This document discusses the need to rethink the baseline design for the ESS-Bilbao linear accelerator due to advances in superconducting cavity technology over the past decade. It proposes using superconducting cavities instead of normal-conducting drift tubes to reduce the length and operating costs of the accelerator. The new design would incorporate a single high-current proton source and superconducting cavities operating at lower beta values. Preliminary designs presented could reduce the length of the accelerator by over 100 meters compared to the original 2003 baseline. Research is underway to develop high-current, low-emittance ion sources and a front-end test stand to validate technologies for the new design.
ESS Bilbao Initiative Workshop Talk. Javier BermejoESS BILBAO
This document outlines a proposed superconducting proton linac design for the ESS-Bilbao accelerator. Key points include:
- The design proposes using existing superconducting spoke and elliptical cavities to accelerate a proton beam to 1400 MeV, requiring fewer sections and frequency jumps than the baseline ESS design.
- The superconducting section would extend down to 30 MeV, taking advantage of mature superconducting technology.
- Design goals include minimizing length and cost while achieving high accelerating gradients up to 30 MV/m.
- Key research and development issues include controlling higher-order modes and wakefield effects at high beam currents up to 150 mA.
- Collaboration
This document discusses using a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) as an optical clock source for atomic clocks. It aims to create a more power efficient and compact atomic clock by replacing microwave components with a self-oscillating VCSEL. The VCSEL's polarization self-switching property allows it to act as an oscillator. Changing the VCSEL's drive current can tune the self-oscillation frequency by altering the cavity phase, as represented by the heterodyne beatnote between orthogonal polarization modes. Rotating a quarter wave plate in the external cavity feedback loop can also tune the frequency. Calculations match experiments showing frequency tuning from varying the birefringence and quarter wave plate offset angle.
The document introduces CLIC and CTF3, technologies for future linear colliders. CLIC would be a 3 TeV linear collider using a novel two-beam acceleration scheme to reach high accelerating gradients of 100 MV/m. CTF3 is a test facility that aims to demonstrate the drive beam generation scheme, evaluate beam stability and losses during deceleration, and develop the power extraction structures. It consists of a drive beam injector, combiner rings to merge bunches, a delay loop, and a test stand to decelerate the drive beam and extract power from it to accelerate a probe beam.
The document discusses the CLIC project, which aims to build a linear collider to study particle physics. It outlines the main activities from 2014-2015, which included developing the accelerator complex and testing key components. It also summarizes the physics goals of CLIC in studying the Higgs boson and searching for new particles at higher energies than the LHC. The document provides an overview of the CLIC design and layout, and outlines the development phases planned towards potential construction starting in 2024.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document describes a design for a dual gain control system for a helical feed parabolic reflector antenna. The system uses 5 stepper motors - 4 to control the position of sectors of the parabolic reflector to vary its diameter and gain, and 1 to control the position of the helical feed to vary its number of turns and gain. The microcontroller-based system allows entering the number of steps for each motor from a keypad to control the antenna gains. Simulation results show the antenna gain can be varied +/- 10% by adjusting the reflector diameter or helical feed position.
1. The document describes the design and analysis of a dynamic Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) simulator using MATLAB.
2. The simulator is based on a one-dimensional nonlinear differential equation that describes the time-dependent population density. It uses MATLAB blocks to simulate gain flattening of multiplexed channels at different wavelengths.
3. The performance of the EDFA simulator is analyzed in both the C-band and L-band, including calculations of noise figure for different signal wavelengths based on a designed amplified spontaneous emission noise generator.
ESS Bilbao Initiative Workshop Talk. Javier BermejoESS BILBAO
This document outlines a proposed superconducting proton linac design for the ESS-Bilbao accelerator. Key points include:
- The design proposes using existing superconducting spoke and elliptical cavities to accelerate a proton beam to 1400 MeV, requiring fewer sections and frequency jumps than the baseline ESS design.
- The superconducting section would extend down to 30 MeV, taking advantage of mature superconducting technology.
- Design goals include minimizing length and cost while achieving high accelerating gradients up to 30 MV/m.
- Key research and development issues include controlling higher-order modes and wakefield effects at high beam currents up to 150 mA.
