Industry and technology are rapidly developing with each passing day. They need energy to sustain this evolution. The demand of energy is mainly provided from fossil fuels. Unfortunately, this kind of energy reserves are consumed away day by day. Therefore, there is a need to use alternative energy sources to supply energy needs. Alternative energy sources can be listed as; solar, wind, wave, biomass, geothermal and hydro-electric power. Our country has significant potential for wind energy. Wind power density estimation is required to determine the wind potential. In this study, the wind power density was estimated by using artificial neural network (ANN) method. Forty meteorological stations were used for ANN training, while eighteen meteorological stations were used to test the trained network. Network has trained according to, respectively; trainlm, trainbfg, trainscg, traincgp traincgb, traincgf ve trainoss learning algorithms. The correlation coefficient (R) and Mean bias error (MBE) of the best developed model were calculated as 0,9767 and -0,3124 W/m2 respectively. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was calculated as 1,4786 W/m2. In conclusion, the obtained results demonstrate that the developed model can be used to estimate the wind power density.
Energy and exergy analysis for biomass co firing coal fuel based thermal powe...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Suitable Wind Turbine Selection using Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential in ...IJCI JOURNAL
Nowadays, low environmental impact of wind energy is attractive. This paper aims to investigate the wind-power production potential of sites in North of Iran. Analysis of the wind speed of one city in the province of MAZANDARAN which is located in north of Iran is performed in this paper. The class of this site is a class one wind power site and the annual average wind speed is 3.58 m/s. The power density of this site is 99 W/m2 at 50 m height. Wind speed data measured over a five-year period at a typical site on the north coast of Iran are presented. The annual wind speeds at different heights have been studied to make optimum selection of wind turbine installation among three commercial turbines
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Simulate the dispersion pattern of Suspended Particulate Matter in the vicini...IJERA Editor
Air quality modeling is an essential tool for most air pollution studies. This work deals with the use of the Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) model at a Thermal Power Plant. The study is performed over a period of 5-days. The objective of this study was to simulate the dispersion pattern of SPM in the vicinity of Thermal Power Plants at Neyveli. In order to simulate the dispersion pattern of Suspended Particulate Matter in Neyveli, a short term meteorological monitoring was conducted from 26.05.2008 to 30.05.2008. ISCST3 model was employed to simulate the concentration of Suspended particulate matter felt on the downwind locations of the neighbourhood of the Thermal power stations based on the observed wind data. The most predominant wind directions were from SSE and NW. Hence, the pollutants were transported towards NNW and SSE respectively. It is well evidenced from the pollution roses shown that diurnal variations of the dispersion of SPM in the neighbourhood of Thermal Power Plants. The concentrations of SPM were well below the 8 hour Ambient Air Quality standards.
A New Temperature-Based Model for Estimating Global Solar Radiation in Port-...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Energy and exergy analysis for biomass co firing coal fuel based thermal powe...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Suitable Wind Turbine Selection using Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential in ...IJCI JOURNAL
Nowadays, low environmental impact of wind energy is attractive. This paper aims to investigate the wind-power production potential of sites in North of Iran. Analysis of the wind speed of one city in the province of MAZANDARAN which is located in north of Iran is performed in this paper. The class of this site is a class one wind power site and the annual average wind speed is 3.58 m/s. The power density of this site is 99 W/m2 at 50 m height. Wind speed data measured over a five-year period at a typical site on the north coast of Iran are presented. The annual wind speeds at different heights have been studied to make optimum selection of wind turbine installation among three commercial turbines
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Simulate the dispersion pattern of Suspended Particulate Matter in the vicini...IJERA Editor
Air quality modeling is an essential tool for most air pollution studies. This work deals with the use of the Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) model at a Thermal Power Plant. The study is performed over a period of 5-days. The objective of this study was to simulate the dispersion pattern of SPM in the vicinity of Thermal Power Plants at Neyveli. In order to simulate the dispersion pattern of Suspended Particulate Matter in Neyveli, a short term meteorological monitoring was conducted from 26.05.2008 to 30.05.2008. ISCST3 model was employed to simulate the concentration of Suspended particulate matter felt on the downwind locations of the neighbourhood of the Thermal power stations based on the observed wind data. The most predominant wind directions were from SSE and NW. Hence, the pollutants were transported towards NNW and SSE respectively. It is well evidenced from the pollution roses shown that diurnal variations of the dispersion of SPM in the neighbourhood of Thermal Power Plants. The concentrations of SPM were well below the 8 hour Ambient Air Quality standards.
A New Temperature-Based Model for Estimating Global Solar Radiation in Port-...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Assessment of Landsat 8 TIRS data capability for the preliminary study of geo...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
West Sumatra is one of has big geothermal energy resources potential. Remote sensing technology can have a role in geothermal exploration activity to measure the distribution of land surface temperatures (LST) and predict the geothermal potential area. Main study to obtain the assessment of Landsat 8 TIRS (Landsat`s Thermal Infrared Sensor) data capability for geothermal energy resources estimation. Mono-window algorithms were used to generate the LST maps. Data set was combined with a digital elevation model (DEM) to identify the potential geothermal energy based on the variation in surface temperature. The result that were derived from LST map of West Sumatra shows that ranged from -8.6 C0 to 32.59 C0 and the different temperatures are represented by a graduated pink to brown shading. A calculated result clearly identifies the hot areas in the dataset, which are brown in colour images. Lima Puluh Kota, Tanah Datar, Solok, and South Solok areas showed the high-temperature value (Brown) in the range of 28.1 C0 to 32.59 C0 color in images which means that they possess high potential for generating thermal energy. In contrast, the temperatures were lower (Pink) in the north-eastern areas and the range distribution was from-8.5 C0 to 5 C0.
Earthquake prediction by using evidential reasoning approacheSAT Journals
Abstract
Earthquake is considered as one of the biggest threats for the modern civilization. It ruins a large number of buildings throughout
the world. Many people die and huge amount of property is destroyed because of this dangerous natural disaster. This is not
possible to stop earthquake. So, the only way to save lives and properties from earthquake is the early prediction of it. Many
researches have been conducting on it and an expert system has been developed. But the developed system cannot handle
uncertainties which provides some inexact results. However, this paper presents a system that predicts earthquake from some
signs and patterns by using Evidential Reasoning Approach. The proposed system deals with uncertainties and produces the most
accurate results.
Key Words: Earthquake; natural disaster; Evidential Reasoning Approach; Signs and patterns.
EFFECTS OF SUNLIGHT INTENSITY ON TURBO JET ENGINE OF AIRCRAFT IAEME Publication
The reasons behind the raise of the temperature of turbo jet engine of aircrafts was investigated which leads to damaging the engine and costs the government huge expenses in case the plane is on ground and costs lives and expenses in case the aircraft is in flight. My daily study over the course of a year has proved the effect of sunlight on the temperature of turbo jet engine over the city of Kirkuk which lies on longitude 44.4 latitude 35.5.
Comparative evaluation of different potential evapotranspiration estimation a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Ozone and Aerosol Index as radiation amplification factor of UV index over Eg...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Application of Exergy and Taguchi Methodology for a Power Plant under Varying...IJERA Editor
In this study, exergy efficiencies of a thermal power plant under different operating conditions have been investigated. Taguchi method is applied using three factors, namely, ambient temperature, condenser pressure and steam temperature with three levels of each. The operating conditions are planned and are set following orthogonal array of L9 and regression analysis is carried out in order to determine the effects of process parameters on exergy efficiency for the power plant. The correlation between exergy efficiencies and operating parameters are obtained by a 2nd order polynomial regression analysis and compared with the actual results and found to be quite correct having average error is about 1% only.
