This document contains abstracts from presentations at the December 2014 International Sports and Exercise Nutrition Conference. The first abstract finds that high intensity exercise (70% VO2max) increased sensitivity to sour tastes compared to low intensity exercise (50% VO2max), with no differences in sensitivity to other tastes. Sensitivity to sweet tastes negatively correlated with changes in blood glucose for both intensities. The second abstract finds that a 16-week diet and exercise program resulted in fat mass loss and lean mass gain for all diet groups (high protein or control), along with improved health markers. Extra protein intake from dairy did not further enhance results. The third abstract finds that intensive treadmill exercise in mice increased small intestine permeability,

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International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2015, 25, S1-S12
© 2015 Human Kinetics, Inc
Abstracts From the December 2014
International Sports and Exercise Nutrition Conference
in Newcastle upon Tyne
The effects of low and high intensity exercises on four basic
taste sensitivities
Nakanishi, Y1; Inoue, Y2, Ito, T3; Nethery, VM4
1Department of Health Science, Osaka-Aoyama University,
Japan. 2Laboratory for Human Performance Research, Osaka
International University, Japan. 3Department of Health and
Sports Science, Mukogawa Women’s University, Japan.
4Department of Nutrition Exercise and Health Sciences, Central
Washington University, USA
Exercise alters many physiologic functions and has the potential
to affect taste sensitivities and thresholds to specific chemical
compounds founds in ingested products. Sensitivities to sweet,
sour, salty, and bitter compounds may be altered by exercise
components including the exercise intensity. The purpose of
this study was to compare the impact of exercise intensity (low
and high) on sensitivity to four major tastes of sweet, sour,
salty, and bitter. Ten subjects completed two separate 30-min
cycling exercise bouts, one at low intensity (50% VO2max)
and the other at high intensity (70% V
·
O2max). Sensitivity to
the four tastes (sweet, salty, sour, and bitter) were assessed
before and after each exercise bout using taste discs (Sanwa
Kagaku Kenkyusho Co.Ltd.). Data were analyzed using a series
of paired t-tests and significance was established at the 0.05
level of probability. The relationships between several relevant
physiologic measures and taste sensitivities were also calcu-
lated using the Pearson Correlation procedure. Post-exercise
sourness threshold was higher (p < .05) for the high intensity
exercise (3.4 ± 0.7) compared to the low intensity exercise
(2.6 ± 1.1), with no differences in threshold sensitivities for
the other three tastes. Significant negative correlations existed
between the changes in sweetness threshold and the changes
in blood glucose for both the low (r = –0.79; p < .01) and the
high (r = –0.71; p < .05) intensity exercise bouts. A positive
correlation (r = 0.69; p < .05) was also observed between the
change in sourness threshold and the change in core (oral)
temperature for the low intensity exercise. In conclusions, the
intensity of exercise altered the sensitivity for sourness but did
not affect any of the remaining three taste sensations. As well,
the threshold for sweetness was strongly and inversely related
to the changes in circulating blood glucose. This information
adds to the current understanding of the relationships between
exercise intensities and taste sensitivity.
Effect of increased dairy consumption on weight loss during
16 weeks of energy restriction and exercise training
Parr, EB1; Coffey, VG2; Burke, LM1,3; Phillips, SM4; Hawley,
JA1,5
1Exercise & Nutrition Research Group,Australian Catholic Uni-
versity, Melbourne,Australia. 2School of Exercise and Nutrition
Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation,
Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.
