The document discusses regional flood frequency analysis utilizing L-moments for the Narmada River Basin in India. It presents the methodology used, which includes calculating L-moments for annual peak flood data from 16 gauging sites in the basin to determine regional L-moment ratios. These ratios are used to estimate parameters of the Generalized Extreme Value distribution and develop a regional flood frequency relationship for the basin. Finally, a regional flood formula is created to estimate flood values at different return periods for ungauged sites based on catchment area.
Fitting Probability Distribution Functions To Discharge Variability Of Kaduna...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Approaches for obtaining design flood peak discharges in sarada riverIAEME Publication
1. The document analyzes flood frequency in the Sarada River in India using peak discharge data from 2000-2013.
2. It finds that the Weibull 3 distribution best theoretically represents the data and the Gamma 3 distribution best empirically represents the data based on probability and quantile graphs.
3. The analysis concludes that the maximum recorded discharge of 2548.07 m3/s in 2012 can be used for flood protection and infrastructure design with a 2-year recurrence interval.
HYDROLOGICAL STUDY OF MAN (CHANDRABHAGA) RIVER Anil Shirgire
1) The study analyzed hydrological data from the Man River basin in western Maharashtra, India from 1996-2010 to understand rainfall patterns, stream flow, and flood risks.
2) Key analyses included calculating mean annual rainfall, developing flow duration and mass curves, and conducting flood frequency analysis using the Log-Pearson Type III and Gumbel's distribution methods.
3) The results found mean annual rainfall was 627.64 mm, maximum reservoir capacity based on the mass curve was 4.60 cubic meters, and flood discharge levels were estimated for return periods of 10, 100, 200, and 1000 years to inform dam and irrigation infrastructure design.
The study examined the characteristics of the Sumanpa stream’s Flow-Duration-Frequency Curve statistics for a period of 25years (1985-2009) and compared the 1990-1999 and 2000-2009 Flow-Duration-Curves. The high, low and mean Flow-Duration-Curves were also analysed. The discharge records were analysed to develop a general quantitative characterization of the stream’s flow variability. Streamflow data was generated from daily stage data using the rating curve model developed at the stream’s gauge station. Flow-Duration-Frequency-Curves were developed using the Weibull plotting position and used to analyse the catchment’s surface and groundwater storage and stream’s flow characteristics. The approach placed the midpoints of the moist, mid-range, and dry zones of the curves at 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, respectively. The high zone was centered at the 5th percentile, while the low zone was centered at the 95th percentile. For 95% of the time, the streamflowequalled or exceeded 0.14 m3s-1, at 5% it equalled or exceeded 45 m3s-1 and at 50% flow equalled or exceeded 5.53 m3s-1.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mathematical modeling approach for flood managementprjpublications
This document summarizes the development of a mathematical model for flood management in the Godavari River basin in India using the MIKE 11 software. The model is calibrated using data from 2009-2011 and validated against data from 2012. Real-time validation is also conducted during floods in 2013. Results show good agreement between measured and computed river stages, indicating the model can accurately forecast river levels for flood management.
Determination of design discharge and environmental flow in micro-hydropower ...Daniel Ngoma
In designing micro hydropower plants capacity, the amount of water flow discharge determination is very essential in estimating the power output for the micro hydropower scheme due to the fact that in recent years there has been an increase in water demand due irrigation activities because of an increase in agriculture activities [1]. From the literature, there are several methods that are used to determine hydro turbine water flow discharge but the most widely used method is the hydrological method which is based on the formulation of flow duration curve or hydrograph for the respective river flow based on site historical and measured hydrological data.
The hydrograph represents the amount of water flow in m3/s that is available for a particular river or stream in percentage from the historical hydrological data which has been computed over a period of more than one year. From the study of Hhaynu River which is a small river in Tanzania, the computed flow results show that, 8% of the time the flow is at 2.3 m3/s while at 50% of the time the river flow was at 1.86 m3/s and at 100% of the time the water flow was at 0.60 m3/s. When determining design discharge for run-of-river schemes, provision have to be considered for environmental flow on which for the Hhaynu River this has been analysed to be 0.2 m3/s (33.3% of river base flow) which resulted to the hydro-turbine development design water flow discharge of 0.4 m3/s from the computed flow duration curve with provision for environmental flow.
The usefulness of developing flow duration curve for rivers is to determine the available water flow in a particular small river and its suitability for micro hydropower development from estimates of the amount of water flow discharge.
IRJET-Morphometric Analysis of Vela Hari Watershed using GISIRJET Journal
This document presents a morphometric analysis of the Vela Hari watershed in Maharashtra, India using GIS. Key findings include:
- The watershed is 192 km2 and contains 529 total streams ranging from 1st to 5th order.
- Calculated drainage parameters include a mean bifurcation ratio of 4.8, drainage density of 2.25, stream frequency of 2.76, and circulatory ratio of 0.25.
- These values suggest a moderately low permeability of the basin's black soil, sparse vegetation cover, and elongated shape, indicating potential for high runoff and flooding.
- The analysis of various linear, areal and relief aspects of the watershed using
Fitting Probability Distribution Functions To Discharge Variability Of Kaduna...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Approaches for obtaining design flood peak discharges in sarada riverIAEME Publication
1. The document analyzes flood frequency in the Sarada River in India using peak discharge data from 2000-2013.
2. It finds that the Weibull 3 distribution best theoretically represents the data and the Gamma 3 distribution best empirically represents the data based on probability and quantile graphs.
3. The analysis concludes that the maximum recorded discharge of 2548.07 m3/s in 2012 can be used for flood protection and infrastructure design with a 2-year recurrence interval.
HYDROLOGICAL STUDY OF MAN (CHANDRABHAGA) RIVER Anil Shirgire
1) The study analyzed hydrological data from the Man River basin in western Maharashtra, India from 1996-2010 to understand rainfall patterns, stream flow, and flood risks.
2) Key analyses included calculating mean annual rainfall, developing flow duration and mass curves, and conducting flood frequency analysis using the Log-Pearson Type III and Gumbel's distribution methods.
3) The results found mean annual rainfall was 627.64 mm, maximum reservoir capacity based on the mass curve was 4.60 cubic meters, and flood discharge levels were estimated for return periods of 10, 100, 200, and 1000 years to inform dam and irrigation infrastructure design.
The study examined the characteristics of the Sumanpa stream’s Flow-Duration-Frequency Curve statistics for a period of 25years (1985-2009) and compared the 1990-1999 and 2000-2009 Flow-Duration-Curves. The high, low and mean Flow-Duration-Curves were also analysed. The discharge records were analysed to develop a general quantitative characterization of the stream’s flow variability. Streamflow data was generated from daily stage data using the rating curve model developed at the stream’s gauge station. Flow-Duration-Frequency-Curves were developed using the Weibull plotting position and used to analyse the catchment’s surface and groundwater storage and stream’s flow characteristics. The approach placed the midpoints of the moist, mid-range, and dry zones of the curves at 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, respectively. The high zone was centered at the 5th percentile, while the low zone was centered at the 95th percentile. For 95% of the time, the streamflowequalled or exceeded 0.14 m3s-1, at 5% it equalled or exceeded 45 m3s-1 and at 50% flow equalled or exceeded 5.53 m3s-1.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mathematical modeling approach for flood managementprjpublications
This document summarizes the development of a mathematical model for flood management in the Godavari River basin in India using the MIKE 11 software. The model is calibrated using data from 2009-2011 and validated against data from 2012. Real-time validation is also conducted during floods in 2013. Results show good agreement between measured and computed river stages, indicating the model can accurately forecast river levels for flood management.
Determination of design discharge and environmental flow in micro-hydropower ...Daniel Ngoma
In designing micro hydropower plants capacity, the amount of water flow discharge determination is very essential in estimating the power output for the micro hydropower scheme due to the fact that in recent years there has been an increase in water demand due irrigation activities because of an increase in agriculture activities [1]. From the literature, there are several methods that are used to determine hydro turbine water flow discharge but the most widely used method is the hydrological method which is based on the formulation of flow duration curve or hydrograph for the respective river flow based on site historical and measured hydrological data.
The hydrograph represents the amount of water flow in m3/s that is available for a particular river or stream in percentage from the historical hydrological data which has been computed over a period of more than one year. From the study of Hhaynu River which is a small river in Tanzania, the computed flow results show that, 8% of the time the flow is at 2.3 m3/s while at 50% of the time the river flow was at 1.86 m3/s and at 100% of the time the water flow was at 0.60 m3/s. When determining design discharge for run-of-river schemes, provision have to be considered for environmental flow on which for the Hhaynu River this has been analysed to be 0.2 m3/s (33.3% of river base flow) which resulted to the hydro-turbine development design water flow discharge of 0.4 m3/s from the computed flow duration curve with provision for environmental flow.
