolic Relievve with GI of 45.2 ± 16.4. Therefore, both Metabolic Recovery
and Metabolic Relievve can be the preferred option for nutritional management of diabetic patients and healthy
individuals in need of nutritional support.
Keywords: Oral nutritional supplements, glycemic index, blood sugar level, diabetes, meal replacement.
Intake of Black Vinegar on Anthropometric Measures, Cardiometabolic Profiles,...mahendrareddychirra
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are the most important chronic diseases around the world. They are associated with huge medical expenditure and with increasing morbidity and mortality among related cardio-metabolic diseases in developing and developed countries [1,2].
Vinegar was first reported to have anti-glycemic effects since 1988 in animal and human studies [3]. Vinegar may be associated with improved insulin sensitivity and delayed gastric emptying that accompanied improved glycemic control and reduced body weight [4,5].
Diabetese- One reason not to Worry ! A new Clinically researched NATURAL PROD...VISHAL CHANDRA
DBC-24 is a new researched product from TULIP LAB.
Clinical Trail has established good efficacy and safety of the product in lowering blood glucose levels and reducing insulin resistance with regular usage.
The product is devoid of side effects of Chemical based Drugs.
The product is also effective in management of Irregular menstrual cycle on account of Cyst formation in Ovaries
( Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome- PCOS )
International level clinical trail has been registered on WHO PORTAL : See the link in the slides
For
Safety and Efficacy of Sulfonylurea Drugs in Type 2 Diabetes MellitusApollo Hospitals
In subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus, glycemic control will be established while patients use sulfonylurea drugs during the course of the disease. However, data regarding direct comparison between various sulfonylureas in this regard are lacking. Weight loss usually improves blood glucose levels for people with type 2 diabetes. However, many also need oral medications or insulin.
Effects of milk supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) on body composition and metabolic syndrome components
Effect of the_glycemic_index_of_the_diet_on_weight (2)AmineYahyaoui2
Effect of the glycemic index of the diet on weight loss, modulation of
satiety, inflammation, and other metabolic risk factors: a randomized
controlled trial1–3
Evaluation of the Glycaemic Index of some Staple Foods of South Eastern NigeriaPremier Publishers
Excessive release of glucose into the blood from food substances associates with metabolic disorders like diabetes. This study assessed the Glycaemic index (GI) of some staple carbohydrates foods consumed in Calabar and Southern part of Nigeria. Sixty (60) healthy volunteers aged 16 to 70 years. The test diets consisted of five food samples: Fried ripe plantain with stew and meat (FPSM); unripe plantain porridge with meat (UPPM), Garri and afang soup with meat (GASM), Fufu afang soup with meat (FASM), Abacha and fried groundnut (AFG). Fasting blood glucose, GI and available carbohydrate were estimated using standard methods. Results show that GASM and FASM had the highest GI, while FPSM had the least GI relative to glucose. The glycaemic load (GL) measured in 2 hours was highest in AFG, while FPSM had least GL. After 30 minutes, AFG had significantly (p<0.05) higher GI (6.74 ±0.12) compared with other subjects. But 120 minutes after, FPSM consumers recorded the lowest GI (4.829 ±0.10), while GASM (7.61 ±0.12) and FASM (7.34 ±0.14) were the highest. In conclusion, garri and fufu diets (AFG, FASM and GASM) have very high GI, yielding high levels of blood glucose compared with plantain diets (FPSM and UPPM) consumed in Calabar, Nigeria.
Dietary Strategies for Weight Loss MaintenanceMARKETDIGITALBN
Weight regain after a successful weight loss intervention is very common. Most studies
show that, on average, the weight loss attained during a weight loss intervention period is not
or is not fully maintained during follow-up. We review what is currently known about dietary
strategies for weight loss maintenance, focusing on nutrient composition by means of a systematic
review and meta-analysis of studies and discuss other potential strategies that have not been studied
so far. Twenty-one studies with 2875 participants who were overweight or obese are included in
this systematic review and meta-analysis
Transglucosidase improves the gut microbiota profile of type 2 diabetes melli...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Recently, the relationship between gut microbiota and obesity has been highlighted. The
present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of
transglucosidase (TGD) in modulating blood glucose levels and body weight gain in patients
with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to clarify the underlying mechanism by analyzing
the gut microbiota of T2DM patients.
Effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabetics - https://emulincanada.comAj Martirano
Effect of Emulin on Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetics https://emulincanada.com
,effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabet ,emulin diabetes ,igalen emulin diabetes ,emulin type 2 diabetes
Differentiated Learning Exemplars for
Students’ Academic Achievement in English
Grade 9
This research evaluated and assessed the learning competency level of the respondents in English and the
different determinants that hinder their learning capability in English. It utilized descriptive survey method
during the conduct of the study. To determine the subjects of the study, universal sampling techniques was
utilized. In addition, respondents’ socio economic status and learning preferences were also investigated. To
answer the socio economic status, a tool was used that was adopted from the Bureau of Census and National
Statistics quoted from the study of Pansit (2018) on “Enhanced MTB Strategic Intervention Materials for
Reading” is used with a statistical treatment on simple percentage. It was found out that education level of
respondents’ parents is in Elementary level with a percentage 63.16% which means that parents could not provide
an appropriate academic information to their children .Meanwhile, in determining, learning styles of the
respondents, adopted questionnaire from the study of Ocampo (2018) on Pedagogical Exemplars in Mathematics
Across Learning Styles utilizing weighted mean. It found out, that the highest ranked of learners’ learning style is
visual which has a weighted mean of 2.36. This is a great manifestation that learners learned best if lessons were
presented interestingly and visually given. Visuals that are chunked into bit of ideas for easier understanding.
Hence this increases student's interest in the subject matter. Meanwhile, it was revealed that, the over-all learning
competency level of the respondents, is in below average. This implies that more exposure of exercises must be
done for the learners to gain mastery of these learning competencies. Therefore, it is encouraged to craft
differentiated learning exemplars fitted to their learning styles and engage them on the different exercises for the
improvement of their academic performance.
Keywords: English Language, Assessment of Learning Styles, English Competencies, Academic Achievement,
Differentiated Learning Exemplars, Visual Learners, Kinesthetic Learners, Auditory Learners.