- Collaboration
This document discusses using a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) as an optical clock source for atomic clocks. It aims to create a more power efficient and compact atomic clock by replacing microwave components with a self-oscillating VCSEL. The VCSEL's polarization self-switching property allows it to act as an oscillator. Changing the VCSEL's drive current can tune the self-oscillation frequency by altering the cavity phase, as represented by the heterodyne beatnote between orthogonal polarization modes. Rotating a quarter wave plate in the external cavity feedback loop can also tune the frequency. Calculations match experiments showing frequency tuning from varying the birefringence and quarter wave plate offset angle.
The document introduces CLIC and CTF3, technologies for future linear colliders. CLIC would be a 3 TeV linear collider using a novel two-beam acceleration scheme to reach high accelerating gradients of 100 MV/m. CTF3 is a test facility that aims to demonstrate the drive beam generation scheme, evaluate beam stability and losses during deceleration, and develop the power extraction structures. It consists of a drive beam injector, combiner rings to merge bunches, a delay loop, and a test stand to decelerate the drive beam and extract power from it to accelerate a probe beam.
The document discusses the CLIC project, which aims to build a linear collider to study particle physics. It outlines the main activities from 2014-2015, which included developing the accelerator complex and testing key components. It also summarizes the physics goals of CLIC in studying the Higgs boson and searching for new particles at higher energies than the LHC. The document provides an overview of the CLIC design and layout, and outlines the development phases planned towards potential construction starting in 2024.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document describes a design for a dual gain control system for a helical feed parabolic reflector antenna. The system uses 5 stepper motors - 4 to control the position of sectors of the parabolic reflector to vary its diameter and gain, and 1 to control the position of the helical feed to vary its number of turns and gain. The microcontroller-based system allows entering the number of steps for each motor from a keypad to control the antenna gains. Simulation results show the antenna gain can be varied +/- 10% by adjusting the reflector diameter or helical feed position.
1. The document describes the design and analysis of a dynamic Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) simulator using MATLAB.
2. The simulator is based on a one-dimensional nonlinear differential equation that describes the time-dependent population density. It uses MATLAB blocks to simulate gain flattening of multiplexed channels at different wavelengths.
3. The performance of the EDFA simulator is analyzed in both the C-band and L-band, including calculations of noise figure for different signal wavelengths based on a designed amplified spontaneous emission noise generator.
1) Researchers at JPL developed a compact digital radar receiver to be used in a Ka-band radar interferometer for ice surface topography mapping.
2) The receiver is designed to be flexible and compact to meet the needs of a 16-element digital beamforming system while also being adaptable to other applications.
3) It can sample RF inputs up to 3.3 GHz at 10 bits and extract data via a front-panel interface, with components selected for potential spaceborne use.
Optical antennas are devices designed to efficiently convert between propagating optical radiation and localized energy. Like radio frequency antennas, optical antennas can increase the interaction area of local absorbers or emitters with free radiation. Key aspects of optical antennas include their operation based on plasmonics and impedance matching. They can be fabricated using electron beam lithography or focused ion beam milling at the nanoscale. Applications include imaging, photovoltaics, and coherent control. Optical antennas provide opportunities for new optoelectronic architectures and devices by controlling light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.
The effects of optical nonlinearities in optical fibers are ubiquitous. These effects can be deleterious, but
also have many useful applications, especially in the field of implementing all-optical functionalities in optical
networks. The paper is devoted to modeling the evolution of signal at 400 Gbps during non linear propagation for
DP 16-QAM modulation format in order to show the impact of optical launch power and fiber span transmission
on the propagation. This study is focused on the non linear propagation of fiber to obtain the relationship between
Optical Launch Power (OLP) and Error Vector Magnitude (EVM). It is found that the for the range of launch
power (-8dBm to 4dBm) , EVM is below 16%.
Keywords: DP, EVM, OLP, QAM.
This document describes the implementation of a software-defined Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver using a Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) as the radio frequency front end and GNU Radio for signal processing software. The receiver design includes a GPS antenna, bias tee, low noise amplifier, and USRP-N210 with daughter board to receive GPS signals. GPS signal acquisition, tracking, and navigation solution computation are performed in software. Real-time position fixes are obtained by tracking multiple GPS satellites simultaneously. The software receiver provides flexibility to experiment with different signal processing parameters and algorithms.