Comparison of Different Evapotranspiration Estimation Techniques for Mohanpur...ijceronline
The accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) plays a pivotal role in water resources planning and management studies. The present study was attempted to estimate the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) using three temperature based methods namely, Blaney-Criddle method, Thornthwaite method and Hargreaves-Samani model and three radiation based methods namely, Turc method, Priestly-Taylor model, and FAO - 24 Radiation Model for Mohanpur area, Nadia district, West Bengal. ET estimates of the above mentioned methods were then compared with FAO Penman - Monteith (FAO-56 PM) method, which was considered as the standard method of ETo estimation, to check the capabilities of different models to predict ETo for the study area. The present analysis was carried out using 10-years daily weather data of Mohanpur weather station. The results of the study revealed that, the ETo values at Mohanpur, Nadia district, West Bengal, India were in the range of 3.5 mm/day to 5.0 mm/day. A rank was assigned to different methods based on the comparative analysis of different ETo estimation methods with FAO-56 PM method and it could be inferred that Turc method as the closest method and Thornthwaite method as the least-matched method to FAO 56 Penman-Monteith for the study area
Delineation of Mahanadi River Basin by Using GIS and ArcSWATinventionjournals
Precipitation is the significant segment of hydrologic cycle and this essential wellspring of overflow. In hydrological models precipitation as information, release is mimicked at the outlet of a watershed. Exactness of release re-enactment relies on drainage zone of the watershed. Therefore in the present work Mahanadi river basin lying within Odisha (drainage area approximately 65000 sq. km.) has been delineated in to five subbasins based on the five CWC operated discharge sites in Odisha. In the present work Arc-Swat has been used to delineate the watershed with the help of the (digital elevation model) DEM. At last as indicated by area of release locales, the aggregate study range was isolated into five sub-basins in particular Kesinga, Kantamal, Salebhata, Sundergarh and Tikarpada. It was observed that number of sub-watersheds into which the study area is being depicted relies on number of outlets and density of drainage. For a specific number of outlets, the thick is the density of drainage the more is the quantity of sub-watershed and the other way around.
Konferencijos "Transporto infrastruktūros inovacijos 2015" pranešimas "GeoBIM – a tool for optimal use of geotechnical data", autorius Mats Svensson, Tyréns AB.
Spatio-Temporal Trend Analysis of Projected Temperature over Rwandaiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Coordination of blade pitch controller and battery energy storage using firef...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Utilization of renewable energy sources (RESs) to generate electricity is increasing significantly in recent years due to global warming situation all over the world. Among RESs type, wind energy is becoming more favorable due to its sustainability and environmentally friendly characteristics. Although wind power system provides a promising solution to prevent global warming, they also contribute to the instability of the power system, especially in frequency stability due to uncertainty characteristic of the sources (wind speed). Hence, coordinated controller between blade pitch controller and battery energy storage (BES) system to enhance the frequency performance of wind power system is proposed in this work. Firefly algorithm (FA) is used as optimization method for achieving better coordination. From the investigated test systems, the frequency performance of wind power system can be increased by applying the proposed method. It is noticeable that by applying coordinated controller between blade pitch angle controller and battery energy storage using firefly algorithm the overshoot of the frequency can be reduced up to -0.2141 pu and accelerate the settling time up to 40.14 second.
Algeria engages with determination on the path renewable energies to bring global and long-lasting
solutions to the environmental challenges and to the problems of conservation of the energy resources of
fossil origin. Our study is interested on the wind spinneret which seems one of the most promising with a
very high global growth rate. The object of this article is to estimate the wind deposit of the region of Oran
(Es Senia), important stage in any planning and realization of wind plant. In our work, we began with the
processing of schedules data relative to the wind collected over a period of more than 50 years, to evaluate
the wind potential while determining its frequencies. Then, we calculated the total electrical energy
produced at various heights with three types of wind turbines.The analysis of the results shows that the
wind turbines of major powers allow producing important quantities of energy when we increase the height
of their hubs to take advantage of stronger speeds of wind.
Calculating Wind Farm Production in Al-Shihabi (South Of Iraq) Using WASPIJERA Editor
The Wind Turbine farms are becoming popular in the renewable energy world. In this research, the Wind Atlas
Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) has been used to estimate wind power density in Al-Shihabi (south
of Iraq). All statistical operations on data series are obtained from Field data collected from the wind
measurement towers which installed by the Science and Technology Ministry at Kut city south of IRAQ at three
heights (10, 30, 50 m). The wind turbine selected for this study to be installed in the wind farm are Bonus-
300kw, 600kw The Annual Energy Production (AEP) has been calculate which varies between (746.990 -
759.446 MWH) at 30 m and it s varies between produced AEP (1.576 - 1.600 GWh) at 50 m ,this site classified
as ( class-1).
Assessment of Landsat 8 TIRS data capability for the preliminary study of geo...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
West Sumatra is one of has big geothermal energy resources potential. Remote sensing technology can have a role in geothermal exploration activity to measure the distribution of land surface temperatures (LST) and predict the geothermal potential area. Main study to obtain the assessment of Landsat 8 TIRS (Landsat`s Thermal Infrared Sensor) data capability for geothermal energy resources estimation. Mono-window algorithms were used to generate the LST maps. Data set was combined with a digital elevation model (DEM) to identify the potential geothermal energy based on the variation in surface temperature. The result that were derived from LST map of West Sumatra shows that ranged from -8.6 C0 to 32.59 C0 and the different temperatures are represented by a graduated pink to brown shading. A calculated result clearly identifies the hot areas in the dataset, which are brown in colour images. Lima Puluh Kota, Tanah Datar, Solok, and South Solok areas showed the high-temperature value (Brown) in the range of 28.1 C0 to 32.59 C0 color in images which means that they possess high potential for generating thermal energy. In contrast, the temperatures were lower (Pink) in the north-eastern areas and the range distribution was from-8.5 C0 to 5 C0.
Earthquake prediction by using evidential reasoning approacheSAT Journals
Abstract
Earthquake is considered as one of the biggest threats for the modern civilization. It ruins a large number of buildings throughout
the world. Many people die and huge amount of property is destroyed because of this dangerous natural disaster. This is not
possible to stop earthquake. So, the only way to save lives and properties from earthquake is the early prediction of it. Many
researches have been conducting on it and an expert system has been developed. But the developed system cannot handle
uncertainties which provides some inexact results. However, this paper presents a system that predicts earthquake from some
signs and patterns by using Evidential Reasoning Approach. The proposed system deals with uncertainties and produces the most
accurate results.
Key Words: Earthquake; natural disaster; Evidential Reasoning Approach; Signs and patterns.
EFFECTS OF SUNLIGHT INTENSITY ON TURBO JET ENGINE OF AIRCRAFT IAEME Publication
The reasons behind the raise of the temperature of turbo jet engine of aircrafts was investigated which leads to damaging the engine and costs the government huge expenses in case the plane is on ground and costs lives and expenses in case the aircraft is in flight. My daily study over the course of a year has proved the effect of sunlight on the temperature of turbo jet engine over the city of Kirkuk which lies on longitude 44.4 latitude 35.5.
