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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Tenth grade worksheet °
1. 10°Tenth grade meeting new people
What do we say when we introduce ourselves?
Greetings
Hi, I’m John.
Hello. I’m Simon. Simon Davis.
Hi there. My name is Samantha Tart.
Responses
Nice to meet you. I’m Gary.
Pleased to meet you. My name is Terry.
It’s a pleasure to meet you. I’m Jennifer Holmes. Please call me Jen.
Questions
Nice to meet you, too. What do you do?
Pleased to meet you, too. Where are you from?
It’s a pleasure to meet you, too. What line of work are you in, Jen?
Responses
I’m a nurse. I work in a hospital downtown. How about you?
I’m English. I’m from Bristol. It’s in the West of England. Do you know it?
I’m a Sales Representative. I work for a pharmaceutical company. How about you?
Practice i Read the models below, then practice introducing yourself.
a) Hello. My name is Charles Johnson. I’m from the UK. I live in London. I’m a
Businessman. I work for Active Sports Incorporated. My company designs, produces
and sells sportswear for the outdoors.
b) Hi there. I’m Sarah. I’m Canadian. I’m from Canada. I’m married and have two sons.
My parents live in Toronto. I have one brother and two sisters. My husband is a dentist.
c) Nice to meet you. I’m James. James Sherman. I come from New Zealand but I live in
Tokyo. I’m a student. I study Japanese Language at Tokyo University. In my free time I
like to play football and watch films.
2. Step 1 : Complete the questions with the correct question words.
Step 2 : Interview a friend using your questions. Record the
answers.Step 3 : Tell the class some things about the person you
1. …………… you have a pet?
2. Where …………… you
from?
3. …………… you have any
brothers or sisters?
4. Who …………… your best
friend?
a. Do
a. Is
b. Does
b. Do
c. Are
c. Are
d. Is
d. Does
a. Do
a. Is
b. Does
b. Do
c. Are
c. Are
d. Is
d. Does
5. How old …………… your
grandparents?
6. What time …………… you
get up?
7. When …………… your
birthday?
8. …………… you have a
bicycle?
a. Is
a. Do
a. Is
a. Do
b. Do
b. Does
b. Do
b. Does
c. Are
c. Are
c. Are
c. Are
d. Does
d. Is
d. Does
d. Is
9. …………… your father have
a car?
10. …………… you married?
11. …………… your mother
have long hair?
12. What …………… the best
a. Is
a. Do
a. Is
b. Do
b. Does
b. Do
c. Are
c. Are
d. Does
d. Is
14. What …………… your
15. What time …………
a. Do
b. Does
c. Are
d. Is
13. …………… you hungry?
favourite food?
a. Is
b. Do
c. Are
d. Does
restaurant in town?
c. Are
d. Does
16. Who …………… your
you usually have
favourite actor?
a. Do
dinner?
a. Do
b. Does
a. Is
b. Does
c. Are
b. Do
c. Are
d. Is
c. Are
17. …………… the sun shine at
night?
18. How many students
…………… there in class?
19. …………… there a cinema
near here?
a. Do
a. Is
a. Do
b. Does
b. Do
b. Does
c. Are
c. Are
c. Are
d. Is
d. Does
d. Is
d. Is
20. …………… you tired now?
a. Is
b. Do
c. Are
d. Does
3. My baby sister
...... now. She has just
had her porridge.
Steve is in his
bedroom. He ...... the
floor.
I am at the
table with my family.
We ...... dinner.
1) is smileing
2) smiling
1) is vacuuming
2) is vacuming
1) are haveing
2) is having
3) is smiling
3) are vacuuming
3) having
4) is smilling
4) is vacuumming
4) are having
My mum and I
...... a goodnight kiss
My dog, Rocky,
...... in his box now.
It’s seven
o’clock. I ...... up.
to each other.
1) am giving
2) am giveing
3) are giveing
4) are giving
I ...... an essay
on modern English
literature.
1) am writting
2) am writeing
3) ‘m writing
4) ‘m writeing
Molly and Sue
...... the car at the
moment.
1) is sleep
2) is sleeping
3) is sleepping
4) am sleeping
1) am getting
2) am geting
3) are geting
1) are wash
2) are washing
3) are washhing
4) is getting
4) aren’t washing
Alice ......
chicken soup for
Dave and Ann
are in France. They
We are in the
school library. Jack
It’s a break
time. Jack and I ......
dinner today.
...... French.
...... a book.
football.
1) is coking
2) is cooking
3) is cookking
1) are speaking
2) are spaeking
3) are speakking
1) is borrowing
2) is borrowwing
3) is borowing
4) is cook
4) is speaking
4) is borowwing
My grandpa
...... the morning
1) am playing
2) are plaiing
3) are playing
4) are palying
these days.
newspaper now.
Tom ...... a
barbecue for us at
Sara ...... her
sister’s hair at the
the moment.
It ...... a lot
moment.
1) am reading
1) is snow
1) is prapering
1) is combing
2) is readding
3) is raeding
2) is snowwing
3) is snowing
2) is preparing
3) is prepareing
2) are combing
3) is combbing
4) is reading
4) is snoowing
4) is prepaering
4) are combbing
Kate ...... her
bed at the moment.
The kids ......
the 100-meter dash.
Suzie and Jim
...... in the park now.
Maria ......
flamenco today.