An overview of Plasma Antennas product portfolio of beamsteering, beamforming antennas as used in the cellular, mobile, wireless, Oil & Gas and government and defence industries.
Also included is an overview of our ground breaking Plasma Antenna device (PSiAD) which is a monolithic silicon antenna that incorporates plasma technology to provide a fast switched beam antenna thus giving a beamsteering capability for radios operating in the 1GHz to 120GHz range.
Both the antenna ranges can be classed as smart as they allow for high power, wide bandwidth antennas that can be used for wireless backhaul, small cell backhaul, small cell access in 4G LTE and LTE-A deployments.
Some of the designs provide smart beamforming capability at the common satellite frequencies thus giving a Land/Mobile terminal with steering that can track a satellite - L-band, X-band, KU-band and Ka-band are all supported.
Finally our higher mmWave frequency solutions are ideal for high capacity backhaul, interference reduction in data demanding 4G and 5G cellular networks and we are currently researching support for mmWave 5G antenna with full beamsteering and beamforming.
Abc pso optimization technique for parameter optimization in circular log per...eSAT Journals
Abstract
It is applicable to note that, in the overall wireless communication mechanism, the role played by the antenna is beyond the realm of words. In fact, the deployment of the antenna the wireless network faces the grave challenges of the communication of the high speed signals. Of late, the Nano_antennas make their elegant presence in several spheres of the technology. However, it is highly essential, at present, to have an overall awareness for the purpose of a balanced design of nano_antennas with broadband feedbacks. These days, many a technique is doing its elegant rounds invested in examining the spectral features of the log periodic nano_antenna by the excitation method of reception and discharge. The field improvement of nano_ antenna can be harmonized by several geometric, constraints, including the outer radius, the tooth angle, and the ratio of the radial sizes of consecutive teeth, which furnish effective check on the spectral resonance position and the field renovation. Taking the challenges in to consideration, a novel hybrid ABC0-PSO optimization approach is launched in the document, which involves a gifted prospect for planning and adapting the LPNA. With the result, the adaption of the related constraints incredibly increases the effectiveness of the mechanism to envision it to an acceptable level. The design of the LPNA is made by adapting the constraints which is highly appropriate for the wireless communication which is assessed for field improvement and the Purcell factor of Conventional Log periodic Toothed Antenna and Log periodic Toothed Circular Nano Antenna.
Keywords: Circular Log Periodic Nano Antenna, Field Enhancement, Purcell Factor, Genetic Algorithm, Artificial Bee Colony.
Dynamic Beamforming Optimization for Anti-Jamming and Hardware Fault RecoveryJonathan Becker
In recent years there has been a rapid increase in the number of wireless devices for both commercial and defense applications. Such unprecedented demand has increased device cost and complexity and also added a strain on the spectrum utilization of wireless communication systems. This thesis addresses these issues, from an antenna system perspective, by developing new techniques to dynamically optimize adaptive beamforming arrays for improved anti-jamming and reliability.
Available frequency spectrum is a scarce resource, and therefore increased interference will occur as the wireless spectrum saturates. To mitigate unintentional interference, or intentional interference from a jamming source, antenna arrays are used to focus electromagnetic energy on a signal of interest while simultaneously minimizing radio frequency energy in directions of interfering signals. The reliability of such arrays, especially in commercial satellite and defense applications, can be addressed by hardware redundancy, but at the expense of increased volume, mass as well as component and design cost.
This thesis proposes the development of new models and optimization algorithms to dynamically adapt beamforming arrays to mitigate interference and increase hardware reliability. The contributions of this research are as follows. First, analytical models are developed and experimental results show that small antenna arrays can thwart interference using dynamically applied stochastic algorithms. This type of in-situ optimization, with an algorithm dynamically optimizing a beamformer to thwart interference sources with unknown positions, inside of a anechoic chamber has not been done before to our knowledge. Second, it is shown that these algorithms can recover from hardware failures and localized faults in the array. Experiments were performed with a proof-of-concept four-antenna array. This is the first hardware demonstration showing an antenna array with live hardware fault recovery that is adapted by stochastic algorithms in an anechoic chamber. We also compare multiple stochastic algorithms in performing both anti-jamming and hardware fault recovery. Third, we show that stochastic algorithms can be used to continuously track and mitigate interfering signals that continuously move in an additive white Gaussian noise wireless channel.