Comparative evaluation of different potential evapotranspiration estimation a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Ozone and Aerosol Index as radiation amplification factor of UV index over Eg...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Application of Exergy and Taguchi Methodology for a Power Plant under Varying...IJERA Editor
In this study, exergy efficiencies of a thermal power plant under different operating conditions have been investigated. Taguchi method is applied using three factors, namely, ambient temperature, condenser pressure and steam temperature with three levels of each. The operating conditions are planned and are set following orthogonal array of L9 and regression analysis is carried out in order to determine the effects of process parameters on exergy efficiency for the power plant. The correlation between exergy efficiencies and operating parameters are obtained by a 2nd order polynomial regression analysis and compared with the actual results and found to be quite correct having average error is about 1% only.
Comparison of Different Evapotranspiration Estimation Techniques for Mohanpur...ijceronline
The accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) plays a pivotal role in water resources planning and management studies. The present study was attempted to estimate the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) using three temperature based methods namely, Blaney-Criddle method, Thornthwaite method and Hargreaves-Samani model and three radiation based methods namely, Turc method, Priestly-Taylor model, and FAO - 24 Radiation Model for Mohanpur area, Nadia district, West Bengal. ET estimates of the above mentioned methods were then compared with FAO Penman - Monteith (FAO-56 PM) method, which was considered as the standard method of ETo estimation, to check the capabilities of different models to predict ETo for the study area. The present analysis was carried out using 10-years daily weather data of Mohanpur weather station. The results of the study revealed that, the ETo values at Mohanpur, Nadia district, West Bengal, India were in the range of 3.5 mm/day to 5.0 mm/day. A rank was assigned to different methods based on the comparative analysis of different ETo estimation methods with FAO-56 PM method and it could be inferred that Turc method as the closest method and Thornthwaite method as the least-matched method to FAO 56 Penman-Monteith for the study area
Delineation of Mahanadi River Basin by Using GIS and ArcSWATinventionjournals
Precipitation is the significant segment of hydrologic cycle and this essential wellspring of overflow. In hydrological models precipitation as information, release is mimicked at the outlet of a watershed. Exactness of release re-enactment relies on drainage zone of the watershed. Therefore in the present work Mahanadi river basin lying within Odisha (drainage area approximately 65000 sq. km.) has been delineated in to five subbasins based on the five CWC operated discharge sites in Odisha. In the present work Arc-Swat has been used to delineate the watershed with the help of the (digital elevation model) DEM. At last as indicated by area of release locales, the aggregate study range was isolated into five sub-basins in particular Kesinga, Kantamal, Salebhata, Sundergarh and Tikarpada. It was observed that number of sub-watersheds into which the study area is being depicted relies on number of outlets and density of drainage. For a specific number of outlets, the thick is the density of drainage the more is the quantity of sub-watershed and the other way around.
Konferencijos "Transporto infrastruktūros inovacijos 2015" pranešimas "GeoBIM – a tool for optimal use of geotechnical data", autorius Mats Svensson, Tyréns AB.
Spatio-Temporal Trend Analysis of Projected Temperature over Rwandaiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Coordination of blade pitch controller and battery energy storage using firef...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Utilization of renewable energy sources (RESs) to generate electricity is increasing significantly in recent years due to global warming situation all over the world. Among RESs type, wind energy is becoming more favorable due to its sustainability and environmentally friendly characteristics. Although wind power system provides a promising solution to prevent global warming, they also contribute to the instability of the power system, especially in frequency stability due to uncertainty characteristic of the sources (wind speed). Hence, coordinated controller between blade pitch controller and battery energy storage (BES) system to enhance the frequency performance of wind power system is proposed in this work. Firefly algorithm (FA) is used as optimization method for achieving better coordination. From the investigated test systems, the frequency performance of wind power system can be increased by applying the proposed method. It is noticeable that by applying coordinated controller between blade pitch angle controller and battery energy storage using firefly algorithm the overshoot of the frequency can be reduced up to -0.2141 pu and accelerate the settling time up to 40.14 second.
Algeria engages with determination on the path renewable energies to bring global and long-lasting
solutions to the environmental challenges and to the problems of conservation of the energy resources of
fossil origin. Our study is interested on the wind spinneret which seems one of the most promising with a
very high global growth rate. The object of this article is to estimate the wind deposit of the region of Oran
(Es Senia), important stage in any planning and realization of wind plant. In our work, we began with the
processing of schedules data relative to the wind collected over a period of more than 50 years, to evaluate
the wind potential while determining its frequencies. Then, we calculated the total electrical energy
produced at various heights with three types of wind turbines.The analysis of the results shows that the
wind turbines of major powers allow producing important quantities of energy when we increase the height
of their hubs to take advantage of stronger speeds of wind.
Calculating Wind Farm Production in Al-Shihabi (South Of Iraq) Using WASPIJERA Editor
The Wind Turbine farms are becoming popular in the renewable energy world. In this research, the Wind Atlas
Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) has been used to estimate wind power density in Al-Shihabi (south
of Iraq). All statistical operations on data series are obtained from Field data collected from the wind
measurement towers which installed by the Science and Technology Ministry at Kut city south of IRAQ at three
heights (10, 30, 50 m). The wind turbine selected for this study to be installed in the wind farm are Bonus-
300kw, 600kw The Annual Energy Production (AEP) has been calculate which varies between (746.990 -
759.446 MWH) at 30 m and it s varies between produced AEP (1.576 - 1.600 GWh) at 50 m ,this site classified
as ( class-1).
FEASIBILITY OF USING WIND ENERGY FOR IRRIGATION IN IRAQ IAEME Publication
The possibility of using the wind energy for pumping in Iraq has been discussed and evaluated. This research includes a theoretical assessment in order to find solution for the technical and economic problems of water pumping from wells and explain the field of utilization this energy.Wind speed for different sites in Iraq which used to calculate the amount of water required for each crop. The energy needed by each location, its characteristics, and usage are determined by studying the results of the field investigations related to water requirements and wind characteristics at each location.
The possibility of using the wind energy for pumping in Iraq has been discussed and
evaluated. This research includes a theoretical assessment in order to find solution for the technical
and economic problems of water pumping from wells and explain the field of utilization this energy.
Wind speed for different sites in Iraq which used to calculate the amount of water required for each
crop. The energy needed by each location, its characteristics, and usage are determined by studying
the results of the field investigations related to water requirements and wind characteristics at each
location.
SIMULATION OF SOIL TEMPERATURE VARIATION FOR GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS IAEME Publication
This paper aims to predict ground temperature variation with depth for time variantambient air temperature and solar radiation data for Jamshedpur, India. Fourier series and
CFD techniques have been employed to determine diurnal and annual temperature variationfor the hottest and the coldest day of the year 2015.The diurnal temperature variation is up to
0.2m depth of soil whereas annual temperature variation isupto 3m depth.
Energy for fulfilling basic community/individual needs has come to constitute the first article of
expectation in all contemporary societies. The exploitation of renewables notably solar in electricity
generation has brought relief to the fulfilment of energy demand especially among susceptible
communities. In this paper yearly minimum solar radiation of Kano (12.05°N; 08.2°E; altitude 472.5 m; 3 air
density 1.1705 kg/m3) for 46 years is used to generate a prediction model that fits the data using
autoregressive moving average (ARMA) and a new model termed autoregressive moving average process
(ARMAP). Comparison between the ARMA and ARMAP models showed a tremendous improve in the sum
of square error reduction between the actual data and the forecasted data by 47%.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Conducted wind resource assessment study in western himalayan region and undertook geographical study of site. Work involved data analysis, validation for establishing and predicting of wind power generation potential at given site.