Aurelio, Anna Clarisse,
2Cabale, Ma. Fatima Rica, 3Dimla, Kyla Terese,
4 Jamoralin, Mario Luis
1, 2, 3 Research Scholar, 4 Adviser
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY- DASMARIÑAS
College of Tourism and Hospitality Management
Hospitality Management Department
Abstract: Agritourism is composed of different structures such as farm, recreational facilities, educational
purposes, and farm-based products that gives opportunity for the farm to market and increase the economic state
of Agri farm tourism industry that allows them to execute knowledge to younger generations. The perception of
300 college students of Junior Tourism and Hospitality Management Association of the Philippines (JTHMAP) has
a significant role, and it can help the farms in Cavite to establish solutions and ways to improve this sector in
tourism industry. It raises awareness to the college students on how significant the agritourism is in our economy,
their interest as well. To establish the perception, awareness, and engagement of the college students the
researcher utilizes survey questionnaires in identifying their level of understanding to formulate a cohesive
recommendations and suggestions. The result of the study suggests that the demographic profile of the respondents
has a significant difference in awareness towards agritourism wherein ages 20 and above, first year college
students and most of the students who are single have a ninety-six-point-seven percent (96.7%) cumulative value
which means are aware of agritourism; respondents perceive regarding Farm Resort, Products, Tourism,
Educational purposes, Recreation, Economical state and Sources of information results to Strongly agree and
concluded that there is a significant difference. Succeeding research studies including the branches of agritourism,
advertising it in the market as well as study about farmers should be created to raise attention, solution, and
awareness to the existing problems in agricultural industry
More Related Content
Similar to Evaluation of Postprandial Glycemic Response on Diabetes-Specific Formula
Safety and Efficacy of Sulfonylurea Drugs in Type 2 Diabetes MellitusApollo Hospitals
In subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus, glycemic control will be established while patients use sulfonylurea drugs during the course of the disease. However, data regarding direct comparison between various sulfonylureas in this regard are lacking. Weight loss usually improves blood glucose levels for people with type 2 diabetes. However, many also need oral medications or insulin.
Effects of milk supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) on body composition and metabolic syndrome components
Effect of the_glycemic_index_of_the_diet_on_weight (2)AmineYahyaoui2
Effect of the glycemic index of the diet on weight loss, modulation of
satiety, inflammation, and other metabolic risk factors: a randomized
controlled trial1–3
Evaluation of the Glycaemic Index of some Staple Foods of South Eastern NigeriaPremier Publishers
Excessive release of glucose into the blood from food substances associates with metabolic disorders like diabetes. This study assessed the Glycaemic index (GI) of some staple carbohydrates foods consumed in Calabar and Southern part of Nigeria. Sixty (60) healthy volunteers aged 16 to 70 years. The test diets consisted of five food samples: Fried ripe plantain with stew and meat (FPSM); unripe plantain porridge with meat (UPPM), Garri and afang soup with meat (GASM), Fufu afang soup with meat (FASM), Abacha and fried groundnut (AFG). Fasting blood glucose, GI and available carbohydrate were estimated using standard methods. Results show that GASM and FASM had the highest GI, while FPSM had the least GI relative to glucose. The glycaemic load (GL) measured in 2 hours was highest in AFG, while FPSM had least GL. After 30 minutes, AFG had significantly (p<0.05) higher GI (6.74 ±0.12) compared with other subjects. But 120 minutes after, FPSM consumers recorded the lowest GI (4.829 ±0.10), while GASM (7.61 ±0.12) and FASM (7.34 ±0.14) were the highest. In conclusion, garri and fufu diets (AFG, FASM and GASM) have very high GI, yielding high levels of blood glucose compared with plantain diets (FPSM and UPPM) consumed in Calabar, Nigeria.
Dietary Strategies for Weight Loss MaintenanceMARKETDIGITALBN
Weight regain after a successful weight loss intervention is very common. Most studies
show that, on average, the weight loss attained during a weight loss intervention period is not
or is not fully maintained during follow-up. We review what is currently known about dietary
strategies for weight loss maintenance, focusing on nutrient composition by means of a systematic
review and meta-analysis of studies and discuss other potential strategies that have not been studied
so far. Twenty-one studies with 2875 participants who were overweight or obese are included in
this systematic review and meta-analysis
Transglucosidase improves the gut microbiota profile of type 2 diabetes melli...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Recently, the relationship between gut microbiota and obesity has been highlighted. The
present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of
transglucosidase (TGD) in modulating blood glucose levels and body weight gain in patients
with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to clarify the underlying mechanism by analyzing
the gut microbiota of T2DM patients.
Effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabetics - https://emulincanada.comAj Martirano
Effect of Emulin on Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetics https://emulincanada.com
,effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabet ,emulin diabetes ,igalen emulin diabetes ,emulin type 2 diabetes
Differentiated Learning Exemplars for
Students’ Academic Achievement in English
Grade 9
This research evaluated and assessed the learning competency level of the respondents in English and the
different determinants that hinder their learning capability in English. It utilized descriptive survey method
during the conduct of the study. To determine the subjects of the study, universal sampling techniques was
utilized. In addition, respondents’ socio economic status and learning preferences were also investigated. To
answer the socio economic status, a tool was used that was adopted from the Bureau of Census and National
Statistics quoted from the study of Pansit (2018) on “Enhanced MTB Strategic Intervention Materials for
Reading” is used with a statistical treatment on simple percentage. It was found out that education level of
respondents’ parents is in Elementary level with a percentage 63.16% which means that parents could not provide
an appropriate academic information to their children .Meanwhile, in determining, learning styles of the
respondents, adopted questionnaire from the study of Ocampo (2018) on Pedagogical Exemplars in Mathematics
Across Learning Styles utilizing weighted mean. It found out, that the highest ranked of learners’ learning style is
visual which has a weighted mean of 2.36. This is a great manifestation that learners learned best if lessons were
presented interestingly and visually given. Visuals that are chunked into bit of ideas for easier understanding.
Hence this increases student's interest in the subject matter. Meanwhile, it was revealed that, the over-all learning
competency level of the respondents, is in below average. This implies that more exposure of exercises must be
done for the learners to gain mastery of these learning competencies. Therefore, it is encouraged to craft
differentiated learning exemplars fitted to their learning styles and engage them on the different exercises for the
improvement of their academic performance.
Keywords: English Language, Assessment of Learning Styles, English Competencies, Academic Achievement,
Differentiated Learning Exemplars, Visual Learners, Kinesthetic Learners, Auditory Learners.