Enel's CCS Project Current Status Overviewcanaleenergia
Enel is retrofitting a 660 MWe coal power plant in Porto Tolle, Italy with carbon capture and storage technology. The project aims to capture 1 Mt of CO2 per year using amine-based post-combustion capture, and store it in a deep saline aquifer offshore. Engineering studies are underway to design the capture plant and transportation and storage infrastructure. Pilot testing of capture technologies is also occurring. The goal is to have the full demonstration plant operational by the end of 2015.
IRJET- A CPW Feed UWB Antenna with Quad Band NotchesIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed ultra-wideband antenna with four band rejections. The antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with dimensions of 30x30x1.6 mm3. Dual band notches at 3.9 GHz and 5.4 GHz for WiMAX and WLAN are achieved by etching two nested C-shaped slots on the circular patch. A U-shaped slot in the feedline produces a notch at 8.29 GHz for X-band satellite communication. Complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) on the ground plane generate a fourth notch at 7.27 GHz. Simulation results show the antenna has an impedance
Pathloss based power control technique in heterogeneous networkEzhilazhahi AM
This document proposes a pathloss based power control technique to mitigate cross-tier interference between macro and femto cells in heterogeneous networks. It computes the distance and pathloss between macro and femto base stations, estimates the received signal power of the femto BS and SINR of macro user equipment under different transmit powers and locations. Results show that the SINR of macro UE increases when the femto BS transmit power is reduced and the distance from the femto BS increases. The technique aims to enhance QoS for macro UE while managing interference. Future work includes downlink interference mitigation and analysis considering femto BS pathloss models.
Communications Payload Design and Satellite System Architecture: Bent Pipe a...Jim Jenkins
This four-day course, ATI Courses.com's Communications Payload Design and Satellite System Architecture course , provides communications and satellite systems engineers and system architects with a comprehensive and accurate approach for the specification and detailed design of the communications payload and its integration into a satellite system. Both standard bent pipe repeaters and digital processors (on board and ground-based) are studied in depth, and optimized from the standpoint of maximizing throughput and coverage (single footprint and multi-beam). Applications in Fixed Satellite Service (C, X, Ku and Ka bands) and Mobile Satellite Service (L and S bands) are addressed as are the requirements of the associated ground segment for satellite control and the provision of services to end users.
Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate Waveguides for Quantum Frequency Conversio...Jason Retz
This document describes modeling techniques for predicting the performance of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguides used for optical frequency conversion. A diffusion model is used to simulate the fabrication of annealed proton exchange and reverse proton exchange waveguides in PPLN. Experimental second harmonic generation data is fitted to adjust the diffusion model parameters. The model then accurately predicts the required poling period for frequency conversion within 0.5 microns over the 1.5-2.0 micron wavelength range. Multi-mode effects are also incorporated into the model to explain features in measured conversion spectra.
This paper presents the radiation characteristics of a 4-bay collinear FM antenna system, both in free-space and with the presence of a metallic tower where the bays are mounted, with the use of powerful computers and accurate antenna simulation software. The radiation characteristics of the array are presented and discussed, such as the total gain, polarization components, circularity, beamwidth and minor lobe of the array. This is to determine the conformity of the array performance with existing standards. The possible effects of the metallic tower and the downward radiation from the minor lobe are emphasized. Being aware with these radiation characteristics, broadcast practitioners can optimize the use of this popular array. Results of numerical analyses show that the array is basically a vertically polarized radiator, the beamwidth is quite small which makes it disadvantageous for high-elevated antenna systems, the metallic tower affects the circularity of the azimuth pattern, and the downward radiation from the minor lobes can cause adverse effects. Adjustments on the basic elements and bay placements are recommended.
This document describes the development of a synthetic aperture radar system called IceSAR for an autonomous cryobot called VALKYRIE that is designed to explore the subsurface of Europa. IceSAR uses novel log-periodic folded slot array antennas and a radar system to provide forward-looking obstacle avoidance. Laboratory testing was conducted to characterize the antennas in ice and initial in situ testing on a glacier produced a radar image though left-right ambiguity remains. The system is intended to help study the potential ocean beneath Europa's icy surface.