Testing and Performance of Parabolic Trough Collector in Indian climateIJSRD
A parabolic trough collector is a type of solar thermal collector that is straight in one dimension and curved as a parabola in the other two, lined with a polished metal. The energy of sunlight which enters the mirror parallel to its plane of symmetry is focused along the focal line, where object is positioned that is intended to be heated. It consists of a tube, which runs the length of the trough at its focal line. The mirror is oriented so that sunlight which it reflects is concentrated on the tube, which contains a fluid which is heated to a high temperature by the energy of the sunlight. The hot fluid can be used for many purposes.
Testing and Performance of Parabolic Trough Collector in Indian climateIJSRD
A parabolic trough collector is a type of solar thermal collector that is straight in one dimension and curved as a parabola in the other two, lined with a polished metal. The energy of sunlight which enters the mirror parallel to its plane of symmetry is focused along the focal line, where object is positioned that is intended to be heated. It consists of a tube, which runs the length of the trough at its focal line. The mirror is oriented so that sunlight which it reflects is concentrated on the tube, which contains a fluid which is heated to a high temperature by the energy of the sunlight. The hot fluid can be used for many purposes.
SIMULATION OF VAPOR AND HEAT FLUXES OVER WET AND DRY REGIME IN PADDY FIELD EN...IAEME Publication
Alternating dry-wet paddy field management such as System of Rice Intensification
(SRI) had become an interesting subject in research and development in paddy
cultivation which also been subject for trial for its implementation. The field’s
environment’s variation of biophysical parameters related to production had also
become important to be studied. This study aims to simulate the variation of
evaporation and thermal condition over a wet and dry regime of paddy field. The
simulation model used in this study was a combination of numerical surface energy
balance and soil water flow model consisting two layered resistance energy balance
model for non-ponded field, one-dimensional atmospheric boundary layer model of
wind, temperature and vapor changes, and soil heat transfer and soil water flow
models. Meteorological parameters at the site were measured and utilized as input for
the simulation. The simulation shows the fluctuating latent, sensible and ground heat
flux and also the variation of temperature, and soil condition for wet and dry regime
of paddy field.
The aonla (Phyllanthus emblica), a fruit rich in vitamin-C, has high medicinal importance in
human life. Drying of aonla in the form of flakes and powder is one of the widely used methods of
its preservation. Thermal kinetics during drying a hygroscopic material in thin layer, the moisture
ratio is calculated by the Half Life Time Method. The experiment was conducted at an average
velocity of 0.48m/s, relative humidity 35% and temperature in the range from 40 to 750C. Comparing
the experimental values with the predicted values using Newton’s Model, Page Model, Modified
Page Model on the basis of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), chi-square(χ
2
) and Efficiency (EF),
RMSE and χ
2 were found lowest and EF .RMSE lay between 0.0382 and 0.0094, reduced χ
2
between 0.000132 and 0.00761 and EF between 0.9598 and 0.9985.Thus, this thermal kinetic model
can be used to predict the moisture of the aonla at any drying instant during thin layer drying
process with reasonable accuracy.
Yapay sinir ağı ve noaaavhrr uydu verilerini kullanarak hava sıcaklığının tah...mehmet şahin
iklim değişikliği, çeşitli ısı ve radyasyon akılarının belirlenmesinde, buhar basınç açığı, su potansiyeli, kentsel arazi kullanımı
ve ısı adası, kısa dalga ve uzun dalga radyasyon, stoma direnci, ekoloji, hidroloji ve atmosfer bilimleri de dahil olmak üzere bir
çok uygulama için kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca, hava sıcaklığı bilgisi insan sağlığı için gereklidir. Bu kadar önemli olan hava
sıcaklığı, meteorolojik istasyonlarda ölçülmektedir. Fakat istasyon dağılımları yeryüzünde yeterli düzeyde olmadığı gibi yeterli
sayıda istasyon da bulunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle, uydular kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Literatürde yer yüzey sıcaklığı tahmini
yapmak için oldukça fazla algoritma geliştirilmesine rağmen doğrudan hava sıcaklığını tahmin eden algoritmalar yeterince
geliştirilememiştir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada yapay sinir ağı kullanılarak hava sıcaklığı tahmini yapılmıştır. Yapay sinir ağda
ay, yükseklik, enlem, boylam, aylık ortalama yer yüzey sıcaklıkları girdi olarak kullanılırken, aylık ortalama hava sıcaklığı çıktı
olarak elde edilmiştir. Girdi parametrelerinden yer yüzey sıcaklığı, NOAA/AVHRR datalarından sağlanmıştır. Ağda öğrenme
algoritmaları olarak; tarinlm, trainscg, trainoss kullanılırken transfer fonksiyonu olarak tansig, logsig ve lineer kullanılmıştır.
Ocak 1995’den Aralık 2005’e kadar olarak zaman aralığı, çalışma periyodu olarak belirlenmiştir. Ağın eğitilmesi için 1995-
2004 yılları arası veriler kullanılırken, test verisi olarak 2005 yılı verileri kullanılmıştır. Tahmin sonuçlarının, gerçek datalarla
istatistiksel olarak değerlendirilmesi yapılmış olup hata değeri oldukça az çıkmıştır. El edilen en iyi modellemede, korelasyon
katsayısı ve kök ortalama kare hatası sırasıyla 0.996 ve 1.253 K olarak hesaplanmıştır.
Siirt ilinin yer yüzey sıcaklığının belirlenmesi için farklı split window alg...mehmet şahin
Land surface temperature is an important parameter to control the energy exchange between earth's surface and atmosphere.
In addition, land surface temperature is used in the development of computer modelling of many environmental quantity as
climate change, numerical weather prediction, global water cycle, drought index, solar radiation and frost. In this study,
visible and near infrared channels (channels 1 and 2) and thermal channels (channels 4 and 5) of NOAA / AVHRR satellite
images were used to obtain land surface temperature data. Price-1984, Becker and Li–1990 and Ulivieri et al.-1994 algorithms
were determined to calculate the land surface temperature. Results of land surface temperature obtained from satellite
algorithms were compared in terms of statistics based on the location of Siirt with the actual land surface temperatures
obtained from General Directorate of Meteorology. According to the results; Root Mean Square Error values of Price-1984,
Becker and Li-1990, and Ulivieri et al.-1994 algorithms were calculated as 3.308K, 2.681K and 2.171K, respectively. In the
same order, the correlation coefficients of algorithms were obtained as 0.972, 0974 and 0984. It has been reached to
conclude that using Ulivieri et al.-1994 algorithm is appropriate to estimate land surface temperature that has been obtained
from Ulivieri et al.-1994 algorithm for getting with the lowest error in satellite-based solar energy calculations.
Forecasting of air temperature based on remotemehmet şahin
The aim of this research is to forecast air temperature based on remote sensing data. So, land surface
temperature and air temperature values which were measured by Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and
Water Affairs (Turkish State Meteorological Service) during the period 1995–2001 at seven stations (Adana,
Ankara, Balıkesir, Đzmir, Samsun, Sanlıurfa, Van) were compared. The monthly land surface temperature and
air temperature were used to have correlation coefficients over Turkey. An empirical method was obtained from
equation of correlation coefficients. Separately, Price algorithm was used for the estimation of land surface
temperature values to get air temperatures. Then as statistical, air temperature values, belongs to meteorological
data in Turkey (26–45ºE and 36–42ºN) throughout 2002, were evaluated. The research results showed that
accuracy of estimation of the air temperature changes from 2.453ºK to 2.825ºK by root mean square error.