The usefulness of developing flow duration curve for rivers is to determine the available water flow in a particular small river and its suitability for micro hydropower development from estimates of the amount of water flow discharge.
IRJET-Morphometric Analysis of Vela Hari Watershed using GISIRJET Journal
This document presents a morphometric analysis of the Vela Hari watershed in Maharashtra, India using GIS. Key findings include:
- The watershed is 192 km2 and contains 529 total streams ranging from 1st to 5th order.
- Calculated drainage parameters include a mean bifurcation ratio of 4.8, drainage density of 2.25, stream frequency of 2.76, and circulatory ratio of 0.25.
- These values suggest a moderately low permeability of the basin's black soil, sparse vegetation cover, and elongated shape, indicating potential for high runoff and flooding.
- The analysis of various linear, areal and relief aspects of the watershed using
Floodplain Modelling Materials and MethodologyIDES Editor
A floodplain is the normally dry land area adjoining
river or stream that is inundated during flood events. The
most common reason for flooding could be overtopping of river
or stream due to heavy downfall. The floodplain carries flow
in excess of the river or stream capacity. Flood frequency and
flood water-surface elevations are the crucial components for
the evaluation of flood hazard. This paper presents the
methodology that incorporates advanced technologies for
hydrologic and hydraulic analyses that are needed to be carried
out to predict the flood water-surface elevations for any
ungaged watershed.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Flood Controlling System by using Super Levees &...IRJET Journal
This document reviews flood control systems using super levees and subgrade drainage systems. It provides background on flooding issues in Sangali, India, which suffered major floods in 2019. It then reviews several academic papers on super levees and urban flood management strategies. The key points are that subgrade drainage systems can reduce peak flood flows and discharge, while super levees that are wide and elevated can withstand floods and earthquakes while allowing floodwaters to spill out gently. The document concludes these approaches could help mitigate flood damages to urban areas near rivers.
Regression models for prediction of water quality in krishna riverAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that developed regression models to predict water quality in the Krishna River in India based on land use data. Key points:
1) Regression models were developed relating concentrations of dissolved solids in the river to land use characteristics during the wet season, when most rainfall and runoff occurs.
2) Land use in the river basin is mainly agriculture, forest, and waste land. Correlation analyses found relationships between certain dissolved solids and different land uses.
3) The regression models accounted for a significant percentage of variation in concentrations of calcium, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and silicates based on land use data.
Remote sensing and Geographical Information System using for Water Resources ...AI Publications
Nowadays, studies on water resources management are quite important. This study on a subwatershed of the Bandama River in Côte d’Ivoire got a better understanding of the geomorphological characteristics of the study area. The use of satellite images and geographic information systems tools allowed to respond appropriately the management of water resources. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the Farandougou subwatershed, the Bandama river hydrographic network and the geostatistical analysis of this subwatershed have been shown and interpreted in this study. The area’s elevation is between 0 and 700 meters approximatively. The value of river length minimum is around 11273.091 meters and the value of river length maximum is around 44415.180 meters, the coefficient of variation is around 0.462 for example. The geostatistic of Kohoua at Farandougou has given also mean of 449.621 meters, mediane of 441 meters, variance of 3040.996 meters and standard deviation of 55.145 meters. The majority of the Kohoua subwatershed area has an elevation around 410 meters versus the minority around 715 meters.
This document is a thesis submitted by Niraj Lamichhane to Youngstown State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in engineering. The thesis investigates the prediction of travel time and development of flood inundation maps for a flood warning system on the Grand River in Ohio, including scenarios involving ice jams. Hydraulic modeling was performed using HEC-RAS and HEC-GeoRAS to simulate floods, generate inundation maps, and assess the impacts of different elevation data resolutions and Manning's roughness values. The study found that coarser elevation data led to overprediction of travel time and inundated areas compared to LiDAR data integrated with field surveys.
Morphometric Analysis and prioritization of watersheds of Mahanadi River Basi...RINKU MEENA
This document describes a study on morphometric analysis and prioritization of watersheds in the Mahanadi River Basin in India using GIS. The objectives are to delineate watersheds and determine drainage and morphometric parameters like stream order, length, density to characterize the watersheds. This will help in prioritizing the watersheds for conservation practices. Literature review shows morphometric analysis using GIS has become popular for precise watershed delineation and parameter extraction from DEM compared to past manual methods. The study will analyze five major watersheds in the basin delineated using QGIS tools.
Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Techniques - A Case Study of Anantnag Di...IJMER
Groundwater is used for a variety of purposes, including irrigation, industrial, drinking, and
manufacturing. Assessment and mapping of quality of groundwater is an important because the physical
and chemical characteristics of groundwater determine its suitability for agricultural, industrial and
domestic usages. The present study area i.e, District Anantnag lies in southern part of Jammu and
Kashmir and is characterized by undulating topography, rugged mountains. The habitants of the study
area mainly depend on ground water resources viz; springs and tube wells. The present study attempts to
explore the best spatial interpolation technique that will best represent the actual ground water quality of
district anantnag. In the present study various maps representing various physio-chemcial properties of
ground water quality were generated using spatial interpolation techniques viz; Inverse Distance
Weighted (IDW) and Nearest Neighbor (NN). Out of total 92 ground water samples, 8 points were
preserved for cross validation between the two interpolation techniques using Root Mean Square Error
(RMSE) test. Finally it can be conclude that IDW is the most preferable technique for spatial
interpolation measurement of ground water quality data.
Ocean Dynamics and Sediment Transport Measuring Acoustic and Optical InstrumentsIRJET Journal
This document discusses instruments used to measure ocean dynamics and sediment transport. It describes acoustic instruments like the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) which uses Doppler shift from sound waves to measure ocean currents and velocity profiles with 1% accuracy. Optical instruments are also discussed, such as the optical backscatter sensor which uses infrared light scattering to measure turbidity and suspended solids above 1 kg/m3. The document analyzes these acoustic and optical techniques to effectively measure parameters like velocity, turbidity, and sediment size/concentration for understanding coastal hydrodynamics and sediment transport.
IRJET- Flood Frequency Analysis of Flood Flow in Periyar River BasinIRJET Journal
This document analyzes flood frequency in the Periyar River Basin in Kerala, India from 1968-1979. It finds that the Log Pearson Type III distribution best fits the maximum monthly flood data, based on goodness-of-fit tests. The study aims to identify the optimal probability distribution to model floods and enable design of hydraulic structures like dams and bridges. Key results showed the Log Pearson Type III distribution fitted the data better than Normal, Lognormal, or Gumbel distributions.
WATER RESOURCE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PALOUSE REGION: A SYSTEMS APPROACHRamesh Dhungel
This thesis examines the sustainability of water resources in the Palouse Region located on the border of Idaho and Washington. The region relies on two confined groundwater aquifers, the upper Wanapum and lower Grande Ronde, which show declining water levels. The author develops system dynamics models to simulate population growth, water demand, hydrological processes, and economic factors. The simple model lumps the aquifers together, while the hydraulically separated model divides them based on geology. Water balance calculations estimate recharge rates. Regression analysis determines the price elasticity of water demand. The models project the lifespan of the aquifers under different recharge and demand scenarios. Assuming potential surface water use and a water management strategy,
An Effective Tool for Drinking Water ProtectionEsri
The document discusses ICWater, a tool developed by Leidos to predict the spread and impact of hazardous material releases in river systems. ICWater forecasts (1) where contaminants will travel, (2) if they will reach drinking water intakes, (3) when they will arrive, and (4) if concentrations will threaten human health. It interfaces with USGS stream gauges and databases on infrastructure to provide timely information to decision makers. ICWater successfully modeled the 2014 Elk River chemical spill in West Virginia to advise authorities and protect drinking water.
IRJET- GIS based Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of Warna Watershed, Mahar...IRJET Journal
This document presents a morphometric analysis of the Warna watershed located in Maharashtra, India using GIS techniques. Key findings include:
1) The Warna basin has a trunk stream of 8th order, with a total of 20,325 streams of all orders. The bifurcation ratio varies from 2 to 10.3 and the main channel length is 140.73 km.
2) The total area of the Warna basin is 2,082.95 sq km. The form factor is 0.108, drainage density is 3.70 km/sq km, and elongation ratio is 0.37.