Aurelio, Anna Clarisse,
2Cabale, Ma. Fatima Rica, 3Dimla, Kyla Terese,
4 Jamoralin, Mario Luis
1, 2, 3 Research Scholar, 4 Adviser
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY- DASMARIÑAS
College of Tourism and Hospitality Management
Hospitality Management Department
Abstract: Agritourism is composed of different structures such as farm, recreational facilities, educational
purposes, and farm-based products that gives opportunity for the farm to market and increase the economic state
of Agri farm tourism industry that allows them to execute knowledge to younger generations. The perception of
300 college students of Junior Tourism and Hospitality Management Association of the Philippines (JTHMAP) has
a significant role, and it can help the farms in Cavite to establish solutions and ways to improve this sector in
tourism industry. It raises awareness to the college students on how significant the agritourism is in our economy,
their interest as well. To establish the perception, awareness, and engagement of the college students the
researcher utilizes survey questionnaires in identifying their level of understanding to formulate a cohesive
recommendations and suggestions. The result of the study suggests that the demographic profile of the respondents
has a significant difference in awareness towards agritourism wherein ages 20 and above, first year college
students and most of the students who are single have a ninety-six-point-seven percent (96.7%) cumulative value
which means are aware of agritourism; respondents perceive regarding Farm Resort, Products, Tourism,
Educational purposes, Recreation, Economical state and Sources of information results to Strongly agree and
concluded that there is a significant difference. Succeeding research studies including the branches of agritourism,
advertising it in the market as well as study about farmers should be created to raise attention, solution, and
awareness to the existing problems in agricultural industry
Abeer Thunayan Al Aradah
Abstract: It is vital to comprehend blended learning, also referred to as hybrid learning, because it is a format now
applied more frequently than ever in virtual classrooms, whether teachers are working as freelance online teachers
or teaching English online with established tutoring companies. The technological developments have allowed for
blended learning and teaching processes in education institutions among learners successfully. Teaching the
English language needs the right processes that would enable learners to effectively capture specific concepts and
ideas in English. This work explores the importance of hybrid teaching methods among English learners by
analyzing blended and hybrid learning and teaching processes. Hybrid coaching approaches are seen as blended
teaching that combines online experiences and one-on-one interaction during the education processes. Over the
years, various foreign language programs have been designed via online classrooms due to the dependence of
online support and educator preparation through substantial studies. Thus, hybrid learning approaches need
proper research and planning to be useful and effective for learners, particularly in learning English. They entail
the development processes of connected communication skills via the support and preparations of educators based
on literature studies. The teaching of the English language among learners is based on language program
directors, literature studies, and professional development in particular contexts as provided. The study examines
the processes and significance of hybrid teaching and learning approaches that allow professional development in
teaching and learning English language among learners. The objective of this work is to motivate foreign language
educators at schools to implement hybrid learning and teaching approaches in their classes to improve student
involvement with English as a foreign language and offer more prospects to practice English outside the
classrooms. I started by describing blended or hybrid learning and some of its strengths, differentiating this mixed
approach from the flipped classrooms.
Keywords: blended learning, virtual classrooms, blended teaching, hybrid learning, learning English.
Fatemah Nasser Alazemi
Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
English Department
English Language Teacher
Abstract: The whole world is becoming increasingly interconnected by all means. The COVID Pandemic has
affected all people all over the whole world regardless of race, gender, nationality, income, and levels of education.
Education was strongly affected by this health crisis, schools and universities were closed; thus teachers and
students had to abandon their physical classrooms and move to online education. Sustaining the quality of
education has become a challenge during this transitional time, and supportive environment was needed to focus
on learning and teaching.
Keywords: (Pandemic / E-Learning / Outbreak / Lockdown / Challenges / Impact)
Abdelmjeed A. H. Musa1
, Mohammed. A. Elshingeety2
Sudan University of technology and science, Faculty of higher studies, English Department (ELT Program)
Sudan University of Technology and Science Khartoum, Sudan
Abstract: Meaning conveyance is a fundamental goal in language teaching and learning. To accomplish this
essential goal, effective communication should be mastered in EFL classrooms. It is well known that
communication is divided into two forms; verbal communication and non-verbal communication. Non-verbal
communication is considered one of the most effective techniques in meaning conveyance. This study investigates
the effects of non-verbal communication in conveying meaning in EFL classrooms. Conveying meaning in foreign
language classes is a crucial issue because learning a language, whether native or foreign, cannot occur without
effective conveyance of meaning. In teaching English as a foreign language, meaning needs to happen within
levels, activities and functions. One of the most important activities is the presentation of new words and
structures. There are many ways of doing this. Examples of these include providing definitions, explaining the
meaning, giving example, miming, translation, synonyms and antonyms, and contextualization. A questionnaire
for EFL teachers was used as a data gathering tool. Later the responses of the participants were analysed.
Keywords: Nonverbal communication, meaning, English as a Foreign Language (EFL), Body Language facial
expressions.
Manal Hasan Hasan Ebrahim Alkandari
Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
The Higher Institute for Administrative Services English Department
Abstract: In many learning places, online learning has become the new normal with the major aim of averting the
Covid-19 pandemic effects. Besides, the e-learning benefits can help mitigate the effects of conventionalism and
deferment in education institutions and foster the development of student's critical thinking skills as would be
anticipated in traditional residential practices if exploited effectively. Even though research myriads have proved
that it is a student-and-action-based model that has the potential to accomplish optimal education and learning
outcomes when applied successfully, online learning more often than not has been criticized for being unable to
engage learners amply. Understandably, in residential systems, teaching learners to develop critical thinking skills
has been challenging because it needs the physical presence of students and faculty to participate in the analyses
and syntheses of complex concepts for applications, clarity and better assimilations. To successfully apply the same
in an e-learning setting will need augmented knowledge in the subject matters as well as knowledge in the elearning dynamics, including applications of germane instructional strategies, contexts and influential theories.
Keywords: online learning, Covid-19 pandemic effects, e-learning benefits, education institutions.
Cleus B. Reamico
University of Santo Tomas – Legazpi
Graduate School
Rawis, Legazpi City, Philippines
Abstract: One of the special ethical principles that must be practiced in an educational institution is that all
teachers should improve their professional knowledge and skills so that their performance will better serve others.
One application of this ethical standard is awareness of the issues and trends in education, specifically in
educational planning. The issues and trends in educational planning that students are aware of are: lack of gadgets
and internet connection problems under administrative planning; blended learning, personalized learning,
experiential learning, adaptive learning, bite-sized learning, gamification, socio-emotional learning, genius hour,
and STEAM curriculum under academic curriculum or curricular planning; budgetary concerns, lack of facilities,
and teacher shortage under administrative planning; drop-out rates, self-care, self-reliance, and digital citizenship
under instructional planning; social divide, brain drain, socio-economics, and COVID19 adaptation under cocurricular planning. Since seminars do take the lead in the source of information of students, it is only but
important that these topics be given more attention since educational ethics is the heart of the teaching profession.