This document describes the design and implementation of a 12-bit cyclic analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for use in column-parallel readout of CMOS image sensors. It examines various architectures for the multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC) and comparator components. A single-ended MDAC architecture is chosen to minimize area, and techniques like return-to-zero coding and digital correlated double sampling are used to reduce the impact of noise. Three comparator architectures - static latched, class AB, and dynamic - are explored. The dynamic implementation provides the best power efficiency but has a limited output voltage range.
This document provides an overview of synchronization sources for telecommunication networks. It discusses primary reference clocks including cesium atomic clocks and Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Cesium clocks were previously the standard but GPS has become more popular due to lower costs. Future synchronization sources may utilize multiple Global Navigation Satellite Systems together. The document also examines new technologies like the Precision Time Protocol that can provide virtual synchronization over IP networks.
This document contains an exam for an Analog Communications course, with 8 questions covering various topics:
1. Operation of a square law detector and modulation index calculations.
2. Single tone modulation and demodulation of DSB-SC signals including expressions, waveforms and spectra.
3. Effects of phase error on SSB and DSB-SC demodulation, and power savings from carrier and sideband suppression.
4. Demodulation of FM signals using a phase locked loop.
5. Deriving expressions for signal-to-noise ratio in AM systems and for a channel with additive white noise.
6. Classifying radio transmitters and comparing low and high level modulation.
Fixed-Outline 3-D IC Floor planning with TSV Co-PlacementIRJET Journal
This document describes a new digital input/output power configurable pad (CPAD) circuit for a wafer-scale prototyping platform. The CPAD can provide different standard voltage levels and includes a fast load regulation circuit merged with a high-speed digital I/O. It achieves good voltage regulation performance while offering configurable operation and low power consumption. The CPAD circuit is designed to meet the stringent area and power constraints required for integration into the wafer-scale prototyping platform, which contains over 1 million pads and aims to rapidly prototype electronic systems by interconnecting user integrated circuits deposited on its surface.
The Crons Brand is one of the fastest growing sports apparel brands, selling motivational and message-themed merchandise to over 300 schools and organizations across 22 states. Their focus is on selling hope, inspiration, and motivation through products that encourage people to achieve their goals. Their motto, "Come Ready or Never Start", defines their attitude of being prepared to work hard and overcome adversity. They offer a full line of custom team apparel, lifestyle clothing, nutrition products, and self-improvement materials.
The document contains feedback from four readers on a literary analysis essay. Each reader is asked to identify the thesis statement, comment on what interested them, assess whether evidence was used, suggest improvements, and rate the strength of the analysis. The feedback will help the author improve their exploration of the topic in the essay.
1) Researchers at JPL developed a compact digital radar receiver to be used in a Ka-band radar interferometer for ice surface topography mapping.
2) The receiver is designed to be flexible and compact to meet the needs of a 16-element digital beamforming system while also being adaptable to other applications.
3) It can sample RF inputs up to 3.3 GHz at 10 bits and extract data via a front-panel interface, with components selected for potential spaceborne use.
Optical antennas are devices designed to efficiently convert between propagating optical radiation and localized energy. Like radio frequency antennas, optical antennas can increase the interaction area of local absorbers or emitters with free radiation. Key aspects of optical antennas include their operation based on plasmonics and impedance matching. They can be fabricated using electron beam lithography or focused ion beam milling at the nanoscale. Applications include imaging, photovoltaics, and coherent control. Optical antennas provide opportunities for new optoelectronic architectures and devices by controlling light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.
The effects of optical nonlinearities in optical fibers are ubiquitous. These effects can be deleterious, but
also have many useful applications, especially in the field of implementing all-optical functionalities in optical
networks. The paper is devoted to modeling the evolution of signal at 400 Gbps during non linear propagation for
DP 16-QAM modulation format in order to show the impact of optical launch power and fiber span transmission
on the propagation. This study is focused on the non linear propagation of fiber to obtain the relationship between
Optical Launch Power (OLP) and Error Vector Magnitude (EVM). It is found that the for the range of launch
power (-8dBm to 4dBm) , EVM is below 16%.
Keywords: DP, EVM, OLP, QAM.