Estimation of global solar radiation by using machine learning methodsmehmet şahin
In this study, global solar radiation (GSR) was estimated based on 53 locations by using ELM, SVR, KNN, LR and NU-SVR methods. Methods were trained with a two-year data set and accuracy of the mentioned methods was tested with a one-year data set. The data set of each year was consisting of 12 months. Whereas the values of month, altitude, latitude, longitude, vapour pressure deficit and land surface temperature were used as input for developing models, GSR was obtained as output. Values of vapour pressure deficit and land surface temperature were taken from radiometry of NOAA-AVHRR satellite. Estimated solar radiation data were compared with actual data that were obtained from meteorological stations. According to statistical results, most successful method was NU-SVR method. The RMSE and MBE values of NU-SVR method were found to be 1,4972 MJ/m2 and 0,2652 MJ/m2, respectively. R value was 0,9728. Furthermore, worst prediction method was LR. For other methods, RMSE values were changing between 1,7746 MJ/m2 and 2,4546 MJ/m2. It can be seen from the statistical results that ELM, SVR, k-NN and NU-SVR methods can be used for estimation of GSR.
Calculation of solar radiation by using regression methodsmehmet şahin
Abstract. In this study, solar radiation was estimated at 53 location over Turkey with
varying climatic conditions using the Linear, Ridge, Lasso, Smoother, Partial least, KNN
and Gaussian process regression methods. The data of 2002 and 2003 years were used to
obtain regression coefficients of relevant methods. The coefficients were obtained based on
the input parameters. Input parameters were month, altitude, latitude, longitude and landsurface
temperature (LST).The values for LST were obtained from the data of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
(NOAA-AVHRR) satellite. Solar radiation was calculated using obtained coefficients in
regression methods for 2004 year. The results were compared statistically. The most
successful method was Gaussian process regression method. The most unsuccessful method
was lasso regression method. While means bias error (MBE) value of Gaussian process
regression method was 0,274 MJ/m2, root mean square error (RMSE) value of method was
calculated as 2,260 MJ/m2. The correlation coefficient of related method was calculated as
0,941. Statistical results are consistent with the literature. Used the Gaussian process
regression method is recommended for other studies.
Estimation of solar radiation by different machine learning methodsmehmet şahin
In this study, solar radiation was estimated depend on 34 locations. While doing distribution
of the locations on Turkey, they were taken into consideration to be different climatic
conditions. In the study, meteorological data was used between the years of 2007 and 2015. The
meteorological data which were used, were land surface temperature at 5 cm, air temperature,
sunshine duration and solar radiation. As geographical data, locations of latitude, longitude
and altitude were used. Three different methods were used for estimating the solar radiation.
These are the methods of multilayer perceptron neural network, multiple regression and radial
basis function network. The estimation results obtained from the methods were compared with
the actual values obtained from the meteorological station, statistically. The mean bias error
(MBE), root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R) were used as evaluation
criteria. According to statistical results, multilayer perceptron neural networks has given the
most successful result in the three methods. The MBE, RMSE and R values of method were
calculated as 1.5321 MJ/m2, 2.4295 MJ/m2, and 0.9428, respectively. It is recommended to
researchers to use multilayer perceptron neural networks method for studies in this area.
Determination of wind energy potential of campus area of siirt universitymehmet şahin
In this study, wind energy potential of Siirt
University campus area is statistically examined by using the mean hourly wind speed data between 2014
and 2015 years which are measured by Vantage Pro2 device, located at the roof of the Engineering Faculty building with 6 m altitude. Weibull distribution
function and Rayleigh distribution function are used
as statistical approach to evaluate the wind data. Weibull distribution function is examined by using two different methods that are maximum likelihood estimation and Rayleigh method. The determination
coefficient (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values of these methods are compared. According the error analysis, it is indicated that the Rayleigh method
gives better results. Wind speed and wind power density are calculated in pursuance of Weibull distribution parameters. The results are evaluated as
monthly and annually. Hence, this preliminary study is made to determine the wind energy potential of Siirt University campus area.
Forecasting long term global solar radiation with an ann algorithmmehmet şahin
and energy-efficient buildings, solar concentrators, photovoltaic-systems and a site-selection of sites for future
power plants). To establish long-term sustainability of solar energy, energy practitioners utilize versatile
predictive models of G as an indispensable decision-making tool. Notwithstanding this, sparsity of solar sites,
instrument maintenance, policy and fiscal issues constraint the availability of model input data that must be
used for forecasting the onsite value of G. To surmount these challenge, low-cost, readily-available satellite
products accessible over large spatial domains can provide viable alternatives. In this paper, the preciseness of
artificial neural network (ANN) for predictive modelling of G is evaluated for regional Queensland, which
employed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land-surface temperature (LST) as an
effective predictor. To couple an ANN model with satellite-derived variable, the LST data over 2012–2014 are
acquired in seven groups, with three sites per group where the data for first two (2012–2013) are utilised for
model development and the third (2014) group for cross-validation. For monthly horizon, the ANN model is
optimized by trialing 55 neuronal architectures, while for seasonal forecasting, nine neuronal architectures are
trailed with time-lagged LST. ANN coupled with zero lagged LST utilised scaled conjugate gradient algorithm,
and while ANN with time-lagged LST utilised Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. To ascertain conclusive results,
the objective model is evaluated via multiple linear regression (MLR) and autoregressive integrated moving
average (ARIMA) algorithms. Results showed that an ANN model outperformed MLR and ARIMA models
where an analysis yielded 39% of cumulative errors in smallest magnitude bracket, whereas MLR and ARIMA
produced 15% and 25%. Superiority of an ANN model was demonstrated by site-averaged (monthly) relative
error of 5.85% compared with 10.23% (MLR) and 9.60 (ARIMA) with Willmott's Index of 0.954 (ANN), 0.899
(MLR) and 0.848 (ARIMA). This work ascertains that an ANN model coupled with satellite-derived LST data
can be adopted as a qualified stratagem for the proliferation of solar energy applications in locations that have
an appropriate satellite footprint.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Water billing management system project report.pdf
Estimation of wind power density with artificial neural network
1. International Journal of Thales Natural Sciences (IJTNS)
ISSN (print): 2149-5297
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Estimation of Wind Power Density with Artificial Neural Network
Muhammed Yusuf Aktaç
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering Faculty/ Siirt University
Mehmet Şahin
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering Faculty/ Siirt University
Rıdvan Saraçoğlu
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering Faculty/ Yüzüncü Yil University
ABSTRACT
Industry and technology are rapidly developing with each passing day. They need energy to sustain
this evolution. The demand of energy is mainly provided from fossil fuels. Unfortunately, this kind of
energy reserves are consumed away day by day. Therefore, there is a need to use alternative energy sources
to supply energy needs. Alternative energy sources can be listed as; solar, wind, wave, biomass, geothermal
and hydro-electric power. Our country has significant potential for wind energy. Wind power density
estimation is required to determine the wind potential. In this study, the wind power density was estimated
by using artificial neural network (ANN) method. Forty meteorological stations were used for ANN
training, while eighteen meteorological stations were used to test the trained network. Network has trained
according to, respectively; trainlm, trainbfg, trainscg, traincgp traincgb, traincgf ve trainoss learning
algorithms. The correlation coefficient (R) and Mean bias error (MBE) of the best developed model were
calculated as 0,9767 and -0,3124 W/m2 respectively. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was calculated as
1,4786 W/m2. In conclusion, the obtained results demonstrate that the developed model can be used to
estimate the wind power density.