3) Relief parameters show the total basin relief is 572 m, ruggedness number
Comparative analysis of direct and four indirect methods for determination of...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This study focused on comparative analysis of five widely used methods for determining evapotranspiration, namely, Weighing lysimeter, Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. Each of the five methods was used to estimate crop evapotranspiration of waterleaf (Talinum triangulare) in Umudike, Southeast Nigeria. The efficacy of these evapotranspiration methods is evaluated by comparing them with the Weighing lysimeter(direct method), which provides the most reasonable estimation of evapotranspiration and is one of the most reliable methods. The crop was irrigated daily and the daily data generated from the lysimeter were used to calculate the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) between the months of November/ December, 2013. Climatic data obtained for the same period were used to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using the Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. The total crop evapotranspiration from the Lysimeter between November and December was 148.69 mm, while that of Pan Evapotranspiration (PE), Blaney – Morin Nigeria (BMN), Blaney – Criddle (BC) and Modified Hargreaves – Samani (MHS) were 152.42 mm, 151.22 mm, 147.76 mm and 135.58 mm, respectively. Test of hypothesis using z-Test indicates that there was no significant difference between the mean of the ET by lysimeter and that of each of the other four methods (Blaney - Criddle, Pan Evapotranspiration, Modified Hargreaves - Samani and Blaney - Morin Nigeria) as z-cal < z-critical at 5% level of significance for the crop growth period of 8th November to 12th December, 2013.
Keywords: Comparative analysis, Evapotranspiration methods, Crop evapotranspiration, Hydrologic cycle, Lysimeter
IRJET - Tidal Characteristics of Selected Stretch of Hugli Estuary, Related w...IRJET Journal
- The document analyzes tidal characteristics and suspended sediment concentration along the Hugli Estuary in India at three locations: Kulpi, Raichak, and Achipur.
- Tide monitoring and water sampling was conducted over 9 hours during high and low tide conditions in the monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons.
- Results showed differences in tidal behavior between seasons, with tidal asymmetry and lag times between high tides at locations. Suspended sediment concentration also varied with the tidal cycle.
Adequate knowledge about the hydrology is very much required for the proper planning and management of water resources in an area. Rainfall and runoff are the important constituents in determining the hydrology of an area to determine the water management strategies. SCS- CN method is a widely used method for the calculation of surface runoff considering the land use pattern, soil type and antecedent moisture condition. In the present study runoff of the Palar watershed, Karnataka state, South India has been calculated using the SCS-CN method. The watershed consists of a total area of 2872.357 km2. The maximum rainfall of 1231.67 mm in the year 2005 and a minimum of 418.7 mm in the year 2003. The average annual runoff is calculated as 218.26 mm and 626.91MCM. The rainfall- runoff correlation value is 0.8253. The study results can be effectively coordinated for the watershed management activities.
DETERMINATION OF NET FLOWS INTO ALMATTI RESERVOIR FROM CWC GAUGE DATA AND RES...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the determination of net flows into Almatti reservoir from CWC data and reservoir data. From the study it can be concluded that the average flow in to Almatti will be 574.86 TMC, the maximum inflow will be 1196.8 TMC and the minimum flow will be 166.99 TMC. The flows in annual in deficit years may reduce by about 50 TMC but there is no variation in the good years in the good years as the storage effects will take care of this aspect during good years. It can be concluded that there will be reduction of flows in the June and July flows in the ultimate scenario except in very good years.
This document provides an abstract for a thesis on flood risk mapping of Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. The thesis uses GIS and hydrologic modeling to create hazard, vulnerability, exposure and risk maps. Hydraulic modeling was conducted using HEC-RAS to simulate flood inundation for different return periods. The results were imported into GIS to create flood inundation maps and analyze hazard, vulnerability and exposure. The analysis found that most areas have moderate flood risk, with cultivated land being the most affected land use and experiencing moderate to high risk. Automated risk mapping using these tools provides more efficient results to help decision makers understand flood risks.
FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS FOR RIVER GAUGING STATION OF MEENACHIL RIVER, KOTTAY...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that performed flood frequency analysis on the Meenachil River in India. Four statistical techniques (Generalized Extreme Value, Log Pearson III, Gumbel Max, and Gaussian distribution) were evaluated to estimate flood peaks with return periods of 2, 10, 50, and 100 years using 34 years of daily discharge data from the Kidangoor gauging station. Goodness-of-fit tests indicated that the Gumbel Max distribution provided the best fit, followed by Log Pearson III, Generalized Extreme Value, and Gaussian distributions. The analysis found that the Gumbel Max distribution is suitable for predicting expected flood flows in the Meenachil River based on return period.
The document discusses mathematical modeling approaches for flood management using MIKE 11 software. It summarizes the hydrodynamic module of MIKE 11 which solves the Saint Venant equations of continuity and momentum for simulating unsteady river flows. The study developed a flood forecasting model for the Godavari River basin in India using MIKE 11. The model was calibrated and validated against field records of flood events, showing reasonable agreement between measured and computed river stages. This allows the model to provide accurate flood forecasts for rivers in the Godavari basin.
Morphometric Analysis of Indrayani River Basin using Remote Sensing and GIS T...IRJET Journal
This document presents a morphometric analysis of the Indrayani River basin in India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Key findings include:
1) The drainage pattern analysis revealed a 7th order drainage basin with a total of 14,842 streams, ranging from 1st to 7th order.
2) Linear morphometric parameters like stream length and order were calculated, with 1st order streams having the longest length and length decreasing with increasing stream order.
3) The study of morphometric parameters provides important insights into the basin's development and could help with soil and water conservation management.
This document presents a seminar on improving flood forecasting in India. It discusses types of floods and their causes and impacts. It then covers current methods of flood forecasting, including deterministic models, data-driven models, and ensemble forecasts. Past efforts in India are reviewed through case studies applying models like ANN to rivers. Challenges are outlined such as limited data availability. The document concludes more investment is needed in India to develop efficient forecasting systems with longer lead times to better protect lives from flooding.
Assessment and Analysis of Maximum Precipitation at Bharkawada Village, Palan...RSIS International
Efficient Storm water network is the main tool to prevent the water gatheration and scattering of a city. Selecting the Bharkawada as study area and its problem was identified to be of very less effective drainage system. In this study methods have been adopted to identify the possibilities of completing the research for designing the storm water drainage design. Our main aim is to design a very efficient and rpid drainage system which should drain the water very fastly with less concentration time and less spreading of water with less provision of slope. The present design is based on rainfall data. Past 30 years rainfall data has been taken for study. The system has been designed considering in total of 65% of the impervious area. Estimated rainfall intensity has been calculated as 33.02527 mm/hour with a recurrence interval of 2 years from the detailed analysis of rainfall data of 34 years. Rainfall Intensity is estimated after frequency analysis of the rainfall data. The calculated runoff is 25.056 m3/s, which can be used as a design discharge for network designing. Different methods can be used for runoff estimation. Here, Rational method seems to be best for use in estimation of storm water runoff. The outfalls of system are directed to proposed lakes. Ere at this stage rainfall calculations have been done and in future work complete rainfall and runoff analysis will be carried out for storm water network.
Floodplain Modelling Materials and MethodologyIDES Editor
A floodplain is the normally dry land area adjoining
river or stream that is inundated during flood events. The
most common reason for flooding could be overtopping of river
or stream due to heavy downfall. The floodplain carries flow
in excess of the river or stream capacity. Flood frequency and
flood water-surface elevations are the crucial components for
the evaluation of flood hazard. This paper presents the
methodology that incorporates advanced technologies for
hydrologic and hydraulic analyses that are needed to be carried
out to predict the flood water-surface elevations for any
ungaged watershed.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Flood Controlling System by using Super Levees &...IRJET Journal
This document reviews flood control systems using super levees and subgrade drainage systems. It provides background on flooding issues in Sangali, India, which suffered major floods in 2019. It then reviews several academic papers on super levees and urban flood management strategies. The key points are that subgrade drainage systems can reduce peak flood flows and discharge, while super levees that are wide and elevated can withstand floods and earthquakes while allowing floodwaters to spill out gently. The document concludes these approaches could help mitigate flood damages to urban areas near rivers.
Regression models for prediction of water quality in krishna riverAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that developed regression models to predict water quality in the Krishna River in India based on land use data. Key points:
1) Regression models were developed relating concentrations of dissolved solids in the river to land use characteristics during the wet season, when most rainfall and runoff occurs.
2) Land use in the river basin is mainly agriculture, forest, and waste land. Correlation analyses found relationships between certain dissolved solids and different land uses.
3) The regression models accounted for a significant percentage of variation in concentrations of calcium, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and silicates based on land use data.
Remote sensing and Geographical Information System using for Water Resources ...AI Publications
Nowadays, studies on water resources management are quite important. This study on a subwatershed of the Bandama River in Côte d’Ivoire got a better understanding of the geomorphological characteristics of the study area. The use of satellite images and geographic information systems tools allowed to respond appropriately the management of water resources. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the Farandougou subwatershed, the Bandama river hydrographic network and the geostatistical analysis of this subwatershed have been shown and interpreted in this study. The area’s elevation is between 0 and 700 meters approximatively. The value of river length minimum is around 11273.091 meters and the value of river length maximum is around 44415.180 meters, the coefficient of variation is around 0.462 for example. The geostatistic of Kohoua at Farandougou has given also mean of 449.621 meters, mediane of 441 meters, variance of 3040.996 meters and standard deviation of 55.145 meters. The majority of the Kohoua subwatershed area has an elevation around 410 meters versus the minority around 715 meters.