This document describes the implementation of a software-defined Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver using a Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) as the radio frequency front end and GNU Radio for signal processing software. The receiver design includes a GPS antenna, bias tee, low noise amplifier, and USRP-N210 with daughter board to receive GPS signals. GPS signal acquisition, tracking, and navigation solution computation are performed in software. Real-time position fixes are obtained by tracking multiple GPS satellites simultaneously. The software receiver provides flexibility to experiment with different signal processing parameters and algorithms.
An overview of Plasma Antennas product portfolio of beamsteering, beamforming antennas as used in the cellular, mobile, wireless, Oil & Gas and government and defence industries.
Also included is an overview of our ground breaking Plasma Antenna device (PSiAD) which is a monolithic silicon antenna that incorporates plasma technology to provide a fast switched beam antenna thus giving a beamsteering capability for radios operating in the 1GHz to 120GHz range.
Both the antenna ranges can be classed as smart as they allow for high power, wide bandwidth antennas that can be used for wireless backhaul, small cell backhaul, small cell access in 4G LTE and LTE-A deployments.
Some of the designs provide smart beamforming capability at the common satellite frequencies thus giving a Land/Mobile terminal with steering that can track a satellite - L-band, X-band, KU-band and Ka-band are all supported.
Finally our higher mmWave frequency solutions are ideal for high capacity backhaul, interference reduction in data demanding 4G and 5G cellular networks and we are currently researching support for mmWave 5G antenna with full beamsteering and beamforming.
Abc pso optimization technique for parameter optimization in circular log per...eSAT Journals
Abstract
It is applicable to note that, in the overall wireless communication mechanism, the role played by the antenna is beyond the realm of words. In fact, the deployment of the antenna the wireless network faces the grave challenges of the communication of the high speed signals. Of late, the Nano_antennas make their elegant presence in several spheres of the technology. However, it is highly essential, at present, to have an overall awareness for the purpose of a balanced design of nano_antennas with broadband feedbacks. These days, many a technique is doing its elegant rounds invested in examining the spectral features of the log periodic nano_antenna by the excitation method of reception and discharge. The field improvement of nano_ antenna can be harmonized by several geometric, constraints, including the outer radius, the tooth angle, and the ratio of the radial sizes of consecutive teeth, which furnish effective check on the spectral resonance position and the field renovation. Taking the challenges in to consideration, a novel hybrid ABC0-PSO optimization approach is launched in the document, which involves a gifted prospect for planning and adapting the LPNA. With the result, the adaption of the related constraints incredibly increases the effectiveness of the mechanism to envision it to an acceptable level. The design of the LPNA is made by adapting the constraints which is highly appropriate for the wireless communication which is assessed for field improvement and the Purcell factor of Conventional Log periodic Toothed Antenna and Log periodic Toothed Circular Nano Antenna.
Keywords: Circular Log Periodic Nano Antenna, Field Enhancement, Purcell Factor, Genetic Algorithm, Artificial Bee Colony.
Dynamic Beamforming Optimization for Anti-Jamming and Hardware Fault RecoveryJonathan Becker
In recent years there has been a rapid increase in the number of wireless devices for both commercial and defense applications. Such unprecedented demand has increased device cost and complexity and also added a strain on the spectrum utilization of wireless communication systems. This thesis addresses these issues, from an antenna system perspective, by developing new techniques to dynamically optimize adaptive beamforming arrays for improved anti-jamming and reliability.
Available frequency spectrum is a scarce resource, and therefore increased interference will occur as the wireless spectrum saturates. To mitigate unintentional interference, or intentional interference from a jamming source, antenna arrays are used to focus electromagnetic energy on a signal of interest while simultaneously minimizing radio frequency energy in directions of interfering signals. The reliability of such arrays, especially in commercial satellite and defense applications, can be addressed by hardware redundancy, but at the expense of increased volume, mass as well as component and design cost.
This thesis proposes the development of new models and optimization algorithms to dynamically adapt beamforming arrays to mitigate interference and increase hardware reliability. The contributions of this research are as follows. First, analytical models are developed and experimental results show that small antenna arrays can thwart interference using dynamically applied stochastic algorithms. This type of in-situ optimization, with an algorithm dynamically optimizing a beamformer to thwart interference sources with unknown positions, inside of a anechoic chamber has not been done before to our knowledge. Second, it is shown that these algorithms can recover from hardware failures and localized faults in the array. Experiments were performed with a proof-of-concept four-antenna array. This is the first hardware demonstration showing an antenna array with live hardware fault recovery that is adapted by stochastic algorithms in an anechoic chamber. We also compare multiple stochastic algorithms in performing both anti-jamming and hardware fault recovery. Third, we show that stochastic algorithms can be used to continuously track and mitigate interfering signals that continuously move in an additive white Gaussian noise wireless channel.