Keywords: Alternative energy sources, wind power density, wind speed, artificial neural networks
1 INTRODUCTION
Today, the rapid population growth that have occurred around the world, with the facts of
urbanization and industrialization increased as a result of globalization there is an increasing demand for
natural resources and energy developments such as commercial facilities[1]. On the other hand used fossil
resources, causing global warming and the greenhouse effect on world climate changes are caused by this
unusual form. On the other hand, environmental pollution brought by energy source began to occur
indirectly harm the environment and human health [2].
Due to these reasons countries of the world clean, healthy, renewable energy sources to qualify as a
sustainable energy source has been forced to move toward a quick orientation. Renewable energy sources
lasting, environmentally friendly, clean and plays a major role in environmental protection. At
the same time, countries also provide a major contribution to economic development [3]. These
circumstances has increased the interest of the people of the renewable energy sources [4]. Amongst
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renewable energy sources, wind energy is one of the sources which is plenty, low-cost, clean, most
advanced, and sufficient in terms of commercial aspect [5]. Therefore, the use of wind energy is getting
attention increasingly both in Turkey and all over the world in recent years [6, 7]. The aim of this research
is to examine the activity and the practicability of ANN in detecting the potential of wind energy in Turkey.
In previous studies, long-term studies which used the combination of ANN methods based on large input
parameters have not been observed in Turkey.
The study has its own direction in this respect. In this study, wind power density (W/m2) will be
obtained as output parameter while the month, latitude, longitude, height, soil heat (5 cm), vapour pressure,
relative humidity, average temperature, average maximum and minimum temperature which are obtained
from meteorological stations of 58 city centers of Turkey which representing different weather conditions
are used as input parameters. The datas between 1980-2010 years are used as education datas, the datas
between 2011-2013 are used as test-purpose in the study.
2 METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCES
Depending on the climatic conditions Turkey is divided into seven geographical regions. These are;
Ege, Marmara, Karadeniz, İç Anadolu, Doğu Anadolu and Güneydoğu Anadolu regions. Each area has a
unique climate. Fifty-eight selected in the study as a control point locations, with 7 smooth distributions by
geographic region is provided.
Table 1 Cities which are used for testing and education
City Height (m) Latitude(°N) Longitude(°E) Geographic Region*
Adana 27 37 35,19 1
Adıyaman 679 37,45 38,16 2
Afyonkarahisar 1034 38,44 30,34 6
Aksaray 961 38,22 34 4
Amasya 412 40,39 35,5 5
Ankara 891 40,04 32,34 4
Antalya 47 36,53 30,4 1
Artvin 615 41,1 41,49 5
Aydın 58 37,5 27,5 6
Balıkesir 100 39,36 27,55 7
Bartın 23 41,38 32,2 5
Batman 610 37,53 41,07 2
Bilecik 539 40,09 29,58 7
Bitlis 1794 38,28 42,09 3
Bolu 737 40,44 31,36 5
Burdur 957 37,43 30,17 1
Bursa 100 40,13 29 7
Çanakkale 5 40,08 26,33 7
Çorum 776 40,32 34,56 5
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Table 1 (continue) Cities which are used for testing and education
Denizli 450 37,46 29,06 6
Edirne 51 41,4 26,33 7
Elazığ 1093 38,4 39,13 3
Erzincan 1218 39,42 39,31 3
Erzurum 1757 39,53 41,16 3
Eskişehir 801 39,46 30,33 4
Gümüşhane 1219 40,27 39,27 5
Hatay 100 36,15 36,08 1
Isparta 997 37,47 30,34 1
İstanbul-Göztepe 28 40,54 29,09 7
İzmir 20 38,23 27,04 6
Kahramanmaraş 572 37,35 36,55 1
Karaman 1023 37,12 33,13 5
Kars 1775 40,35 43,04 3
Kastamonu 800 41,22 33,46 7
Kırklareli 232 41,44 27,13 4
Kırşehir 1007 39,09 34,1 4
Kilis 638 36,43 37,05 2
Konya 1031 37,52 32,28 4
Malatya 947 38,21 38,18 3
Manisa 70 38,36 27,24 6
Mersin 3 36,48 34,38 1
Muğla 646 37,17 28,22 6
Niğde 1211 37,28 34,41 4
Ordu 4 40,58 37,53 5
Rize 8 41,02 40,3 5
Samsun 4 41,21 36,14 5
Siirt 896 37,55 41,56 2
Sinop 32 42,01 35,09 5
Sivas 1285 39,45 37,01 4
Tekirdağ 4 40,59 27,29 7
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3 METHODOLOGY OF WIND ENERGY
3.1 Energy of Wind Energy
Considering an air package whose mass is m, moving with a speed v. Depending on the mass and
the speed of the air package, the kinetic energy will occur. The kinetic energy is shown by the following
formula (Figure1).
Figure 1 : Air package whose mass is m, moving with a speed v.
21
2
K E
W m v (1)
K E
W is the kinetic energy. Power moving in the air stream, the flow of the kinetic energy of flowing
per unit time.
2 21 1
2 2
d d m
P m v v
d t d t
(2)
The result is achieved. P is the power in the air flow. In the equation
d m
d t
, is defined as the mass
flowing per unit time, this corresponds to a mass flow expression. Mass flow rate has m demonstration. In
its final form power, equation would be (3).
Table 1 (continue) Cities which are used for testing and education
Tokat 608 40,18 36,33 5
Trabzon 40 40,59 39,46 5
Tunceli 979 39,06 39,32 3
Uşak 929 38,68 29,47 6
Van 1670 38,29 43,23 3
Yalova 4 40,39 29,16 7
Yozgat 1298 39,39 34,48 4
Zonguldak 154 41,27 31,47 5
*
Akdeniz Region (1), Güneydoğu Anadolu Region (2), Doğu Anadolu Region (3), İç Anadolu Region (4),
Karadeniz Region (5), Ege Region (6), Marmara Region (7).
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21
2
P m v (3)
Power is the energy flowing per unit time, since it is assumed that the mass of air that passes through
surface A. The power flowing through surface A is shown as A
P , P can be written instead of A
P .
Figure 2: An air mass moving at the speed of v in a space
21
2
A
P m v (4)
On the other hand multiplying the mass by the volume gives the density,
.m V (5)
Formula can be written. is the density of the air and V is the mass of the air. (5) equality in
the fluid mass m ’s time derivative is taken on the formula according to the mass flow rate is reached.
. . . . . . .
d d d
m V A A A v
d t d t d t
(6)
Return to equation (4);
2 2 31 1 1
( . . ) . . . (7 )
2 2 2
A
P m v A v v A v
In short, we could write the equation in terms of wind power that occur throughout the area;
31
. . .
2
W
P A v (Watt) (8)
W
P is the mechanical strength of the moving air, is the density of the air, (at the sea level, for 15°C
temperature used as 1,225 kg/m3
) A rotor swept area of blades (m2
). The expression of power, depending
on the speed of the wind is proportional to the cube of speed as follows (figure 3).
Figure 3: Wind speed and power relation
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Here is the corresponding power unit is the power per m2
, and these are specific to a region of this
specific magnitude (custom) is referred to as power or power density. The power density of a region is
calculated by the following formula.
31
2
W
P
v
A
(9)
W
P
A
is the density of power and the unit’s is W/m2
[8].
3.2 The Effect Of The Temperature On The Air Density
Wind energy data is presented, air density is usually assumed that 1,225 kg/m3
. In other words,
temperature 15◦
C, pressure is 1 atmospheric pressure. Using the ideal gas law, air density can be calculated
easily under other conditions [8].
P.V=n.R.T (10)
In equation (10) P(atm) is pressure, V(m3
) is volume, n is number of moles, T (K) is absolute
temperature and R(K-1
. mol-1
.8,2056.10-5
m3
. atm) is the ideal gas constant.