3Department of Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport,
Canberra, Australia. 4Exercise Metabolism Research Group,
Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario,
Canada. 5Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences,
Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
The worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity is ~45%
and has doubled in the past 30 years. Sarcopenia is commonly
exacerbated in overweight/obese individuals causing loss of
function and independence. Accordingly a critical issue for
the majority of adults is how to lose fat mass (FM) while
preserving lean mass (LM) to prevent the deleterious effects
of inactivity and age-related metabolic diseases. The optimal
dietary macronutrient composition to attain weight loss and
promote favourable changes in body composition in overweight
adults is controversial. We determined the effect of high (30%
energy) protein diets on changes in body composition, fitness
and selected health parameters after 16 weeks of diet-induced
energy restriction (–250 kcal/day) and daily resistance or/aero-
bic exercise to elicit a further 250 kcal deficit. 115 overweight
and obese men/women (age 47 ± 6 y, body mass 90.9 ± 11.7
kg, BMI 33 ± 4 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to one of three
diets: high-protein, moderate-carbohydrate (HPMC; 40% CHO:
30% Protein: 30% fat); high-protein, high-carbohydrate (HPHC:
55%: 30%: 15%); or control (CON; 55%: 15%: 30%). High
protein diets were achieved by increasing the consumption of
dairy foods. Independent of diet, 89 completing subjects lost
7.7 ± 3.2 kg FM (p < .001) and gained 0.5 ± 1.8 kg LM (p <
.01). Both waist circumference and waist to hip ratio decreased
(–8.2 ± 4.1 cm, p < .001; –0.02 ± 0.03, p = .024) across the
intervention. One repetition maximum strength (28 ± 13%),
maximal oxygen uptake (0.2 ± 0.2 L/min, 12 ± 10%), fasting
[insulin] (–1.8 ± 4.1 mIU/L) and glucose tolerance (–20 ±
57%) improved for all groups (p < .001). We conclude that 1)
independent of diet composition there was a significant loss of
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SPECIAL ISSUE
2 ISEN
FM coupled with the preservation of LM and improvements
in health-related parameters; 2) when protein intake meets or
exceed RDI’s, favourable changes in body composition can
be attained with mild energy restriction providing there is an
appropriate exercise stimulus; and 3) carbohydrate restriction
per se is not necessary to achieve optimal physique changes or
improvements in health parameters and risk factors for obesity.
Acute endurance exercises induce disorders of the gastro-
intestinal integrity in a murine model
Gutekunst, K1,2;Krüger, K2; August, C3; Diener, M4; Mooren,
FC2
1Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe-University Frank-
furt/Main. 2Department of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig-
University Gieβen. 3Institute for Pathology, Clinical Centre
Hanau. 4Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry,
Justus-Liebig-University Gieβen
Many endurance athletes complain about gastrointestinal (GI)
symptoms. GI problems are probably the most common cause of
underperformance in endurance events. Up to 90 % of distance
runners experience intestinal problems related to exercise. It is
assumed that exercise induced shift of perfusion with consecu-
tive hypoperfusion of the enteral vascular system leads to an
increased GI permeability and tissue damage. Therefore, the
aim of the study was to investigate permeability, apoptosis,
electrogenic ion transport (Isc), and tissue conductance (Gt) of
the small intestine in a murine exercise model.After measuring
the aerobic capacity by using a rodent treadmill spirometry
(custom made), 8- to 12-week-old male Swiss CD-1 mice (31.1
± 0.5 g; n = 8 per investigation-group) were subjected to an
intensive treadmill exercise (80 % VO2max). Sedentary mice
served as controls. The small intestine was removed at several
time intervals post-exercise.Apoptotic cells were determined by
the TUNEL method, while fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran
permeation indicated intestinal permeability. The Gt and Isc
measurements were carried out in a modified Ussing chamber.
Apoptosis of epithelial cells increased continuously until 24
hr after exercise (0.8 ± 0.4 versus 39.2 ± 26.0 %; p < .05).
Compared with the control group the permeability increased 2
hours after exercise (0.47 ± 0.07 versus 0.67 ± 0.14 FU/min;
p < .05). Isc measurements of the ileum were augmented after
24 hr (3.33 ± 0.56 versus 5.77 ± 1.16 μEq/h/cm2; p < .05). At
this time the Gt increased as well (28.80 ± 3.37 versus 32.5 ±
2.59 mS/cm2; p < .05). In the murine exercise model, there is
evidence that after intense endurance exercise repair processes
occur in small intestinal epithelial cells, which affect perme-
ability, Gt, and Isc. The formation of lamellipodia to close
the “leaky” tight junctions caused by apoptosis might be an
underlying mechanism.
Making weight and cognitive performance in elite light-
weight rowers
O’Neill, BV; Harpur, Jl.
GSK Human Performance Lab, Brentford, UK.
Making weight by utilizing acute and rapid weight loss tech-
niques is common practice in weight categorised sports and
has implications for physical and cognitive performance. In
particular, the literature on the cognitive effects of making
weight has primarily focused on combat sports and horse racing.