Keywords: (Education / Ethics / Planning / Issues / Trends / Awareness).
Safeya Habeeb Merza
Public Authority for Applied Education and Training
The Higher Institute for Administrative Services English Department
Abstract: Interest in promoting quality English language teaching in foreign countries has been a long-standing
government priority. English is considered the most important universal language in education and professional
work. However, English teaching is focused on professional teaching and language skills without much emphasis
on aspects of English as a culture and not merely a language. The relation between exposure to English-speaking
cultures, mainly western, and EFL’s competencies is a topic in EFL academic research that requires more
investigation, especially in the context of non-native speakers in Arab countries. In education, the present
advancements in the technology field have resulted in renewed interests to blend conventional teaching and
learning approaches with technologies that improve teaching and learning of language. This research aims to
examine the works regarding blended education challenges as a technology-improved pedagogical instrument that
combines face-to-face and e-learning instructional tasks to develop English skills, including its applications in
coaching English as a new language. Besides, this work explores how blended learning enables students to become
engaged and autonomous in knowledge development instead of acting as a passive observers. It is anticipated that
the article shall contribute to improving the knowledge body which exists in the blending learning area, mainly as
it applies to the experience acquisition issues in EFL. It can be argued that blended learning applications can
support EFL learning and maximize opportunities for EFL students to study English at their convenience freely.
Some challenges should be resolved or addressed, such as ensuring that the designs of blended learning methods
put into consideration learning approaches of learners and the workload needed to be effective, the library
facilities can deliver this kind of method, and e-learning materials are suitably supportive, and learners can easily
access them
Peter Kiio Manundu1
, Dr. Janet Mulwa2
, Dr. Rose Mwanza
Abstract: This study sought to investigate the influence of delegation of duties as a principal’s motivational practice
on teacher retention in public secondary schools in Kamukunji sub county, Nairobi County, Kenya. The study
objective sought to determine the influence of delegation of duties on teacher retention in public secondary schools
in Kamukunji Sub-County. Descriptive survey research design was used in the study. The target population
consisted of all the 8 secondary schools principals and all the 235 teachers from Kamukunji Sub-county from
which a sample of 7 principals and 67 teachers was selected using census sampling and proportionate stratified
sampling techniques and simple random sampling. Questionnaires were used as data collection tools. Reliability
was tested using the test-retest technique to determine the degree to which test scores were consistent. The data
was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings from quantitative data were presented in cross tabulation
tables, pie charts and bar graphs. Qualitative data was analysed qualitatively by organizing data into themes as
per the objectives of the study and the findings were presented in a narrative form. The study found that
delegation of duties had significant influence on teacher retention in public secondary schools in Kamukunji SubCounty, Nairobi County, Kenya. The study observed that all the school principals 100% and 91.0% of the teachers
agreed that delegation of duties provides teachers the ability to learn and develop new skills. This means that
delegation of duties significantly influences teacher retention. The study concluded that delegation of duties allows
teachers to acquire and develop new skills, as well as build trust and increase communication between them. The
study recommends that the administration of the school should make an attempt to allocate responsibility roles to
teachers as early as possible and allow them to gain the requisite experience.
Keywords: Delegation of duties, Teacher retention, Motivational practice.
Sushma
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mankapur, Gonda(U.P,) Pin-271302
Abstract: The COVID-19 disease which first appeared in Wuhan, in the Hubei province of China, in December
2019 was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020.Within a very short span
of time it lead to an unexperienced worldwide public health crisis. In order to prevent the worldwide spread of the
novel coronavirus disease universities, schools, and many other educational institutions have been either partially
or completely closed in many countries, by national governments. Problem of disengagement, shortage of
attendance and deterioration in academic achievement was experienced by many children and youth during the
pandemic. With the closure of schools and the postponement of face-to-face lessons in many countries due to the
COVID-19 pandemic, the education activities at all levels primary, secondary, high school and higher education
level as well were soon affected. In order to compensate the interrupted educational activities, due to the onset of
the COVID-19 pandemic, it became important for educational institutions to develop and implement effective
strategies in order to remodel the changes that occurred due to pandemic. Shifting towards fully-online learning
was a speedy yet necessary reflex to the coronavirus crisis. Therefore in order to provide effective learningteaching environment increased importance was given to the use of information technologies in education from the
beginning. Countries took quick steps towards digital transformation in education, and focus was given to the use
of distance learning, teaching, and assessment approaches, which was not very common prior to the pandemic.
The present situation is considered as the biggest education crisis in human history.
Keywords: Novel coronavirus, Pandemic, online learning, digital transformation, information technologies.
Ammar Almutawa
PhD Candidate. School of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Guelph,
Canada
Abstract: Automated feedback systems have been associated with significant improvements in the outcomes for
learners in higher education. The advantages for learners are well reported, but surprisingly few articles have
investigated the advantages of automated feedback for instructors. This article reviews the use of feedback and
automated feedback systems in higher education to assist instructors to self-assess and to privately identify
potential improvements to their instructional practices. This article first describes how feedback is currently
provided in higher education settings and then discusses requirements, technology, and innovations needed to
create automated feedback systems for instructors. The proposed automated feedback system aims to assist
university instructors by providing suggestions and feedback that could help to self-examine their work privately
and immediately.
Keywords: Technologies Applied to Education, Feedback in Higher Education, Post-secondary Instructors,
Automated Feedback Systems, Performance, Evaluation and Assessment.
1
Formarejo Lance Ivan B,
2Omandac Kyle Benson L.,
3Ms. Irma B. Gatdula
Research Scholar 1, 2, Adviser3
Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management
De La Salle University- Dasmarinas College of Tourism and Hospitality Management
Abstract: This Study focuses on the impact of Covid 19 Pandemic on Filipino passenger’s cruise intention. The
purpose of the study is to identify what are the factors affecting the passenger’s intention to cruise in reference to
the health protocols set by CLIA or Cruise Lines International Association. To identify whether these factors vary
depending on the respondents’ demographic profile, a 4-point Likert scale is used in the research questionnaire to
be answered by the target respondents which are Filipino who has cruise experience with the age range of 21 years
old and above. The research questionnaire determines if there are significant difference between the passenger’s
intention to cruise during pandemic and the respondents profile based on its variables. With a total of 97
respondents, the results show the respondent’s demographic profile and determine whether age, gender, marital
status, monthly income, educational attainment and number of cruise experience has significant differences in
passenger’s intention to cruise. The findings also suggest what strategies can be proposed to attract Filipino cruise
ship passengers amidst COVID-19. The study identified that the only demographic profile of respondents that
shows a significant difference in their intention to cruise are people of 21 – 27 years old on onboard procedure,
people who are married and post graduate degrees. The study also identified that health protocols set by cruise
industry like Embarkation & testing, Onboard procedures, Medical & public health response and Shore
excursions has greatly affected the passenger’s intention to cruise.