Molecular weight of the gas (g/mol) is shown MA, air density is; (kg/m3
)
3
. .10n M A
V
(11)
Is calculated.
If V volume in equation (10) taking back, equation (11) is used, equation (12) expression is obtained.
3
. . 10P M A
R T
(12)
The molecular weight of air for the presence of the power density should be calculated. This is
performed by using this latest (12) of equality. A mixture of air molecules is composed of nitrogen
(78,08%), oxygen (20,95%), argon (% 0,93), carbon dioxide (% 0,035), neon (0,0018%) and similar
components. Equivalent molecular weight of air can be calculated by using the molecular weights of the
components (N2= 28,02 g/mol; O2= 32,00 g/mol; Ar =39,95 g/mol; CO2= 44,01 g/mol; Ne=20,18 g/mol).
Equivalent molecular weight of air have been obtained as (0,7808.28,02 + 0,2095. 32,00 + 0,0093. 39,95
+ 0,00035. 44,01 + 0,000018. 20,18 = 28,97 g/mol) [8]. This result is written in equation (12) instead of
MA. The measurement is made at the point wind speed, air pressure and temperature of the location using
the same equation is also related to the density of the air is calculated.
At 0°C the density of air is approximately %5 more than the density of air at 15°C and 1 atm (1,225
kg/m3
). PW 5 percent of the power will be greater because wind power is directly proportional to the air
density. Under the pressure of 1 atm, the density of air at various temperatures is shown in table 2.
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Table 2 Air temperatures under 1 atm pressure the density of air change [8].
Temperature
(o
C)
Density (kg/m3
)
Density ratio for
temperature change
(KT)
-15 1,368 1,12
-10 1,342 1,10
-5 1,317 1,07
0 1,293 1,05
5 1,269 1,04
10 1,247 1,02
15 1,225 1
20 1,204 0,98
25 1,184 0,97
30 1,165 0,95
35 1,146 0,94
40 1,127 0,92
3.3 Wind Speed Power Equation
Depending on the height of the wind speed equation is given in the following figure.
(
𝑣
𝑣0
) = (
𝐻
𝐻0
)
𝛼
(13)
𝑣 is wind speed at H height, 𝑣0 is the wind speed at the 𝐻0 reference height. a is the coefficient of
friction. The coefficient of friction α, the topology of the surface of the ground exposed to the wind is a
coefficient. α refers to Hellman coefficient. This coefficient is given for different earth topologies in table
3 [8, 9, 10].
Because wind power varies with the cube of wind speed relative wind using equation (13) in the
height of power, the power at the 𝐻0 reference height as a function of can be found.
Wind speed varies depending on the geographical conditions and altitude of the measurement point.
A wind turbine is defined as the wind speed at the height of the desired tower;
𝑃
𝑃0
= (
𝑉
𝑉0
)
3
= [(
𝐻
𝐻0
)
𝛼
]
3
→
P
P0
= (
V
V0
)
3
= (
𝐻
𝐻0
)
3α
(14)
Table 3 The wind shear exponent α values of different surfaces [9].
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Description of land The wind shear exponent values
Smooth, firm ground, lake, or ocean surface 0,10
Short grass on undeveloped land 0,14
The foot at the level of the floor covered with
grass
0,16
Shrubs, shrubbery, floor covered with trees 0,20
Floor covered with many trees and buildings 0,22 – 0,24
The edge of the small town of woodland and
neighbourhood
0,28 – 0,30
Tall buildings in urban centres 0,4
3.4 Cell Of ANN
The basic biological neuron that has much complex structure compared to cell of Ann information
processing systems. The basic elements of artificial neural networks in biological neural networks, neural
cell. Artificial neural cells are the basic information processing unit in ANN process. All neurons within
the network receive one or more input and they give a single output. This output may be given as the output
of the neural network can be used as input to other neurons. An artificial cell model consists of 5
components. These are; inputs, weights, function of combination, activation function and output [11].
Data that is received from the external environment connects to neuron by the weights. These weights
determine the impact of the corresponding entry. The total function calculates the net input. The net input,
inputs, and these inputs are result of multiplying the corresponding weights. The activation function
calculates the net output during the process and this process at the same time, the output of the neuron. The
bias with a constant b can be expressed. Concept of bias is referred as the activation function of the threshold
value. In figure 4 simple structure of artificial neural cells (neurons) is shown.
Figure 4: A simple artificial neuron structure [12].
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3.5 Analyses Of The Data
Calculated all scale takes the numeric property based on each numeric feature expressed by a volume.
The calculated values are done according to the standard criteria of the reviews by the critics. The results
of the evaluation of the measurement according to the calculated values according to the nature of the
discipline had reached the decision that the desired goal is reached. The values estimated in the studies for
checking and verification purposes, compared with the actual values. Various statistical rules have been
developed for comparison. These rules can be written as following;
1. , i
v is the cluster of the real values, i
e is the cluster of predicted values, v is the
average of the actual values and e is the average of the predicted values, v
standart deviation of
the real values and e
standard deviation of the predicted values. The difference between v and
e is called ‘trend’ (slip). Briefly, the estimated value is the difference between the actual value
[13].
2. Linear correlation coefficient R , is given as equation (15) [14].
1
( )( )
n
i i
i
v e
v v e e
R
n
(15)
R shows that the relation of the predicted value the actual value. New formulas can be produced
according to this relationship. However, in these calculations is not sufficient for the evaluation of the
success. Obtained in the first calculation of the error rate is quite high because although the rate of
encountering a similar error in other calculations, the correlation coefficient can be quite successful [15].
The root mean square error (RMSE), equality is calculated with a mathematical formula given in (16)
RMSE is the differentiate between the real value and the predicted value is considered to be a precise
measurement. The accuracy of the value obtained in the following formula and values are evidence of the
success predicted to be small.
1
2 2
1
1
( )
n
i i
i
R M S E e v
n
(16)
3. In comparison of the actual values with predicted values average bias error (MBE) is expected low
value. Ideal MBE would be expected to close to zero. The MBE value may be positive or negative.
This doesn't matter. MBE value is calculated by the equality (17) [16].
MBE
1
1
n
i i
i
e v
n
(17)
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this study, artificial neural network method has been used to estimate the wind power density.
First of all, retrieved wind speeds from a height of 2 m from Turkish State Meteorological Service and
Hellman coefficient values in table 3. The wind speed at a height of 50 m has been calculated by using (13)
equation. The air density at the corresponding location has been obtained using equation (12). The wind
power density values are calculated by using wind speed and air density in (9). The wind power density
datas which obtained fifty-eight city centers in Turkey between 1980-2013 years are calculated for ANN
studies. The data in 1980-2010 were used for training models. The accuracy of models generated with the
data 2011-2013 has been tested. The ANN models used in the study consist of input layer, hidden layer and
output layer. In this study, wind power density (W/m2
) obtained as output parameter while the month,
ni ..............1
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latitude, longitude, height, soil heat (5cm), vapour pressure, relative humidity, average temperature, average
maximum and minimum temperature which are obtained from meteorological stations of fifty-eight city
centers of Turkey which representing different weather conditions are used as input parameters.
Figure 5: The architecture of ANN
There is not a mathematical formula to determine the number of the neural network with optimum
hidden layer nerve cell (neuron). The number of the cell in the hidden layer (neuron) is decided by training
of the network. The number of neurons in hidden layer have been replaced by increasing numbers 2-50 to
obtain the most suitable neural network model in the study. Decided to appropriate neural network model
as a result of attempts however the creation of the random initial weights of ANN. Trainlm, trainbfg,
trainscg, traincgp traincgb, traincgf and trainoss learning algorithms have been used during the training of
the network. Learning algorithms, transfer functions and number of neurons in the hidden layer, according
to the best of the models developed is shown in table 4.