This document is a thesis submitted by Niraj Lamichhane to Youngstown State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in engineering. The thesis investigates the prediction of travel time and development of flood inundation maps for a flood warning system on the Grand River in Ohio, including scenarios involving ice jams. Hydraulic modeling was performed using HEC-RAS and HEC-GeoRAS to simulate floods, generate inundation maps, and assess the impacts of different elevation data resolutions and Manning's roughness values. The study found that coarser elevation data led to overprediction of travel time and inundated areas compared to LiDAR data integrated with field surveys.
Morphometric Analysis and prioritization of watersheds of Mahanadi River Basi...RINKU MEENA
This document describes a study on morphometric analysis and prioritization of watersheds in the Mahanadi River Basin in India using GIS. The objectives are to delineate watersheds and determine drainage and morphometric parameters like stream order, length, density to characterize the watersheds. This will help in prioritizing the watersheds for conservation practices. Literature review shows morphometric analysis using GIS has become popular for precise watershed delineation and parameter extraction from DEM compared to past manual methods. The study will analyze five major watersheds in the basin delineated using QGIS tools.
Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Techniques - A Case Study of Anantnag Di...IJMER
Groundwater is used for a variety of purposes, including irrigation, industrial, drinking, and
manufacturing. Assessment and mapping of quality of groundwater is an important because the physical
and chemical characteristics of groundwater determine its suitability for agricultural, industrial and
domestic usages. The present study area i.e, District Anantnag lies in southern part of Jammu and
Kashmir and is characterized by undulating topography, rugged mountains. The habitants of the study
area mainly depend on ground water resources viz; springs and tube wells. The present study attempts to
explore the best spatial interpolation technique that will best represent the actual ground water quality of
district anantnag. In the present study various maps representing various physio-chemcial properties of
ground water quality were generated using spatial interpolation techniques viz; Inverse Distance
Weighted (IDW) and Nearest Neighbor (NN). Out of total 92 ground water samples, 8 points were
preserved for cross validation between the two interpolation techniques using Root Mean Square Error
(RMSE) test. Finally it can be conclude that IDW is the most preferable technique for spatial
interpolation measurement of ground water quality data.
Ocean Dynamics and Sediment Transport Measuring Acoustic and Optical InstrumentsIRJET Journal
This document discusses instruments used to measure ocean dynamics and sediment transport. It describes acoustic instruments like the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) which uses Doppler shift from sound waves to measure ocean currents and velocity profiles with 1% accuracy. Optical instruments are also discussed, such as the optical backscatter sensor which uses infrared light scattering to measure turbidity and suspended solids above 1 kg/m3. The document analyzes these acoustic and optical techniques to effectively measure parameters like velocity, turbidity, and sediment size/concentration for understanding coastal hydrodynamics and sediment transport.
IRJET- Flood Frequency Analysis of Flood Flow in Periyar River BasinIRJET Journal
This document analyzes flood frequency in the Periyar River Basin in Kerala, India from 1968-1979. It finds that the Log Pearson Type III distribution best fits the maximum monthly flood data, based on goodness-of-fit tests. The study aims to identify the optimal probability distribution to model floods and enable design of hydraulic structures like dams and bridges. Key results showed the Log Pearson Type III distribution fitted the data better than Normal, Lognormal, or Gumbel distributions.
WATER RESOURCE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PALOUSE REGION: A SYSTEMS APPROACHRamesh Dhungel
This thesis examines the sustainability of water resources in the Palouse Region located on the border of Idaho and Washington. The region relies on two confined groundwater aquifers, the upper Wanapum and lower Grande Ronde, which show declining water levels. The author develops system dynamics models to simulate population growth, water demand, hydrological processes, and economic factors. The simple model lumps the aquifers together, while the hydraulically separated model divides them based on geology. Water balance calculations estimate recharge rates. Regression analysis determines the price elasticity of water demand. The models project the lifespan of the aquifers under different recharge and demand scenarios. Assuming potential surface water use and a water management strategy,
An Effective Tool for Drinking Water ProtectionEsri
The document discusses ICWater, a tool developed by Leidos to predict the spread and impact of hazardous material releases in river systems. ICWater forecasts (1) where contaminants will travel, (2) if they will reach drinking water intakes, (3) when they will arrive, and (4) if concentrations will threaten human health. It interfaces with USGS stream gauges and databases on infrastructure to provide timely information to decision makers. ICWater successfully modeled the 2014 Elk River chemical spill in West Virginia to advise authorities and protect drinking water.
IRJET- GIS based Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of Warna Watershed, Mahar...IRJET Journal
This document presents a morphometric analysis of the Warna watershed located in Maharashtra, India using GIS techniques. Key findings include:
1) The Warna basin has a trunk stream of 8th order, with a total of 20,325 streams of all orders. The bifurcation ratio varies from 2 to 10.3 and the main channel length is 140.73 km.
2) The total area of the Warna basin is 2,082.95 sq km. The form factor is 0.108, drainage density is 3.70 km/sq km, and elongation ratio is 0.37.
3) Relief parameters show the total basin relief is 572 m, ruggedness number
Comparative analysis of direct and four indirect methods for determination of...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This study focused on comparative analysis of five widely used methods for determining evapotranspiration, namely, Weighing lysimeter, Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. Each of the five methods was used to estimate crop evapotranspiration of waterleaf (Talinum triangulare) in Umudike, Southeast Nigeria. The efficacy of these evapotranspiration methods is evaluated by comparing them with the Weighing lysimeter(direct method), which provides the most reasonable estimation of evapotranspiration and is one of the most reliable methods. The crop was irrigated daily and the daily data generated from the lysimeter were used to calculate the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) between the months of November/ December, 2013. Climatic data obtained for the same period were used to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using the Pan Evapotranspiration, Blaney – Morin Nigeria, Blaney – Criddle and Modified Hargreaves – Samani methods. The total crop evapotranspiration from the Lysimeter between November and December was 148.69 mm, while that of Pan Evapotranspiration (PE), Blaney – Morin Nigeria (BMN), Blaney – Criddle (BC) and Modified Hargreaves – Samani (MHS) were 152.42 mm, 151.22 mm, 147.76 mm and 135.58 mm, respectively. Test of hypothesis using z-Test indicates that there was no significant difference between the mean of the ET by lysimeter and that of each of the other four methods (Blaney - Criddle, Pan Evapotranspiration, Modified Hargreaves - Samani and Blaney - Morin Nigeria) as z-cal < z-critical at 5% level of significance for the crop growth period of 8th November to 12th December, 2013.
Keywords: Comparative analysis, Evapotranspiration methods, Crop evapotranspiration, Hydrologic cycle, Lysimeter
IRJET - Tidal Characteristics of Selected Stretch of Hugli Estuary, Related w...IRJET Journal
- The document analyzes tidal characteristics and suspended sediment concentration along the Hugli Estuary in India at three locations: Kulpi, Raichak, and Achipur.
- Tide monitoring and water sampling was conducted over 9 hours during high and low tide conditions in the monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons.
- Results showed differences in tidal behavior between seasons, with tidal asymmetry and lag times between high tides at locations. Suspended sediment concentration also varied with the tidal cycle.
Adequate knowledge about the hydrology is very much required for the proper planning and management of water resources in an area. Rainfall and runoff are the important constituents in determining the hydrology of an area to determine the water management strategies. SCS- CN method is a widely used method for the calculation of surface runoff considering the land use pattern, soil type and antecedent moisture condition. In the present study runoff of the Palar watershed, Karnataka state, South India has been calculated using the SCS-CN method. The watershed consists of a total area of 2872.357 km2. The maximum rainfall of 1231.67 mm in the year 2005 and a minimum of 418.7 mm in the year 2003. The average annual runoff is calculated as 218.26 mm and 626.91MCM. The rainfall- runoff correlation value is 0.8253. The study results can be effectively coordinated for the watershed management activities.
DETERMINATION OF NET FLOWS INTO ALMATTI RESERVOIR FROM CWC GAUGE DATA AND RES...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the determination of net flows into Almatti reservoir from CWC data and reservoir data. From the study it can be concluded that the average flow in to Almatti will be 574.86 TMC, the maximum inflow will be 1196.8 TMC and the minimum flow will be 166.99 TMC. The flows in annual in deficit years may reduce by about 50 TMC but there is no variation in the good years in the good years as the storage effects will take care of this aspect during good years. It can be concluded that there will be reduction of flows in the June and July flows in the ultimate scenario except in very good years.