Enel's CCS Project Current Status Overviewcanaleenergia
Enel is retrofitting a 660 MWe coal power plant in Porto Tolle, Italy with carbon capture and storage technology. The project aims to capture 1 Mt of CO2 per year using amine-based post-combustion capture, and store it in a deep saline aquifer offshore. Engineering studies are underway to design the capture plant and transportation and storage infrastructure. Pilot testing of capture technologies is also occurring. The goal is to have the full demonstration plant operational by the end of 2015.
IRJET- A CPW Feed UWB Antenna with Quad Band NotchesIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed ultra-wideband antenna with four band rejections. The antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with dimensions of 30x30x1.6 mm3. Dual band notches at 3.9 GHz and 5.4 GHz for WiMAX and WLAN are achieved by etching two nested C-shaped slots on the circular patch. A U-shaped slot in the feedline produces a notch at 8.29 GHz for X-band satellite communication. Complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) on the ground plane generate a fourth notch at 7.27 GHz. Simulation results show the antenna has an impedance
Pathloss based power control technique in heterogeneous networkEzhilazhahi AM
This document proposes a pathloss based power control technique to mitigate cross-tier interference between macro and femto cells in heterogeneous networks. It computes the distance and pathloss between macro and femto base stations, estimates the received signal power of the femto BS and SINR of macro user equipment under different transmit powers and locations. Results show that the SINR of macro UE increases when the femto BS transmit power is reduced and the distance from the femto BS increases. The technique aims to enhance QoS for macro UE while managing interference. Future work includes downlink interference mitigation and analysis considering femto BS pathloss models.
Communications Payload Design and Satellite System Architecture: Bent Pipe a...Jim Jenkins
This four-day course, ATI Courses.com's Communications Payload Design and Satellite System Architecture course , provides communications and satellite systems engineers and system architects with a comprehensive and accurate approach for the specification and detailed design of the communications payload and its integration into a satellite system. Both standard bent pipe repeaters and digital processors (on board and ground-based) are studied in depth, and optimized from the standpoint of maximizing throughput and coverage (single footprint and multi-beam). Applications in Fixed Satellite Service (C, X, Ku and Ka bands) and Mobile Satellite Service (L and S bands) are addressed as are the requirements of the associated ground segment for satellite control and the provision of services to end users.
Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate Waveguides for Quantum Frequency Conversio...Jason Retz
This document describes modeling techniques for predicting the performance of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguides used for optical frequency conversion. A diffusion model is used to simulate the fabrication of annealed proton exchange and reverse proton exchange waveguides in PPLN. Experimental second harmonic generation data is fitted to adjust the diffusion model parameters. The model then accurately predicts the required poling period for frequency conversion within 0.5 microns over the 1.5-2.0 micron wavelength range. Multi-mode effects are also incorporated into the model to explain features in measured conversion spectra.
This paper presents the radiation characteristics of a 4-bay collinear FM antenna system, both in free-space and with the presence of a metallic tower where the bays are mounted, with the use of powerful computers and accurate antenna simulation software. The radiation characteristics of the array are presented and discussed, such as the total gain, polarization components, circularity, beamwidth and minor lobe of the array. This is to determine the conformity of the array performance with existing standards. The possible effects of the metallic tower and the downward radiation from the minor lobe are emphasized. Being aware with these radiation characteristics, broadcast practitioners can optimize the use of this popular array. Results of numerical analyses show that the array is basically a vertically polarized radiator, the beamwidth is quite small which makes it disadvantageous for high-elevated antenna systems, the metallic tower affects the circularity of the azimuth pattern, and the downward radiation from the minor lobes can cause adverse effects. Adjustments on the basic elements and bay placements are recommended.