Table 4 The developed ANN models
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38 trainlm 36 tansig Lineer 0,1818 4,8224 0,9788
39 trainlm 40 tansig Lineer -0,2368 2,2365 0,9803
40 trainlm 44 tansig Lineer 0,0598 2,5095 0,9801
41 trainlm 4 logsig Lineer 0,1684 4,4591 0,9789
42 trainlm 10 logsig Lineer -0,2579 4,7216 0,9788
43 trainlm 16 logsig Lineer -0,1629 2,0144 0,9805
44 trainlm 28 logsig Lineer 0,0478 3,0477 0,9797
45 trainlm 34 logsig Lineer -0,0941 1,7957 0,9807
46 trainlm 38 logsig Lineer 0,1813 4,0297 0,9791
47 trainlm 42 logsig Lineer -0,0771 2,5495 0,9800
48 trainlm 48 logsig Lineer 0,0075 1,8633 0,9807
When examined in table 4 calculating the correlation coefficient as the smallest of 0,9767, the largest
correlation coefficient was calculated 0,9899. The largest correlation coefficient, the learning algorithm is
trainlm, tansig transfer function in the hidden layer and the output layer transfer function is linear. The
network in question, using 16 neurons in the hidden layer are developed. In the smallest correlation
coefficient learning algorithm is trainscg, the transfer function in the hidden layer is logsig and the transfer
function in the output layer is linear. The network in question is developed using 10 neurons in the hidden
layer. In table 4, 1,4786 the smallest RMSE value W/m2
is obtained, while the RMSE value of the largest
13,5523 W/m2
was obtained.
The largest RMSE values, which learning algorithm is effective in obtaining trainscg, the transfer
function in the hidden layer is logsig, the transfer function in the output layer is linear. The network in
question developed by using 10 neurons in the hidden layer. Trainlm is the learning algorithm that for
obtaining the smallest RMSE value, the transfer function in the hidden layer is tansig, the transfer function
in the output layer is linear. The network is developed by using 16 neurons in the hidden layer. The models
developed were also calculated MBE values. The MBE values in the table be positive or negative, it does
not matter. The importance is that the values are close to zero. Best value in MBE is 0,0006 W/m2
, the
worst value of MBE is 0,8176 W/m2
. In the best value in MBE learning algorithm is traincgb, the transfer
function in the hidden layer is tansig, the transfer function in the output layer is linear. Neuron in the hidden
layer is 36. In the worst value of MBE learning algorithm is trainbfg, the transfer function in the hidden
layer is tansig, the transfer function in the output layer is linear. There are 4 neurons in the hidden layer.
In the study, the datas of between the years 1980-2010, the ANN is trained the achievement is tested
with the datas of between 2011-2013 years. The RMSE values are evaluated according to the success of a
three-year study. In table 4, it is observed that the lowest RMSE value 1,4786 W/m2
and it is the most
successful developed model. The ANN method the most accurate results obtained from the model structure
of ANN (10:16:1). This features of the model that provides the value 10 neurons in the input layer (month,
latitude, longitude, height, soil temperature (5 cm), vapour pressure, relative humidity, average temperature,
average maximum temperature and average minimum temperature) and there are 16 neurons in the hidden
layer. There is 1 neuron (wind power density) in the output layer. The learning algorithm of the network is
tarinlm, the transfer function in the hidden layer is tansig, the transfer function in the output layer is linear.
Obtained, depending on the model at the provincial level, MBE, RMSE and R values are calculated
and shown in table 5.
Table 5 City-based MBE, RMSE, and R values.
Cities MBE(W/m2
) RMSE(W/m2
) R
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Sinop 0,5257 1,4874 0,9787
Rize -0,5688 0,8506 0,8972
Artvin 0,3273 1,0048 0,9685
Kırklareli -0,3320 0,8282 0,9969
Tekirdağ -0,4424 0,9504 0,9895
Bolu -0,3560 0,8420 0,9797
Kastamonu 0,0517 0,5725 0,9977
Tokat -0,1439 0,9409 0,9997
Gümüşhane -0,5850 0,8336 0,9991
Çanakkale -0,3624 0,7544 0,9999
Bursa 0,0067 4,2642 0,9703
Van -0,6140 2,3471 0,9971
Afyonkarahisar -0,5810 1,2458 0,9893
Aksaray -0,4324 1,1126 0,9968
Isparta -0,4976 0,9532 0,9996
Muğla -0,3458 0,7247 0,9934
Adana -0,4064 0,8041 0,9993
Batman -0,9634 1,4034 0,9881
The smallest correlation coefficient in the study is Rize with 0,8972 and the largest correlation
coefficient is Çanakkale with 0,9999. The MBE values in the table be positive or negative, it does not
matter. Best value in MBE is from bursa with 0,0067 W/m2
. The worst value of MBE is Batman with 0,9634
W/m2
. The best RMSE value is Kastamonu with 0,5725 W/m2
. The worst RMSE value is Bursa with 4,2642
W/m2
. The other locations of the correlation coefficients are between 0,8972 - 0,9999. RMSE values are
between 0,5725-4,2642 W/m2
the approach of MBE values are between 0,0067-0,9634 W/m2
. Wind power
density is best estimated in Kastamonu with ANN method and the worst estimated in Bursa. The predicted
and real data's change of average values monthly are shown in figure 6 and 7.
Figure 6: Power density values of Kastamonu location
It is seen that are compatible with each other the location of the real data in Kastamonu with the
estimate of the data obtained from neural network method. Kastamonu location by month the difference
between real data and predicted data is 0,021-1,437 W/m2
. Kastamonu location in December 2013, wind
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power density was estimated with minimum error. Kastamonu location in May 2011, wind power density
was estimated with maximum error.
Figure 7: Power density values of Bursa location
The location of the Bursa in real data and the predicted data from the ANN method show that have
not the same sensitivity about compatibility. Bursa location by month the difference between real data and
predicted data is between 0,222-12,858 W/m2
. Bursa location in January of 2013, wind power density was
estimated with minimum errors. Bursa location in March of 2013, wind power density was estimated
maximum error.
5 CONCLUSION
Wind power density has been estimated by using meteorological data from 58 location with the help
of ANN in the study. 40 Location is used to train Ann models, 18 locations were used to test the accuracy
of the model. In this study, wind power density (W/m2
) will be obtained as output parameter while the
month, the latitude and longitude, height, soil heat (5 cm), vapour pressure, relative humidity, the average
temperature, the average maximum and minimum temperature which are obtained from meteorological
stations of fifty-eight city centers of Turkey which representing different weather conditions are used as
input parameters. In the training of model trainlm, trainbfg, trainscg, traincgp traincgb, traincgf and trainoss
learning algorithms are used. The transfer functions used in the hidden layer are tansig and logsig’dir. The
transfer function used in output layer is linear. As a result of the modeling performed (10:16:1) was
observed that the model gave the best results. According to this model the correlation coefficient is 0,9899.
The RMSE value is 1,4786 W/m2
, the MBE value is predicted as 0,3124 W/m2
. This model of residential
location, depending on the location of Kastamonu gives the best results, the worst result in the location of
the Bursa statistically. As a suggestion, development and testing of the accuracy of different combinations
of input parameters by neural network models has been proposed.
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