To the authors’ knowledge there are no studies on the cognitive
effects of making weight in elite lightweight rowers and this
exploratory investigation is the first to do so. Five male, national
level lightweight oarsmen (mean age 21 years; range 18-25
years, mean body mass 71 kg; range 66-75 kg) completed the
Axon Sports Computerised CognitiveAssessment Tool (CCAT)
andVisualAnalogue Scales (VAS, assessing fatigue, stress and
alertness) over the course of a 10 day period in the lead up to
an early season club time trial. Prior to the trial, athletes were
to meet a club stipulated weight target (71 kg) and for this
study, the method by which they achieved this weight was not
prescribed. From baseline to the day of the trial modest changes
in body mass were observed (mean body mass loss = 0.78
kg; range +1.06 to –1.93 %) and significant (>1.65 std from a
mean score computed from age-based within-subject standard
deviation) decrements in cognitive performance were noted for
two individuals as measured by tasks involving psychomotor
speed, that is, detection (DET) and identification (IDT) tasks.
Upon further analysis, a moderate correlation was observed
between weight loss and cognitive performance as measured
by psychomotor speed (DET) task scores (r2= 0.475, n= 4; one
participant removed due to gaining weight from baseline to day
9). Subjective VAS assessments demonstrated that subjects
were more fatigued compared to baseline on the day after the
trial (Day 10, p < .01, n = 5) with a trend towards decreased
alertness and increased stress over the weight loss and testing
period. Due to the limited sample size of the current study, the
meaningfulness of the relationships between the cognitive and
subjective variables measured is limited; however this explor-
atory study provides valuable insight into a field of limited
research. This study also suggests that weight-making strategies
in elite rowers can impact elements of cognitive performance
and requires further research to fully elucidate this relationship
and any concurrent impact on physical performance.
Placebo controlled comparison of beet root juice and inor-
ganic nitrate ingestion: effects on oxygen consumption in
trained men
Flueck, JL1,2; Bogdanova, A3; Mettler, S4; Perret, C2
1Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, imMed PhD
Program, University of Zurich, Switzerland. 2Swiss Paraplegic
Centre, Institute of Sports Medicine, Nottwil, Switzerland.
3Institute for Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich,
Switzerland. 4Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH
Zurich, Switzerland.
The influence of dietary nitrate such as beet root juice (BR) on
physiological exercise performance is controversially discussed
in sport science these days. It was shown, that nitrate may reduce
permeation indicated intestinal permeability. The Gt and Isc
measurements were carried out in a modified Ussing chamber.
Apoptosis of epithelial cells increased continuously until 24
hr after exercise (0.8 ± 0.4 versus 39.2 ± 26.0 %; p < .05).
Compared with the control group the permeability increased 2
hours after exercise (0.47 ± 0.07 versus 0.67 ± 0.14 FU/min;
p < .05). Isc measurements of the ileum were augmented after
24 hr (3.33 ± 0.56 versus 5.77 ± 1.16 μEq/h/cm2; p < .05). At
this time the Gt increased as well (28.80 ± 3.37 versus 32.5 ±
2.59 mS/cm2; p < .05). In the murine exercise model, there is
evidence that after intense endurance exercise repair processes
occur in small intestinal epithelial cells, which affect perme-
ability, Gt, and Isc. The formation of lamellipodia to close
the “leaky” tight junctions caused by apoptosis might be an
underlying mechanism.
Making weight and cognitive performance in elite light-
weight rowers
O’Neill, BV; Harpur, Jl.
in elite rowers
and requires fu
and any concu
Placebo contr
ganic nitrate
trained men
Flueck, JL1,2;
1Zurich Cente
Program, Univ
Centre, Institu
3Institute for
Switzerland. 4
Zurich, Switze
The influence
physiological e
in sport science
2 ISEN
FM coupled with the preservation of LM and improvements
in health-related parameters; 2) when protein intake meets or
exceed RDI’s, favourable changes in body composition can
be attained with mild energy restriction providing there is an
appropriate exercise stimulus; and 3) carbohydrate restriction
per se is not necessary to achieve optimal physique changes or
improvements in health parameters and risk factors for obesity.