Keywords: Cruise Ships, Impact of Covid 19 Pandemic, Intention to cruise, Health protocols.
Duaa M. Bani-Irshid1
, Dr. Abdullah M. Bani-Rshaid2
1 Master of Sport Science, Yarmouk University,
2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Abu Dhabi
University, UAE
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of s port injuries on the level of confidence and
anxiety among athletes in different games. Participants were (121) athletes (M-81, F-40) were selected randomly
from different sports. Descriptive data was collected through the use of a questionnaire established by the
researcher, which included personal information (age, years of experience, gender and place of living), and a
questionnaire of psychological effect of sport which consisted of (50) items, divided into four subscales.
(Confidence, Anxiety, Physical abilities). The results showed relationship between sport injuries and physical
abilities in reducing or increasing injuries among athletes, also the results showed that self-confidence and anxiety
(trait, state) did not affect in increasing or reducing in percentage of injuries among athletes, meanwhile the results
showed a significant relationship between the effect of sport injuries and (self-confidence, anxiety and physical
abilities) among athletes in different games. A significant difference between male and female in favor of female in
trait anxiety, significant differences between trait anxiety and different sports a significant differences showed
between psychological variables and effect of sport injuries (between different sports, also a significant difference
between sport injuries and physical abilities according to sport variable; between basketball players and tennis
players in favor of basketball, and a significant difference between sport injuries and trait anxiety between football
players and basketball players in favor of basketball.
Abstract: This paper assessed the effect of training and development on employee performance using Bank BIC as
the case study. The study focused on the objectives which sought to assess the effect of training and development
on employee performance at Bank BIC, to determine the training and development practices and purposes at
Bank BIC, and to determine the training and development policy at Bank BIC Namibia. A mixed research method
was used with a sample size of 35 respondents. The study found that the majority (59.09%) of the respondents
agreed that training and development are improving their job performance at the Bank BIC. The majority (50
percent) of the respondents strongly agree that training and development are important for growth at the Bank
BIC. The majority (54.55 percent) of the respondents agree that training and development have improved their
morale. The majority (50 percent) of the respondents on the job training is an efficient tool for learning new skills
and improving current skills. The majority (40.91 percent) of the respondents agree that the training and
development that employees received is relevant to their work. The majority (59.09 percent) of the respondents
indicated that there was no specific training schedule at the Bank BIC. The majority (59.09 percent) of the
respondents indicated that the objective of training and development at the Bank BIC is to improve performance.
The majority (86.36 percent) of the respondents indicated that Bank BIC uses on-the-job training and that the
training and development policy at Bank BIC entails involving all the employees in the training program and
making them aware of the objectives of the training program. The study recommended that Bank BIC's training
and development practices should be reviewed regularly, with an appropriate assessment of the organization's
needs and identification of individuals' skills, knowledge, and educational backgrounds. On the other hand, the
organization creates appropriate training methods for employees based on their abilities and educational
backgrounds. The training and development program should be related to the needs of the employees and should
be matched to the objectives of the organization and the training should be chosen based on a proper need
assessment. This allows the organization to determine whether employees are comfortable with their jobs and
work environments, as well as how they deliver quality service
1Ms Daniella Fernandes,
2Mr Gajanan (Amey) Karmali
Agnel Entrepreneurship Development Institute, Verna Goa
Abstract: The present study was undertaken to examine the Impact of Schemes Designed for Women in Goa on
their Self-Esteem and Psychological Well-Being. The sample consisted of women belonging from the age group 18-
40 years and above. These women belonged to the various talukas of Goa. The sample comprised of 1050 women.
The tools used in this study included Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale developed by Morris Rosenberg and the Ryffs
Psychological Well-Being Scale developed by Carol Ryff. Data was analysed by incorporating the t-test and
ANOVA. The results have shown that women who have availed schemes have shown higher level of self-esteem.
Women who have not faced difficulties in applying for schemes have shown higher psychological well-being and
self-esteem. The studies also revealed that women who have received skill training, have their own business and
are employed in an organization show better psychological well-being and self-esteem in comparison to
housewives. Women who are employed show higher level of self-esteem and psychological well-being compared to
women who are unemployed
A comparative study between the new and old
university laws in Saudi Arabia
Saud G Albeshir
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Abstract: The Saudi government is making significant efforts to update laws and regulations related to education to
keep pace with the rapid changes in today's world. One of the most critical recent laws related to the higher
education sector in the country is the replacement of the law of the Higher Education and Universities Council
System (HEUC)issued in 1993 with the Law of Universities (LU) of 2019. The current comparative study aimed to
define the essential similarities and differences between the two laws when related to public universities in Saudi
Arabia. One of the most notable similarities between the HEUC and LU is that the government still has significant
influence within the Universities Affairs Council, which is responsible for supervising universities. Likewise, the
government has a significant impact on public universities where the government appoints leaders of trustees,
university presidents, and some leadership positions in universities. On the other hand, there are meaningful
dissimilarities in legal articles between the HEUC and the LU, notably the difference in organizational and
administrative structures within public universities. The LU also provided more freedom to government
universities to diversify sources of income and financial independence from the government money.
Dr. Amieyeofori Valentine Felix, PhD
ENERGYHUBNG.COM, 2022
Abstract: Public debts if secured and managed sustainably have been shown to boost economic growth and
development, especially for developing economies. Unfortunately, Nigeria’s increasing debt profile, has not been
managed efficiently and transparently to produce the desired economic benefits, but rather, as noted in this paper,
the country may be treading towards the threshold of debt unsustainability at debt to GDP ratio of 40%. The
country uses more than 90% of its revenue to service its debts, which, the paper noted has pushed the country into
debt distress, macroeconomic challenges- financial and currency crises, high unemployment, and extreme poverty
of nearly 50% of the total population. The paper thus proffered strategic policy recommendations, such as
reducing cost of government, switching to interest free debt instruments, and asset-linked securitization; removal
of fuel subsidies, and finally ensure transparent and ensuring public, parliamentary and creditors’ scrutiny of the
public debts.