1) is make
2) is makeing
3) is making
1) are running
2) are runing
3) are run
1) are wakling
2) are walkking
3) are walking
1) is praciseing
2) is practiceing
3) is practizing
4) are making
4) is running
4) are wallking
4) is practising
4. The Third Person Singular Verbs: Rules
3rd. Rule, Verbs: Examples
1st. rule: Add –s to the verbs
Read: reads
Study: He studies English downtown
Play: plays
Fly: Andrea flies her model plane.
Come: comes
Dry: Silma dries her clothes at home.
Like: likes
Cry: Anthony cries for his girlfriend.
Work: works
2nd. Rule: Verbs ending in –s, sh, ch, x, o add es
Pass: passes
Identify the verbs
Wash: Washes
Fix: fixes
Go: goes
3rd. Rule:Verbs ending in –y followed by consonant, change
‘y’ to ies .
1st. Rule, Verbs: Examples
Study: studies
Read: She reads story books everyday.
Fly: flies
Play: He plays soccer on Sundays.
Dry: dries
Come: Maria comes to school by car.
Cry: cries
Like: Marcus likes to listen to music.
Work: Pedro works for Mabel Factory.
Live: Lúcia lives in Jardim Olympics.
2nd. Rule, Verbs: Examples
Pass: Kris passes me the salt, please
Wash: Carlos Washes his car on Sundays.
Fix: Andre fixes his bike when it breaks
Go: Susy goes to the club at the weekend
Do: Márcia does her homework at 3:00 p.m
Watches: Lucius watches TV every night.
Henry is a shop assistant. He
works in a shop at the station.
He gets up at seven o’clock. He
has breakfast at half past seven.
He drives to the station. At the
station he sees a friend, Mary.
She goes to work by train. Her
train leaves at eight o’clock.
Henry starts work again. At
eleven o’clock, he stops
working for fifteen minutes and
drinks coffee. He doesn’t have
lunch. At four o’clock he stops
working and has tea and a cake.
He leaves work at half past five.
He doesn’t stay late. He studies
German before he goes to bed.
5.
Phillips _________________(fly) to Guayaquil in Spring.
Bob _________________(like) to play hide and seek with her classmates.
Paula _________________(row) on the lake on Sunday afternoons.
Julio _________________(watch) videos in the evenings.
The child _________________(climb) on the monkey bars in the park.
He _________________(go) round and round on the merry-go-round.
Mrs. Ramirez_________________(dress up) as a pirate every Halloween.
Bastian _________________(wash) her hair every week.
Martha _________________(have) a break at 11 o’clock.
Samantha _________________(roller-skate) in the park on Wednesday.
Ceci_______________(attend) orchestra practice after institution..
Andrew___________ (copy) the exercises in the English class.
Sarah _____________(do) activities in the gym every month.
6. Present Unreal Conditional
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate
conditional form, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.
Did you hear about that guy who won 180 million dollars in the lottery? If I
(win)
that much money, I (quit)
(travel)
my job the next day. I
around the world and (stay)
hotels. If I (want)
in the most luxurious
anything, I (buy)
it. If I (see)
beautiful Mercedes that I wanted, I (buy)
beautiful hotel and the hotel (be)
a
it. If I wanted to stay in a
full, I (buy)
make them give me a room. I (can)
the hotel and
do anything in the world if I had 180
million dollars ... Oh, I am starting to sound a little materialistic... Well... I
(do)
good things with the money as well. If anybody
(need)
help, I (give)
(donate)
money to charities. I (give)
the arts. If I (win)
(help)
them some money to help them out. I
money to help support
that much money, I wouldn't keep it all for myself. I
as many people as possible.
7. CAN: ability in the
present, asking
permission.
Fill in the blanks with proper modal verbs
1) When Susan was five, she _________ read and write.
2) I _________ get up early today. Because it is Sunday.
3) Birds _________ fly but lions _________.
4) This bag is too heavy for you. _________ I help you?
COULD: ability in the
past, polite requests,
asking permission politely
5) I _________ wear school uniform at my school.
6) You _________ smoke here. It is forbidden.
7) _________ you turn on the lights, please?
8) I _________ help my mother with the housework. She is tired.
9) If you go to bed late, you _________ be late for the school.
MUST: internal obligation
MUSTN’T: prohibition
10) You _________ do your homework if you want to go out.
11) _________ you help me with the cleaning?
12) I _________ drive to work last year but now I _________ as I
moved to a new apartment.
13) _________ we go out tonight?
14) She _________ walk because she has broken her leg.
HAVE TO:external obligation
HAD TO: obligation in
the past
15) Rose _________ obey the rules but she didn’t.
16) You _________ pay the taxes regularly otherwise
you _________ be punished.
17) You _________ park here. You _________ find a parkland.
18) She _________ win the match because she was ill.
NEEDN’T,
DON’T HAVE TO,
no necessity
19) We _________ buy tickets for the concert. Susan has already
bought them.
20) My father is very talented. He _________ paint very well.
21) It is hot outside. You _________ wear you jacket.
22) It is raining heavily. You _________ take your umbrella.
23) You _________ use your mobile phone at the cinema.
WOULD: polite or formal
requests
24) My mother _________ go to the dentist. She has a terrible
toothache.
25) _________ I borrow your camera tonight?
26) You _________ touch it. It is too hot.
27) You _________ be careful while
WILL: offers, opinions,
hopes, warnings, fears,
suggestions, promises
driving.
28) When I was a young man,
I _________ run fast.
29) _________ elephants jump?
No, they _________.
SHALL: questions,
offers with I and WE
30) You _________ pick up these
flowers. Otherwise, my mother
_________ get angry with you.