This document provides an abstract for a thesis on flood risk mapping of Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. The thesis uses GIS and hydrologic modeling to create hazard, vulnerability, exposure and risk maps. Hydraulic modeling was conducted using HEC-RAS to simulate flood inundation for different return periods. The results were imported into GIS to create flood inundation maps and analyze hazard, vulnerability and exposure. The analysis found that most areas have moderate flood risk, with cultivated land being the most affected land use and experiencing moderate to high risk. Automated risk mapping using these tools provides more efficient results to help decision makers understand flood risks.
FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS FOR RIVER GAUGING STATION OF MEENACHIL RIVER, KOTTAY...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that performed flood frequency analysis on the Meenachil River in India. Four statistical techniques (Generalized Extreme Value, Log Pearson III, Gumbel Max, and Gaussian distribution) were evaluated to estimate flood peaks with return periods of 2, 10, 50, and 100 years using 34 years of daily discharge data from the Kidangoor gauging station. Goodness-of-fit tests indicated that the Gumbel Max distribution provided the best fit, followed by Log Pearson III, Generalized Extreme Value, and Gaussian distributions. The analysis found that the Gumbel Max distribution is suitable for predicting expected flood flows in the Meenachil River based on return period.
The document discusses mathematical modeling approaches for flood management using MIKE 11 software. It summarizes the hydrodynamic module of MIKE 11 which solves the Saint Venant equations of continuity and momentum for simulating unsteady river flows. The study developed a flood forecasting model for the Godavari River basin in India using MIKE 11. The model was calibrated and validated against field records of flood events, showing reasonable agreement between measured and computed river stages. This allows the model to provide accurate flood forecasts for rivers in the Godavari basin.
Morphometric Analysis of Indrayani River Basin using Remote Sensing and GIS T...IRJET Journal
This document presents a morphometric analysis of the Indrayani River basin in India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Key findings include:
1) The drainage pattern analysis revealed a 7th order drainage basin with a total of 14,842 streams, ranging from 1st to 7th order.
2) Linear morphometric parameters like stream length and order were calculated, with 1st order streams having the longest length and length decreasing with increasing stream order.
3) The study of morphometric parameters provides important insights into the basin's development and could help with soil and water conservation management.
This document presents a seminar on improving flood forecasting in India. It discusses types of floods and their causes and impacts. It then covers current methods of flood forecasting, including deterministic models, data-driven models, and ensemble forecasts. Past efforts in India are reviewed through case studies applying models like ANN to rivers. Challenges are outlined such as limited data availability. The document concludes more investment is needed in India to develop efficient forecasting systems with longer lead times to better protect lives from flooding.
Assessment and Analysis of Maximum Precipitation at Bharkawada Village, Palan...RSIS International
Efficient Storm water network is the main tool to prevent the water gatheration and scattering of a city. Selecting the Bharkawada as study area and its problem was identified to be of very less effective drainage system. In this study methods have been adopted to identify the possibilities of completing the research for designing the storm water drainage design. Our main aim is to design a very efficient and rpid drainage system which should drain the water very fastly with less concentration time and less spreading of water with less provision of slope. The present design is based on rainfall data. Past 30 years rainfall data has been taken for study. The system has been designed considering in total of 65% of the impervious area. Estimated rainfall intensity has been calculated as 33.02527 mm/hour with a recurrence interval of 2 years from the detailed analysis of rainfall data of 34 years. Rainfall Intensity is estimated after frequency analysis of the rainfall data. The calculated runoff is 25.056 m3/s, which can be used as a design discharge for network designing. Different methods can be used for runoff estimation. Here, Rational method seems to be best for use in estimation of storm water runoff. The outfalls of system are directed to proposed lakes. Ere at this stage rainfall calculations have been done and in future work complete rainfall and runoff analysis will be carried out for storm water network.
This document presents a case study of coupling surface water and groundwater models in the Netravathi river basin located in southern India. It summarizes the data collected and methodology used. Key data included a digital elevation model, soil data, land use/land cover maps, rainfall and weather data, hydrological data including streamflow, and groundwater levels. The methodology involved using SWAT to model surface water hydrology and estimate groundwater recharge, then coupling the SWAT outputs to a MODFLOW groundwater model to allow a more complete analysis of the regional hydrological system.
Best Fit and Selection of Probability Distribution Models for Frequency Analy...IJERD Editor
Frequency analysis of extreme low mean annual rainfall events is important to water resource planners at catchment level because mean annual rainfall is an important parameter in determining mean annual runoff. Mean annual runoff is an important input in determining surface water available for water resource infrastructure development. In order to carry out frequency analysis of extreme low mean annual rainfall events, it is necessary to identify the best fit probability distribution models (PDMs) for the frequency analysis. The primary objective of the study was to develop two model identification criteria. The first criterion was developed to identify candidate probability distribution models from which the best fit probability distribution models were identified. The second criterion was applied to select the best fit probability distribution models from the candidate models. The secondary objectives were:
IRJET- Morphometric Analysis of Venna River Basin using Geospatial ToolIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a morphometric analysis of the Venna River basin in India using geospatial tools. Key findings include:
1) The Venna basin has a drainage area of 324 sq km and consists of streams up to the 7th order. Linear aspects show the total stream length is 1805.02 km and bifurcation ratios range from 2 to 5.12.
2) Areal parameters indicate the basin has an elongated shape with a length of 128.46 km and perimeter of 324 sq km. Drainage density is 5.57 km/sqkm.
3) Relief analysis reveals a total basin relief of 824 m, ruggedness number of 4.58, and relief ratio of
This document discusses a study that uses GIS techniques to estimate floods in the Upper Sarada River Basin in Visakhapatnam District, India. Daily rainfall data from 23 stations in the region from 1990-2019 and discharge data from a gauge station near Anakapalle are collected. A digital elevation model of the basin is created to extract drainage characteristics. A unit hydrograph is derived from the DEM hydrological processing and used to estimate peak floods for different storms. Eight observed storm events are validated using the unit hydrograph and Thiessen polygon method.
Modelling of runoff response in a semi-arid coastal watershed using SWATIJERA Editor
The GIS based hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is applied to a coastal watershed in the water scarce Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, to understand the rainfall-runoff linkage. The study attempts to identify response of the coastal watershed for existing climatic conditions. The hydrological model is calibrated (2006-2009) and validated (2010-2012) at both daily and monthly scales. Performance of the model during calibration and validation period is evaluated through standard indices, NSE, R2 and PBIAS that indicate an acceptable response. At monthly scale, model performance is good for both low and above average rainfall years.
Time Series Analysis of Rainfall in North Bangalore Metropolitan Region using...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
Rainfall studies are of utmost utility for understanding nature & hence the behaviour of climate changes. Time series is a set of observations taken at specified times usually at equal interval. The inherent variability displayed by many hydrological time series usually mask trends and periodic patterns. This situation has often led to “something” the original time series so that the effects of random variations are reduced and trends or cyclical patterns enhanced. Thus a set of data depending on time is called a Time series. Here, Rainfall series represent the time series. The time series analysis is helpful to compare the actual performance and analyse the cause of variations. By comparing different time series we can draw important conclusion. Graphical method implies in increasing trend for pre-monsoon, south-west monsoon, north-east monsoon and annually.Geo- informatics module consists of GIS mapping for Location map, Geomorphology map and Season wise Rainfall maps are generated. Autocorrelation indicates the periodicity observed as 37,16 & 6 years (PM), 12, 37 & 16 years (SWM), 8, 18 & 6 years (NEM) and 16, 22 & 8 years (Annual) respectively. Power spectral depicts the cyclicity of 37, 4 & 3 years (PM), 2, 4& 2 years (SWM), 3, 7 & 2 years (NEM) and 2, 4 & 2 years (Annual) respectively. Moving average displays prominent positive correlation coefficients at lags of 18 to 42 years in PM & SWM and 12 to 24 years in NEM & Annual. The southwest and southeast parts of the study area experience the heavy rainfall whereas the least rainfall areas are the northern parts of the study area.The short term and long term cyclicity observed in Autocorrelation, power spectrum and Moving Average. Spatial variation of rainfall for the three seasons and annual has been studied
This document presents a quantitative morphometric analysis of the Adhala river basin in Maharashtra, India using GIS tools. It analyzes various linear, areal, and relief aspects of the basin's morphology. Key findings include:
- The trunk stream order was found to be 6th order, with a total of 3145 streams in the basin. The total stream length was calculated to be 985.20 km.
- Bifurcation ratio values indicated an elongated basin shape. Drainage density was 4.54 km/km2, suggesting high drainage.