International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online)
Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp: (233-253), Month: January - March 2022, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
Maribel L. Alegarbes1
Master Teacher, Carcar Central National High School, Carcar City Division, Philippines
maribel.alegarbes@deped.gov.ph
Abstract: This research aimed to determine the teachers’ level of knowledge and attitude, stressors and coping
mechanisms in handling learners with learning difficulties at Carcar City Division, Carcar City, Cebu for the
school year 2019 - 2020. The twenty (20) respondents were selected using universal sampling technique. Survey
and interview questionnaires were utilized to obtain the desired results of the study. Weighted mean, percentage,
Chi – square Test of Independence, Pearson r and Colaizzi’s Method of Analysis were used in analyzing the data.
Findings revealed that the teachers are moderately knowledgeable in handling learners with learning difficulties
mainstreamed in an inclusive classroom setting. Moreover, teachers in Carcar City Division strongly support the
integration of learners with learning difficulties in an inclusive classroom setting as shown in their positive attitude
in handling these types of learners. Additionally, the teachers considered high extent of usefulness in utilizing
various cognitive, social, emotional, physical and spiritual coping mechanisms to combat stressors while handling
learners with learning difficulties. There is a positive significant correlation between teacher’s level of knowledge,
attitude and usage of coping mechanisms to their years of experience and highest educational attainment.
Knowledge is also positively correlated to their level of attitude and usage of coping mechanisms. The stressors
encountered by the teachers in handling learners with learning difficulties in an inclusive classroom are
administrative concerns and support, parental issues and behavioral issues of learners with learning difficulties
integrated with the regular students. Hence, the teachers of Carcar City Division handling learners with learning
difficulties have observed a range of stressors that could have a tremendous effect to the teaching effectiveness.
Abstract: This article attempts to analyze the psychic wounds of the protagonists in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s
The Unknown Errors of Our Lives. It also focuses on the diasporic conflicts encountered by them and traces the
stereotypic pattern of pressure, trauma and relief in a few short stories in this anthology. Divakaruni’s emotional
rendering is very powerful and it helps us to understand the stressful moments the characters come across
throughout their lives.
Allan C. Campugan Jr., Patrick M. Salinas
Abstract: This study focused on determining the effectiveness of Modular and Recorded Video Lessons in teaching
the subject Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health (MAPEH) and on identifying area of concerns based on
findings. The modular and recorded video lessons presented to the respondents during class were designed by
subject experts in Department of Education Carcar City Division. A quasi experimental method was used and a
book-based pre-post-test was utilized as the main instrument in in determining if there was an increase in
students’ performance after the delivery of the lessons in the second quarter. There were 50 students who
participated in the study, a total of 25 students were exposed to modular lessons and another 25 students, to
recorded video lessons. Results indicate that the performance level of the students from the modular group and
experimental group increased significantly after the delivery of lessons however, there was no significant difference
of performances between the control and experimental group in the post-test results. Hence, it can be concluded
that the performance of both groups are comparable. The given results have been confirmed with a subjective
assessment of students’ regard for learning with the use of the learning modalities. The findings of the study are
recommended for consideration in the school’s effort for continual improvement in the delivery of quality
education to students.
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Evaluation of Postprandial Glycemic Response on Diabetes-Specific Formula
1. ISSN 2348-3156 (Print)
International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online)
Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp: (49-54), Month: January - March 2022, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
Page | 49
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Evaluation of Postprandial Glycemic Response
on Diabetes-Specific Formula
Alicia Wong1
, Wan Chien Han1
, Elsie Low1
, Chai Xiang Goh1
, Siew Li Ng1
,
Lee Kuan Kwan1
1
Alpro Academy, Lot 45880, Jalan Techvalley 3/2, Sendayan Techvally, 71950 Bandar Sri Sendayan, Negeri Sembilan,
Malaysia.
Abstract: Diabetes-specific formulas have shown to be effective at improving glucose control with additional
nutritional benefits. Furthermore, diabetes-specific formulas are commonly used for diabetic patients with
insufficient oral intake. However, not much diabetes-specific formulas in the market shows the GI of these
formulas, which is clinically useful on glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The aim of this study was to
assess the GI of a newly developed diabetes-specific formula, Contro eazy NOW. The open labelled, single center
study involved 11 individuals from a pool of 18 healthy subjects. After an overnight fast, volunteers were given
Contro eazy NOW containing 50g of carbohydrate or the reference drink (glucolin) on different occasions in
random order. Postprandial blood glucose levels were measured in finger pricked capillary blood for two hours
after intake of the beverages and positive incremental area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for both Contro
eazy NOW and reference drink. The GI of Contro eazy NOW was determined by dividing AUC (Contro eazy
NOW) by the AUC (reference drink). The results show that the diabetes-specific formula has the GI of 38.4, which
is categorized as low GI. Therefore, Contro eazy NOW with low GI can be the preferred option for nutritional
management of diabetic patients in need of nutritional support.
Keywords: diabetes-specific formula, diabetes, low glycemic index, medical nutrition therapy.
I. INTRODUCTION
A major nutritional treatment goal of diabetes is to normalize plasma glucose levels in both the fasting and the
postprandial state. Besides fasting blood glucose, postprandial hyperglycemia is not only a risk indicator for micro and
macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes, but also those with impaired glucose tolerance. Thus,
treatment targeting postprandial blood glucose levels is expected to improve overall glycemic control and long-term
outcomes, including reduction of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality [1]. Nutrition and diet have been used as
an important tool in optimizing blood glucose levels by medical professionals and health care organizations. Nutrition
plays an important role in blood glucose changes where the postprandial blood glucose response is strongly influenced by
the specific composition of the diet [2]. The quantity, as well as the quality of the carbohydrates are some of the factors
that can influence blood glucose response to a meal. The presence of fibre in the diet also can reduce postprandial
hyperglycemia, as well as the amount of fat in a meal can play a role to influence the glycemic response to these meals
[3].
To compare the effects of specific foods on blood glucose response, glycemic index (GI) has been introduced by Jenkins
et al. [4] The GI is defined as the area under the glucose response curve after consumption of a food containing 50g of
carbohydrates, which is expressed as percentage of the area under the blood glucose response curve after intake of 50g of
carbohydrates in standard food such as glucose solution or white bread. The standard procedure is to assess the GI in
healthy volunteers. Nonetheless, the concept of GI is a useful tool to improve glycemic control in diabetic patients as
shown in several clinical trials [5].
2. ISSN 2348-3156 (Print)
International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online)
Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp: (49-54), Month: January - March 2022, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
Page | 50
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Generally, low-GI food has been clinically proven to be useful in glycemic control in patients with diabetes. A study has
shown that a reduction of 7.4% of glycated proteins (HbA1C) in diabetic patients when a low GI diet is administered as
compared to high GI diet [6]. Thus, GI is considered as an important tool as a dietary treatment of diabetic patients by
several diabetic and healthcare organizations [7].