Acute endurance exercises induce disorders of the gastro-
intestinal integrity in a murine model
Gutekunst, K1,2;Krüger, K2; August, C3; Diener, M4; Mooren,
FC2
1Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe-University Frank-
furt/Main. 2Department of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig-
University Gieβen. 3Institute for Pathology, Clinical Centre
Hanau. 4Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry,
Justus-Liebig-University Gieβen
Many endurance athletes complain about gastrointestinal (GI)
symptoms. GI problems are probably the most common cause of
underperformance in endurance events. Up to 90 % of distance
runners experience intestinal problems related to exercise. It is
assumed that exercise induced shift of perfusion with consecu-
tive hypoperfusion of the enteral vascular system leads to an
increased GI permeability and tissue damage. Therefore, the
aim of the study was to investigate permeability, apoptosis,
electrogenic ion transport (Isc), and tissue conductance (Gt) of
the small intestine in a murine exercise model.After measuring
the aerobic capacity by using a rodent treadmill spirometry
(custom made), 8- to 12-week-old male Swiss CD-1 mice (31.1
± 0.5 g; n = 8 per investigation-group) were subjected to an
intensive treadmill exercise (80 % VO2max). Sedentary mice
served as controls. The small intestine was removed at several
time intervals post-exercise.Apoptotic cells were determined by
the TUNEL method, while fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran
permeation indicated intestinal permeability. The Gt and Isc
measurements were carried out in a modified Ussing chamber.
Apoptosis of epithelial cells increased continuously until 24
hr after exercise (0.8 ± 0.4 versus 39.2 ± 26.0 %; p < .05).
Compared with the control group the permeability increased 2
hours after exercise (0.47 ± 0.07 versus 0.67 ± 0.14 FU/min;
p < .05). Isc measurements of the ileum were augmented after
24 hr (3.33 ± 0.56 versus 5.77 ± 1.16 μEq/h/cm2; p < .05). At
this time the Gt increased as well (28.80 ± 3.37 versus 32.5 ±
2.59 mS/cm2; p < .05). In the murine exercise model, there is
evidence that after intense endurance exercise repair processes
occur in small intestinal epithelial cells, which affect perme-
GSK Human Performance Lab, Brentford, UK.
Making weight by utilizing acute and rapid weight loss tech-
niques is common practice in weight categorised sports and
has implications for physical and cognitive performance. In
particular, the literature on the cognitive effects of making
weight has primarily focused on combat sports and horse racing.
To the authors’ knowledge there are no studies on the cognitive
effects of making weight in elite lightweight rowers and this
exploratory investigation is the first to do so. Five male, national
level lightweight oarsmen (mean age 21 years; range 18-25
years, mean body mass 71 kg; range 66-75 kg) completed the
Axon Sports Computerised CognitiveAssessment Tool (CCAT)
andVisualAnalogue Scales (VAS, assessing fatigue, stress and
alertness) over the course of a 10 day period in the lead up to
an early season club time trial. Prior to the trial, athletes were
to meet a club stipulated weight target (71 kg) and for this
study, the method by which they achieved this weight was not
prescribed. From baseline to the day of the trial modest changes
in body mass were observed (mean body mass loss = 0.78
kg; range +1.06 to –1.93 %) and significant (>1.65 std from a
mean score computed from age-based within-subject standard
deviation) decrements in cognitive performance were noted for
two individuals as measured by tasks involving psychomotor
speed, that is, detection (DET) and identification (IDT) tasks.
Upon further analysis, a moderate correlation was observed
between weight loss and cognitive performance as measured
by psychomotor speed (DET) task scores (r2= 0.475, n= 4; one
participant removed due to gaining weight from baseline to day
9). Subjective VAS assessments demonstrated that subjects
were more fatigued compared to baseline on the day after the
trial (Day 10, p < .01, n = 5) with a trend towards decreased
alertness and increased stress over the weight loss and testing
period. Due to the limited sample size of the current study, the
meaningfulness of the relationships between the cognitive and
subjective variables measured is limited; however this explor-
atory study provides valuable insight into a field of limited
research. This study also suggests that weight-making strategies
in elite rowers can impact elements of cognitive performance
and requires further research to fully elucidate this relationship
and any concurrent impact on physical performance.
Placebo controlled comparison of beet root juice and inor-
ganic nitrate ingestion: effects on oxygen consumption in
trained men
Flueck, JL1,2; Bogdanova, A3; Mettler, S4; Perret, C2
1Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, imMed PhD