- Relief aspects showed an absolute relief of 552 m and a relief ratio of 0.02, indicating overall low relief due to the
Quantitative evaluation and analysis of morphometric parameters derived from ...AM Publications
GIS has become a key source to understand the hydrological conditions of watersheds for the last few decades. Arc Hydro tool of ArcGIS has been proven its role in the automated extraction of drainage network and morphometric analysis from DEMs. The delineation of drainage network can be done either manually from topographic sheets or derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data by means of computational methods. In the present work, ASTER DEM has been incurred to extract drainage network with the aid of Arc hydro tool. The Vaishali River basin of Madhya Pradesh has been taken as the study area. This study has been done primarily based on a geo-spatial software ARC GIS in which ARC HYDRO a tool has been used extensively. The quantitative evaluation and analysis of about twenty morphometric parameters has been done based on the linear, areal and relief aspects. The analysis has revealed that the Vaishali River basin is a fifth order basin showing dendritic drainage pattern with drainage density of 0.40 per km and stream frequency of 0.08 per km2. Low drainage density indicates the basin has not been much affected by structural disturbances while drainage frequency and very coarse drainage texture specifies low relief and porous, permeable rocks beneath the ground surface. The form factor, circularity ratio and elongated ratio suggest the basin shape as elongated. The area has low to moderate relief and slopes displays moderate relief ratios. It is concluded that this technique is not only reduces time but also provides valuable results which are very helpful for watershed management studies.
Tools for water resources planning decision support system planning dss (p) nihhydrologyproject2
This document discusses a decision support system (DSS) for integrated water resources management and planning in India. The DSS involves 10 participating states and 9 central agencies. It aims to help with surface water and groundwater planning, reservoir operations, drought management, and water quality management. The DSS uses a hydrological model and allocation model with GIS and time series data to analyze scenarios and support decision making. It has been applied to various river basins and water resource projects across India. Training and awareness programs have been conducted to promote the use of the DSS.
URBAN FLOOD SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP OF CHENNAI - GIS AND RANDOM FOREST METHODIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that created an urban flood susceptibility map of Chennai, India using GIS and the random forest machine learning method. Eleven factors like elevation, land use, rainfall, and distance from rivers were used as inputs to the random forest model. 300 historic flood locations and 300 non-flood locations were collected and used to train and test the model. The random forest model achieved 95.5% accuracy in predicting flood locations. The output was used to classify the study area into low and high flood susceptibility zones to assist with flood management and mitigation.
IRJET- Assessment of Reservoir Sedimentation using RS and GIS Techniques - A ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess sedimentation in the Kabini Reservoir in Karnataka, India over a 40-year period from 1974 to 2014. Digital image processing was used to delineate the water surface and develop elevation-area curves from satellite imagery. The reservoir's original capacity in 1974 was compared to its revised capacity in 2014, finding a 5.2% reduction in total storage, equivalent to a sedimentation rate of 0.718 cubic meters per year. Remote sensing allows evaluating sedimentation over time in a cost-effective manner compared to traditional surveying techniques.
Regression models for prediction of water quality in krishna riverAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that developed regression models to predict water quality in the Krishna River in India based on land use data. Key points:
1) Regression models were developed relating concentrations of dissolved solids in the river to land use characteristics during the wet season, when most rainfall and runoff occurs.
2) Land use in the river basin is mainly agriculture, forest, and waste land. Correlation analyses found relationships between certain dissolved solids and different land uses.
3) The regression models accounted for a significant percentage of variation in concentrations of calcium, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and silicates based on land use data.
Features:
View watershed boundary and drainage network, and contour map layers
Find area of a selected watershed
View ground profile along and across the stream path
View existing water conservation structures along with photo
Manage watershed structures
Add Water Conservation Structure
Change Status of Structure (Proposed, Under Progress, Completed)
Technology
Google Maps API
Google Elevation API
Google Fusion Tables (for polyline and polygon data)
ASP.NET, SQL Server 2008 (for point data)
Evaluation of morphometric parameters derived from Cartosat-1 DEM using remot...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
The quantitative analysis of drainage system is
an important aspect of characterization of watersheds.
Using watershed as a basin unit in morphometric analysis
is the most logical choice because all hydrological and
geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. The
Budigere Amanikere watershed a tributary of Dakshina
Pinakini River has been selected for case illustration.
Geoinformatics module consisting of ArcGIS 10.3v and
Cartosat-1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) version 1 of
resolution 1 arc Sec (*32 m) data obtained from Bhuvan
is effectively used. Sheet and gully erosion are identified in
parts of the study area. Slope in the watershed indicating
moderate to least runoff and negligible soil loss condition.
Third and fourth-order sub-watershed analysis is carried
out. Mean bifurcation ratio (Rb) 3.6 specify there is no
dominant influence of geology and structures, low drainage
density (Dd) 1.12 and low stream frequency (Fs) 1.17
implies highly infiltration subsoil material and low runoff,
infiltration number (If)1.3 implies higher infiltration
capacity, coarse drainage texture (T) 3.40 shows high
permeable subsoil, length of overland flow (Lg) 0.45
indicates under very less structural disturbances, less runoff
conditions, constant of channel maintenance (C) 0.9 indicates
higher permeability of subsoil, elongation ratio (Re)
0.58, circularity ratio (Rc) 0.75 and form factor (Rf) 0.26
signifies sub-circular to more elongated basin with high
infiltration with low runoff. It was observed from the
hypsometric curves and hypsometric integral values of the
watershed along with their sub basins that the drainage
system is attaining a mature stage of geomorphic development.
Additionally, Hypsometric curve and hypsometric
integral value proves that the infiltration capacity is high as
well as runoff is low in the watershed. Thus, these mormometric
analyses can be used as an estimator of erosion
status of watersheds leading to prioritization for taking up
soil and water conservation measures.
This academic paper describes using GIS techniques to map flood risk areas in the Lower Panjshir sub river basin of Afghanistan. The study integrated data on slope, rainfall, roads, population density, land use and elevation to identify areas at high, medium and low risk of flooding. The results showed 11484.09 hectares at high risk, 37339 hectares at medium risk and 31589 hectares at low risk. The flood risk map can help decision-makers implement mitigation measures and better manage land use to reduce flood impacts.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
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Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
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X4201155161
1. Amit Dubey Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February 2014, pp.155-161
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Regional Flood Frequency Analysis Utilizing L-Moments: A Case
Study of Narmada Basin
Amit Dubey*
*(Department of Civil Engineering & Applied Mechanics, S.G.S.I.T.S, Indore)
ABSTRACT
Accurate estimation of flood frequency is needed for the designing of various hydraulic structures such as dam,
spillways, barrage etc. Different approaches were presented which uses the conventional moments to extract
order statistics such as mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis. Due to problems arising from data quality,
such as short record and outliers, conventional moments are problematic. Hosking (1990) developed L-Moments
which are linear combinations of order statistics. The main advantage of L-Moments over conventional
moments is that they suffer less from the effects of sampling variability. They are more robust to outliers and
virtually unbiased for small samples. In this study the L-Moments based method of Regional Flood Frequency
Analysis is mentioned and Narmada Basin is considered as a case. The L-Moments have been used for
parameter estimation of Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution. Regional flood frequency relationship
for the chosen basin is developed utilizing GEV distribution. A relationship between mean annual flood and
catchment area is obtained which is further employed to generate Regional Flood Formula for ungauged
catchment of Narmada Basin. The developed Regional flood formula is used for T-Year return period flood
estimation, knowing only one parameter i.e. catchment area of ungauged watershed.
Keywords - GEV Distribution, L-Moments, Regional Flood Frequency Analysis.
I.
Introduction
The hydrologic system embodies all of the
physical processes that are involved in conversion of
precipitation tostream flow, as well as physical
characteristics of the watershed and atmosphere that
influence runoff generation. Flood and drought are
two main features of hydrology which affect the
human life. A significant aspect of flood hydrology is
the estimation of the magnitude of stream flow at
various locations in a watershed resulting from a
given precipitation input. Measure might be simply
the magnitude associated with a particular point in
time (as in flow forecasting), magnitude associated
with a non-frequency based design flood, magnitude
associated with a particular exeedance or nonexeedance frequency. These are the components of
design flood. Planning, designing and operation of
water resources projects are based on design flood.
Floods can be estimated through the use of several
methods dependent upon the structure being designed
or analyzed and size of watershed. Approaches to
flood hydrology include deterministic, probabilistic,
conceptual or parametric analysis. The reasonable
estimation of Flood has been remained one of the
main problematic issues where hydrological data and
information are either limited or not available. This is
the typical case in Narmada Basin, where most of its
tributaries are ungauged.