Worldwide prevalence of diabetes has increased over the last 40 years from 4.7% to 8.5% of the adult population [8],
especially in the elderly population, the prevalence of diabetes is high, which is approximately 5-20% [9]. Elderly diabetic
patients that are admitted to nursing or elderly homes are often malnourished and their nutritional status seems to decline
after admission [10]. Thus, products with complete and balanced nutrition that could induce a delayed and limited rise in
postprandial glucose levels is essential for this group of population. In this study, we will be assessing a diabetic oral
nutrition supplement and GI of this product will be determined.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study design
This was an open labelled, single center study to evaluate the efficacy of a diabetes-specific formula, Contro eazy NOW
(Ethos Healthcare, Malaysia) in maintenance of postprandial blood glucose level in healthy subjects. The macronutrient
composition of the formula is shown in Table 1. This study was conducted at Alpro Academy.
Table 1: Nutrition information of Contro eazy NOW.
Per Serving Amount
Serving size 50g
Energy (kcal) 215
Total fat (g) 8.9
Saturated fat (g) 2.3
Monounsaturated fat (g) 4.2
Total carbohydrates (g) 26.5
Dietary fiber (g) 5.5
Protein (g) 10.0
Informed consent was obtained from all participants before the start of the study. A total of 18 healthy volunteers (15
Chinese, 2 Malays, 1 Indian; 7 men and 11 women) aged 22 – 41 were recruited from different departments of Alpro
Pharmacy Sdn Bhd and screened by height, weight and HbA1C. Cobas b 101 system (Roche, Switzerland) was used to
assess HbA1C. BMI is calculated based on the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
Exclusion criteria were: Pregnant and Lactating mothers, BMI > 24.9; HbA1C > 5.7 and those who suffer from diabetes.
In vivo test and blood sample analysis
Volunteers reported at Alpro Academy after an overnight fast of at least 8 hours. Equal amount of available carbohydrate
(50g/meal) of the diabetes specific formula (Contro eazy NOW) was served with a washout period of two days after the
consumption of reference drink (glucolin). The diabetes specific formula was served with 250 mL of warm water. The
volunteers were instructed to consume the drink within a 10-min period at a comfortable pace and were requested to
remain seated and not consuming any food or beverage throughout the duration of the study. Capillary blood obtained by
finger-prick using Microlet® lancet. Blood samples were collected for estimation of blood glucose at stipulated time
points (Baseline at 0 min and post-meal at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min) as per schedule of assessment. Blood glucose
was assessed using Contour® Plus blood glucose monitoring system (Ascensia, Switzerland), which has been shown to be
precise and reliable [11].
Data analysis
The area under curve (AUC) of blood glucose from baseline, the incremental area under response curve was calculated for
each subject by using GraphPad PRISM (version 9; GraphPad Software Inc, San Diego). All AUCs below the baseline
were excluded from calculations. The AUCs were expressed as means ± s.e.m.’s. The average AUC for the diabetes
specific formula and glucose was compared using ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Differences
resulting in P values <0.05 were considered significant.
3. ISSN 2348-3156 (Print)
International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online)
Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp: (49-54), Month: January - March 2022, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
Page | 51
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III. RESULTS
Subject characteristics
The subjects’ baseline characteristics are presented in Table 2. Of the 18 subjects enrolled, one subject had incomplete
data, 3 did not meet eligibility criteria and another 3 withdrew consent, leaving 11 subjects with complete data for
analysis. Eligible subjects had the mean age of 30 ± 5.6 and a normal BMI 20.1 ± 2.2 with the mean of haemoglobin A1C
(HbA1C) 5.2 ± 0.2 (Table 2). There was no day-to-day variation on the subjects’ usual daily diet intake and physical
activity throughout the study period. Everyone attended all the experiment days and the timing of the blood samples taken
was strictly followed by the same person in charge that obtained the blood samples.
Table 2: Anthropometric characteristics of study participants (n = 11)
Characteristics Mean ± SD Range
Gender Male 4 (36.4%)
Female 7 (63.6%)
Age (years) 30 ± 5.6 22 - 41
Height (m) 1.6 ± 5.6 1.53 – 1.81
Body Weight (kg) 54 ± 5.9 46 – 69
BMI (kg/m2
) 20.1 ± 2.2 16.2 – 23.9
HbA1C 5.2 ± 0.2 4.8 – 5.4
Blood glucose response to diabetes-specific formula
The change in glucose concentrations from baseline over 120 min for the tested diabetes-specific formula (Contro eazy
NOW) is illustrated in Figure 1. The mean blood glucose concentrations for the diabetes-specific formula and control
were 6.87 ± 0.82 and 5.74 ± 0.82 mmol/l respectively and were comparable at baseline (Table 3). Compared to the
baseline (0 min), there was a significant increase in blood glucose concentrations within 10 min in response to a dietary
challenge with the control (glucolin), which lasted until 30 min. In contrast, only moderate increases in blood glucose
concentrations occurred until 30 min with diabetes-specific formula, with no further increase in blood glucose across
time. Comparing to glucolin, the increase in diabetes-specific formula was significantly lower when the subjects were
given diabetes-specific formula compared to glucolin across 6 time points from 15 to 120 min. Blood glucose returned to
almost baseline level at 60 min for diabetes-specific formula and no longer significantly different between glucolin and
diabetes-specific formula at 90 min. The maximum of the mean glucose concentrations (mmol/l) for the diabetes-specific
formula were smaller than those of the glucolin over the course of the study [6.6 ± 0.74 and 8.5 ± 0.8 respectively].
Figure 1: Mean blood glucose responses of subjects at different time points after consuming Contro eazy NOW.