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1.1 Regional Flood Frequency Analysis
Water resources decision making problems
such as flood plain zoning, design of hydraulic
structures etc., are based on design flood estimate
defined as the discharge for a specified probability of
exeedance is usually obtained by statistical modeling
of annual peak floods at a given site. The entire
analysis is based on the premise that these floods are
random and the floods to follow bear similar
statistical properties of floods that have occurred in
the past. Most of the time the assumptions are not
fully met because of techniques used to model these
floods do not quantity the flood mechanism in a
systematic manner.
In addition to these, when quantiles have to
be estimated for sites where no observations have
been recorded or observation recorded only for a very
small period, and then the estimates using frequency
analysis is neither possible nor reliable. Regional
flood frequency analysis is one of the means to
overcome such problems while reasonably
quantifying the flood estimates at desired frequencies
for series within a more or less hydrological
homogeneous region.
There have been significant developments
and studies in the area of regional flood frequency
analysis in India as well as abroad. Estimation of
regional flood frequency parameters is performed for
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2. Amit Dubey Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February 2014, pp.155-161
a specific site for two reasons:
1). Because of the sample variations present in short
hydrologic records, frequency estimates of rare
events based on at site frequency analysis are
subjected to large error and thus un reliable. This
error can be reduced by combining data from many
more sites.
2). There are many more sites in the same region
where the hydrologic data are not available but
design flood estimates are needed for the design of
small structure. In such a situation regional flood
frequency analysis helps in transferring the
knowledge from gauged sites to ungauged sites.
1.2 Literature Review
As per literature review, it can be revealed
that a number of techniques viz., Index Flood
Method, N.E.R.C Method, Multiple Regression
method for Regional Flood Frequency Analysis have
been attempted by various investigators. Regional
Flood Frequency Analysis using L-Moments had
been proposed by many researchers in foreign
catchments. In Indian catchments, not many studies
on Regional Flood Frequency Analysis using LMoments are reported with due emphasis. Some of
the research work carried out by the investigators on
Regional Flood frequency analysis utilizing LMoments are Saf (2009), NIH Roorkee (1997-98),
Eslamian and Feizi (2006), Lim and Voeller (2009),
Chavoshi and Sulaiman (2009) etc. As reported by
many researchers the Regional Flood Frequency
Analysis using L-Moments performs better than other
techniques, it is therefore employed in the present
study to develop Regional Flood Frequency
Relationships for an Indian catchment.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objectivesof the study are as
follows:
1). Development of Regional Flood Frequency
relationship using L-Moments based GEV
Distribution.
2). Development of Regional relationship between
mean annual peak flood and physiographic
characteristics for estimating the mean annual peak
flood for the ungauged catchments of Narmada
Basin.
3). Coupling the relationship between mean annual
peak flood and physiographic characteristicswith the
L-Moments based regional flood frequency curve of
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GEV Distribution for developing the Regional Flood
Formula.
II.
Study Area
The Narmada Basin located in central India
has been selected as the study area in present study.
The Narmada Basin covers an area of 98796 sq. km
and is located between longitudes 72032'E to 810 45'
E and latitudes 21020' N to 23045'N. The major part
of the basin lies in Madhya Pradesh State while a
small part of it lies in the states of Maharashtra and
Gujrat. The Basin is bounded on north by Vindhyas,
on th east by the Maikala Range, on the south by
Satpura and on the west by Arabian Sea. The
Narmada river is the largest river in India flowing
east to west. Itsrises in the Amarkantak Plateau
of Maikala range in the Shahdol district of Madhya
Pradesh at an elevation of 1057 meters above mean
sea level at a latitude 22040' north and a longitude of
81045' east. The river travels a distance of 1,312 km
before it falls into Gulf of Cambay in the Arabian Sea
near Bharuch in Gujarat. The first 1,079 km of its run
are in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. The last
length of 159 km lies in Gujarat. The river has 41
tributaries in all, each having catchment area of more
than 500 sq.kms out of these 41 tributaries 22 are on
Southern bank and 19 on the Northern side. 39
tributaries are situated in M.P. and 2 are in Gujarat.
Among all tributaries the “Hiran” is the longest
having length of 188 kms. and the Tawa has largest
catchment area 6067 sq.kms. The major left side
tributaries are Burhner, Banjar, Hiran, Sher, Shakkar,
Dudhi, Tawa, Ganjal, ChhotaTawaKundi, Goi. The
major right side tributaries are Hiran, Tedoni, Barna,
Kolar, Maan, Uri, Hatni, Orsang. The temperature of
the basin touches a maximum of 480C in the month of
May while minimum of 1.70C is recorded in the
month of December. The average relative humidity
value is very low in dry weather being 12% and is
maximum in the monsoon season with value of
87.5%. The estimated average Rainfall of the basin is
1245mm. The monsoon rainfall from June to
September is 92% of the annual rainfall.
III.
Data Availability
The annual peak flood series data varying
over the period 1970 to1987 for 16 gauging sites of
Narmada Basin are available for the study. The range
of annual peak flood data, record length for various
catchments, and catchment area for various
catchments are summarized in TABLE 1.
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3. Amit Dubey Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February 2014, pp.155-161
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Table 1. Data Available for the study
S. No.
Gauging Station
Catchment Area
(Sq. Kms.)
Length of Record
Available (Years)
1
Mannot
4300
12
Range of Annual Peak flood
series data (Cumecs)
960-6180
2
Jamtara
17157
17
2299.8-21355
3
Barmanghat
26458
17
1992-20658.2
4
Sandia
33953.5
12
3850-16500
5
Hoshangabad
44548
16
5853.6-33592.8
6
Handia
54027
12
3600-26240
7
Mandleshwar
72809.3
17
9979-46000
8
Mohgaon
4661
12
691.8-9000
9
Hriday Nagar
3770
12
502-2492.7
10
Belkheri
1508
12
84.5-6500
11
Gadarwara
2270
12
724-3030
12
Rajghat
77674.1
17
9600-56610
13
Garudeshwar
87892
17
7707-49500
14
Bagratawa
6018
12
299-25574
15
Chhidgaon
1729
12
197.9-4470
16
Ginnore
4815.7
17
1026-12157.8
IV.
Methodology
The methodology [1,2] used in the present
study for the development of Regional Flood
Formula, for the estimation of flood values at
different return period using L-Moments based GEV
Distribution is discussed as under:
4.1 L-Moments Calculation for Data Sample
In order to calculate the L-Moments for data
sample, firstly 16 gauging sites of Narmada Basin is
selected and annual peak flood data at each gauging
site , having record length varying from 12 to 17
years, is utilised in L-Moments calculation at each
gauging site.
Probability Weighted moments defined by
Greenwood et al. (1979) are the precursors of LMoments. Sample probability weighted moments
computed from data values x1, x2, x3..…xn arranged in
ascending order as given :
Where, b0, b1, b2, b3 are the sample probability
weighted moments, xj is the annual peak flood value
at jth observation, n is no. of observations record
length.
The first four L-Moments are given as:
l1 = b0
(1)
l2 = 2b1 – b0
(2)
l3 = 6b2 – 6b1 + b0
(3)
l4 = 20b3 – 30b2 + 12b1 –b0
(4)
The first L-Moment (l1) is the measure of
mean and second L-Moment (l2) is measure of
dispersion. Third and Fourth L-Moments are l3 and l4
respectively.
L-Moment ratios such as L-CV, LSkewness, L-Kurtosis are defined as following :
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4. Amit Dubey Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February 2014, pp.155-161
L-Coefficient of Variation (L-CV), (t) = l2 / l1
L-Coefficient of Skewness (L-Skewness),(t3) = l3 / l2
L-Coefficient of Kurtosis (L-Kurtosis), (t4) = l4 / l2
t3 is L-Skewness, is a measure of degree of symmetry
of a sample. Symmetric distributions have t3 = 0 and
its value lies between -1 and +1.
t4is L-Kurtosis, is a measure of peakedness or the
flatness of the frequency distribution near its centre.
After the calculation of L-Moments for each gauging
site, Regional L-Moments are evaluated. Regional LMoments are evaluated by taking the weighted
average of the L-Moments of the group of gauging
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sites. Where, n(i) is the record length of ith site, N is
total number of sites:
Table 2.L-Moments and L-Moments Ratios for each Gauging Site
S.No.
Gauging Station
l1
l2
l3
l4
1169.55
69.86
249.15
689.373
277.935
409.308
-396.096
431.636
-37.08
1
MANNOT
3120.2
2
JAMTARA
8631.711
3
BARMANGHAT
9704.1
4
SANDIA
9451.25
5
HOSHANGABAD
18638.75
6
HANDIA
15901.35
7
MANDLESHWAR
8
MOHGAON
S.No.