4. ISSN 2348-3156 (Print)
International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3164 (online)
Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp: (49-54), Month: January - March 2022, Available at: www.researchpublish.com
Page | 52
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Table 3: Mean blood glucose responses of subjects at different time points after consuming Contro eazy NOW
Beverage 0 min 15 min 30 min 45 min 60 min 90 min 120 min
Glucolin 4.8 ±
0.15
6.9 ±
0.60
8.5 ± 0.8 8.0 ±
1.15
7.4 ± 1.3 6.7 ±
0.96
5.9 ± 0.86
Contro eazy NOW 4.9 ±
0.18
5.6 ±
0.44a
6.6 ±
0.74b
6.1 ±
0.82b
5.6 ±
0.56c
5.7 ±
0.54
5.7 ± 0.48
a
Significantly difference than the reference drink (p<0.05)
b
Significantly difference than the reference drink (p<0.0001)
c
Significantly difference than the reference drink (p<0.001)
Glycaemic index (GI) value of Contro eazy NOW
GI of Contro eazy NOW is calculated as the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for blood glucose after
consumption of Contro eazy NOW divided by the iAUC of glucolin containing the same amount of carbohydrate, which
is 50g. The iAUC for blood glucose was calculated by using the trapezoidal method. GI of Contro eazy NOW was
calculated based on the assumption of Glucolin (reference food) with GI of 100. The iAUC120 reflects changes in blood
glucose levels over the 2 hours after consuming Contro eazy NOW. The mean value of GI measured in Contro eazy
NOW is 38.4, based on 50g available carbohydrates (Table 4). The AUCs for glucose are shown for each subject in Table
5.
Table 4: AUC and GI of Glucolin and Contro eazy NOW.
Beverage with 50g available carbohydrate AUC ± Mean SD GI Index
Glucolin 267.3 ± 93.3 100 ± 0.00
Contro eazy NOW 106.5 ± 54.4 38.4 ± 10.2
Table 5: Area under the curve (AUC), Maximum value (Cmax), and time of maximum value (Tmax) for glucose
values in individual subject receiving diabetes specific formula.
Subject AUC: Contro
eazy NOW
AUC:
Glucolin
Cmax:
Contro eazy
NOW
Cmax:
Glucolin
Tmax:
Contro eazy
NOW
Tmax:
Glucolin
101 91.50 273.8 6.8 8.5 45 30
102 91.50 178.5 6.7 7.8 45 30
103 98.25 335.3 6.9 9.4 30 30
104 156.00 307.5 6.3 9.3 45 45
105 222.00 428.3 7.7 10.3 45 60
106 94.50 258.8 6.8 8.2 30 30
107 66.00 172.2 5.8 7.7 30 30
108 33.00 173.3 5.7 7.4 15 30
109 43.50 159.8 5.9 7.9 30 30
110 98.25 228.00 7.4 8.1 30 30
111 177.0 424.5 8.0 10.0 30 30
Peak blood glucose concentration (Cmax) and time of Cmax (Tmax) are also shown in Table 5. The peak glucose
concentrations of diabetes specific formula were consistently lower than the reference drink, glucolin for all subjects. The
time to achieve the highest glucose value (Tmax) varied between subjects with some achieving their highest values 15 min
and others up to 45 min. Interestingly, the diabetes specific formula also influenced the Tmax with some subjects by
delaying the peak time. Although overall Tmax for diabetes specific formula and glucolin is 34.1 ± 9.25 min, but the AUC
for diabetes specific formula is significantly lower than glucolin, which is 106.5 ± 54.4 and 267.3 ± 93.3 respectively.
IV. DISCUSSION
The results of the present study show that diabetes specific formula, Contro eazy NOW is leading to a lower spike of post-
meal blood glucose level as compared to the reference drink, glucolin in healthy subjects.
Postprandial glucose response is an important contributor to overall glycemic control, and therefore can be a major
treatment target in patients with diabetes. Besides that, there is mounting evidence that postprandial glucose is associated
with cardiovascular disease [12]. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has addressed the importance of harmful
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effects on post-meal hyperglycemia including oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, carotid intima-
media thickness, and micro-vascular complications [13]. Some studies have shown that individuals with diabetes had a
two-fold increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular disease [14].
The postprandial glycemia depends on the amount of carbohydrates ingested as well as on the type of the carbohydrates in
the diet (glycemic index). The glycemic index (GI) of the diabetes specific formula, Contro eazy NOW is 38.4 (as
compared with glucolin reference drink), which is lower than the recommended GI value (55 or less) by international
diabetes organizations. Intake of low GI diets is associated with improvement in HbA1C reduction. Low GI diets were
beneficial in patients with type 2 diabetes as it can lead to a significant reduction in HbA1C and total cholesterol levels
compared with high GI diets [15]. Low GI diets also help in maintaining post-meal hyperglycemia. The diabetes-specific
formula administered in the present study has a property of slower absorption that do not cause a spike in blood glucose.
The diabetes specific formula is consistent with the dietary recommendations of American Diabetes Association (ADA)
[16] (Table 1).
A meta-analysis to assess the effects of carbohydrate and fiber intake on glycemic control studies have reported that
moderate carbohydrate-high fiber diets significantly reduced postprandial plasma glucose values by 21% when compared
with moderate carbohydrate low fiber diet [17]. The diabetes specific formula consumed in this study provides 44.2% of
total calories as complex carbohydrate. The protein content of this diabetes specific formula is 18.6% of total calories and
the high quality of protein blend made up of whey protein concentrate that can fulfil patient’s essential amino acid
requirements. Whey is an ideal protein source during metabolic stress and also helps to maintain glutamine levels and
enhances gut integrity. Moreover, whey is a fast-acting protein and spikes amino acid levels before dropping [18]. The
diabetes specific formula also has a specific fat blend (4.6% of the total calories from saturated fatty acid, 8.4% of the
total calories from MUFA, 3.8% of the total calories from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and provides 11.0g fiber.
Of the 3.8% polyunsaturated fatty acids, 2.7% is Omega-6 and 1.2% is Omega-3, giving the optimal ratio of omega-6 to
omega-3 (2:1) that could bring health benefits [19]. Both omega 3 & omega 6 are beneficial for improving lipid profiles in
type 2 diabetic patients by lowering triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol [20]. Besides that, Contro eazy NOW is
formulated with medium chain triglycerides (MCT) that could improve thermogenesis and weight management, as well as
reducing risk for heart disease [21].
Dietary fiber also plays an important role in postprandial glycemic response. Contro eazy NOW contains viscous, soluble
fibers that can diminish postprandial glucose excursions by their effects on intestinal motility and gastrointestinal
hormones and enzymes. Overall, this diabetes specific formula has a well-balanced energy distribution between
carbohydrates and fats designed for low GI to help manage the glycemic response. Moreover, this diabetes specific
formula contains 28 essential vitamins, minerals and trace elements that allow the product to be used as sole source of
nutrition.
V. CONCLUSION
This study shows that the newly developed diabetes-specific formula, Contro eazy NOW is characterized by low GI, with
the glycemic index value 38.4. As diets with low GI have been shown to improve glycemic control, thus, Contro eazy
NOW can be a preferred option to be used as nutritional management of diabetic patients in need of nutritional support.
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