Gauging Station
3352.84
5
3371.78
4
2634.65
391.586
161.356
-205.596
436.502
23766.51
7
4881.99
6
3740.59
2
5680.71
1
483.697
15.931
2655.73
1273.57
612.07
335.07
l1
l2
l3
l4
t
0.37483
2
0.38843
3
0.34746
0.27876
2
0.26192
7
0.23523
7
0.23902
2
0.47955
6
t3
t4
0.164
0.213
0.205
6
0.121
4
0.163
8
0.080
2
0.082
9
-0.117
-0.014
0.085
1
0.480
6
0.033
1
0.116
7
0.002
8
0.263
1
t
t3
t4
-0.055
9
HRIDAY NAGAR
1484.16
366.92
-10.26
23.62
0.247224
-0.028
0.0644
10
BELKHERI
1683.525
808.329
284.583
331.099
0.480141
0.3521
0.4096
11
GADARWARA
1869.86
734.446
-338.968
144.926
0.392781
0.4615
0.1973
12
RAJGHAT
27207.294
6361.206
356.058
1330.086
0.233805
0.056
0.2091
13
GARUDESHWAR
24967.835
6685.493
939.095
678.893
0.267764
0.1405
0.1015
14
BAGRATAWA
5752.83
2970.47
1701.45
1576.37
0.516349
0.5728
0.5307
15
CHHIDGAON
1864.6
808.92
131.71
32.77
0.43383
0.1628
0.0405
16
GINNORE
4264.658
1267.442
619.598
-152.378
0.297197
0.4889
-0.12
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5. Amit Dubey Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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4.2 Estimation
of
Parameters
of
GEV
Distribution
The GEV distribution is a generalized three
parameter distribution proposed by Jenkinson (1955).
Its theory and application are reviewed by Flood
Studies Report prepared by N.E.R.C (1975). The
cumulative density function F(x) for GEV
Distribution is expressed as :
F(x) = EXP. – [1-k {(x-u)/α} ]1/k
(5)
Where, u is the location parameter, α is the scale
parameter, and k is the shape parameter.
The probability distribution function of GEV
Distribution is given as :
f (x) = α-1 [ 1-k {(k-u)/α } ](1/k)-1 . EXP. [- {1-k(x-u)/α
}1/k]
(6)
For the estimation of parameters of GEV Distribution
i.e. u, α, k , following relationships are utilized as
proposed by NIH, Roorkee (1997-98) given as :
z = (2 / 3 + t3 ) – ( log 2/ log 3)
(7)
k = 7.8590 z + 2.9554 z2
(8)
l2 = α( 1- 2-k) Γ1+k / k
(9)
l1 = u + α (1-2-k) Γ1+k / k
(10)
4.3 Development of Regional Flood Frequency
Relationship
After the estimation of parameters of GEV
Distribution, flood frequency relationship for a region
is developed. The form of regional frequency
relationship is expressed as :
ZT = QT / Ǭ = u + α Y
(11)
T
Where, QT is the T year return period flood estimate,
Ǭ is the mean annual peak flood , YT is the reduced
variate corresponding to T year return period.
The GEV reduced variate YT can be expressed as a
function of return period T as:
YT = [ 1- {-ln (1-1/T)}k ] / k
(12)
Where, T is return period, k is shape parameter of
GEV Distribution.
QT / Ǭ values are evaluated for different return
periods, then QT / Ǭ values are plotted against
reduced variate values. The curve which is plotted is
called Regional Growth Curve.
4.4 Development of Relation between Mean
Annual Flood and Catchment Area
For the estimation of T year return flood at a
site, the estimate for mean annual peak flood
required. For the gauged catchments such estimates
can be obtained based on the at site mean of annual
maximum peak flood data. However, for ungauged
catchment at site mean cannot be computed in
absence of flow data. In such a situation, a
relationship between mean annual peak flood and
catchment area of the gauged catchments is
developed of the following form:
Ǭ= a . A b
(13)
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Where, Ǭ is the mean annual peak flood for a
catchment, A is the catchment area, and a and b are
the constants estimated using least square approach.
4.5 Development of the Regional Flood Formula
The various steps involved in the derivation
of Regional Flood Formula are given below.
The form of regional flood frequency relationship is :
QT / Ǭ = u + α Y
(14)
T
Where,
YT = [ 1- { -ln (1-1/T) }k ] / k
(15)
The conventional Dickens formula is given as :
Q = A 0.75
(16)
The form of developed formula may be mentioned as
:
QT = CT A b
(17)
The form of relationship between mean annual flood
and catchment area is :
Ǭ= a A b
(18)
Dividing equation 18 by equation 17 it is obtained
that :
QT / Ǭ = C / a
(19)
T
It can also be expressed as given :
CT = (QT / Ǭ) . a
(20)
Substituting the values of QT / Ǭ
from equation 14 in
equation 20 as :
CT = (u + α YT ) . a
(21)
Substituting the value of CT from equation 21 in
equation 17 as:
QT = (u + α YT ) . aAb
(22)
QT = [ ua + αa YT ] . Ab
(23)
QT = [ua + αa {1- {-ln (1-1/T)}k}/ k] . Ab
(24)
QT = [ua+(aα)/k –(aα) /k{-ln(1-1/T)}k].Ab
(25)
QT = [a(α/k +u)–(aα/k){-ln(1-1/T)}k ] . Ab
(26)
QT = [ β + γ { -ln (1-1/T)}k] . Ab
(27)
Where, β = a ( α/k +u) , and γ = -(α/k). a
CT is the coefficient for T-year return
period flood estimated from regional frequency
curve, and a and b are the constants for the Regional
relationship between mean annual flood and
catchment area.
V.
Results
5.1 Regional L-Moments and L-moments Ratios
Table 3. Regional L-Moments
L-Moments
Value
l1
1
l2
0.282
l3
0.04
l4
0.028
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6. Amit Dubey Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 2( Version 1), February 2014, pp.155-161
Table 4. Regional L-Moments Ratios
L-Moments Ratio
0.334
0.1505
t4
5.3 Regional Growth Curve
For estimating the value of flood for a return period
in any ungauged catchment of Narmada Basin a
regional flood frequency relationship has been
developed based on Gumbel’sexterme value (GEV)
distribution. The developed relationship is as follows:
QT / Q(mean) = 0.716 + 0.410 YT
(28)
Value
t
t3
0.1109
5.2 Estimated Parameters of GEV Distribution
Parameters
The r2 value for the developed curve has been
obtained as 1.0 which shows the strongest correlation
and its validity.
Estimate
u
α
k
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0.718
0.411
0.03
4
QT / Q (mean)
3
2
1
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
GEV Reduced variate (Y)
Figure 1 Regional growth curve
5.4 Mean Annual Flood – Catchment Area
Relationship
The relationship between mean annual flood
and catchment area has been developed using the
regression technique, and utilizing the data of 16
gauging sites in Narmada Basin. Following
relationship has been derived:
Q(mean) = 8.87 A0.698
(29)
The r2 value of the above relationship is 0.945 which
shows a strong correlation between the parameters
Q(mean) and A and also the validity of equation.
12
Log Q ( MEAN )
11
10
9
8
7
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
log (A)
Figure2 Catchment area – mean annual flood relation
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7. Amit Dubey Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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5.5 Developed Regional Flood Formula
At the end of the L-Moments analysis, a
Regional Flood Formula has been developed for the
ungauged catchments of Narmada Basin, by which
the flood estimates for different return periods can be
obtained knowing only one parameter i.e. Catchment
area. The developed Regional Flood Formula is given
as:
QT = [127.88 – 121.59 {- ln (1-1/T)} 0.03] . A0.698
VI.
Conclusions
Based on analysis performed as per the
methodology described, following major conclusions
can be derived from the present study:
1). The L-Moments method can be considered
simpler as the L-Moments statistics can be
obtained by simple linear expressions.
2). The L-Moments Method uses only Generalized
Extreme Value (GEV) Distribution to develop
the Regional Frequency Relationship for T-Year
flood and does not require the determination of
frequency ratios etc., thus the procedure is
simplified considerably.
3). The conventional empirical formula cannot
provide floods of desirable return periods
however, the flood formula developed in this
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study are capable of providing flood estimates
for different return periods.
4). The form of developed Regional flood formula is
very simple, as for the estimation of desired
return period flood for an ungauged catchment it
requires only catchment area.
VII.
Acknowledgement
The author would like to pay deep sense of
gratitude to Dr. R.K.Shrivastava, Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering and Applied
Mechanics, S.G.S.I.T.S, Indore for enlightening the
path and for the words of encouragement throughout
the study.
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
J.R.Hosking, and J.R.Wallis, Some statistics
useful in regional frequency analysis, Water
Resour. Res., 29(2), 1993, 271-281.
National Institute of Hydrology, Regional
Flood Frequency Analysis using LMoments, 1997-98, Roorkee.
J.R.Hosking, and J.R.Wallis, Regional
frequency analysis-An approach based on Lmoment (Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge,(1997).
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