This document describes the development of a synthetic aperture radar system called IceSAR for an autonomous cryobot called VALKYRIE that is designed to explore the subsurface of Europa. IceSAR uses novel log-periodic folded slot array antennas and a radar system to provide forward-looking obstacle avoidance. Laboratory testing was conducted to characterize the antennas in ice and initial in situ testing on a glacier produced a radar image though left-right ambiguity remains. The system is intended to help study the potential ocean beneath Europa's icy surface.
This document describes the design and implementation of a 12-bit cyclic analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for use in column-parallel readout of CMOS image sensors. It examines various architectures for the multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC) and comparator components. A single-ended MDAC architecture is chosen to minimize area, and techniques like return-to-zero coding and digital correlated double sampling are used to reduce the impact of noise. Three comparator architectures - static latched, class AB, and dynamic - are explored. The dynamic implementation provides the best power efficiency but has a limited output voltage range.
This document provides an overview of synchronization sources for telecommunication networks. It discusses primary reference clocks including cesium atomic clocks and Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Cesium clocks were previously the standard but GPS has become more popular due to lower costs. Future synchronization sources may utilize multiple Global Navigation Satellite Systems together. The document also examines new technologies like the Precision Time Protocol that can provide virtual synchronization over IP networks.
This document contains an exam for an Analog Communications course, with 8 questions covering various topics:
1. Operation of a square law detector and modulation index calculations.
2. Single tone modulation and demodulation of DSB-SC signals including expressions, waveforms and spectra.
3. Effects of phase error on SSB and DSB-SC demodulation, and power savings from carrier and sideband suppression.
4. Demodulation of FM signals using a phase locked loop.
5. Deriving expressions for signal-to-noise ratio in AM systems and for a channel with additive white noise.
6. Classifying radio transmitters and comparing low and high level modulation.
Fixed-Outline 3-D IC Floor planning with TSV Co-PlacementIRJET Journal
This document describes a new digital input/output power configurable pad (CPAD) circuit for a wafer-scale prototyping platform. The CPAD can provide different standard voltage levels and includes a fast load regulation circuit merged with a high-speed digital I/O. It achieves good voltage regulation performance while offering configurable operation and low power consumption. The CPAD circuit is designed to meet the stringent area and power constraints required for integration into the wafer-scale prototyping platform, which contains over 1 million pads and aims to rapidly prototype electronic systems by interconnecting user integrated circuits deposited on its surface.
The Crons Brand is one of the fastest growing sports apparel brands, selling motivational and message-themed merchandise to over 300 schools and organizations across 22 states. Their focus is on selling hope, inspiration, and motivation through products that encourage people to achieve their goals. Their motto, "Come Ready or Never Start", defines their attitude of being prepared to work hard and overcome adversity. They offer a full line of custom team apparel, lifestyle clothing, nutrition products, and self-improvement materials.
The document contains feedback from four readers on a literary analysis essay. Each reader is asked to identify the thesis statement, comment on what interested them, assess whether evidence was used, suggest improvements, and rate the strength of the analysis. The feedback will help the author improve their exploration of the topic in the essay.
Java es un lenguaje de programación orientado a objetos, portable, robusto y seguro que permite desarrollar aplicaciones distribuidas. Fue desarrollado originalmente por Sun Microsystems para solucionar problemas de incompatibilidad entre hardware y software. Java compila el código a bytecode que es interpretado por la máquina virtual de Java (JVM) en cualquier plataforma.
The choir performed a medley of songs titled "I Love You Lord". The medley included multiple songs that expressed love and devotion to God. The ROMBC choir sang the medley as part of their worship service.
The document discusses community-based natural resource management programs in Southern Africa that have led to positive conservation outcomes. It describes how establishing conservancies in Namibia has allowed communities to cover costs while reducing poaching by making wildlife protection socially acceptable. The document also discusses the loss of local ecological knowledge and traditions that can occur when communities are removed from their lands or subsistence practices change. It provides examples of cattle ranches in South Africa being converted to game ranches, which increases species richness and diversity.
The document provides a detailed itinerary for a multi-day motorbike trip through northern India, including destinations in Corbett National Park, Haridwar, Rishikesh, Joshimath, Auli, Gobind Ghat, Hemkund Sahib, Valley of Flowers, Badrinath, and Delhi. Key stops include Corbett National Park, Kempty Falls, Haridwar for the Ganga Aarti ceremony, trekking in Gobind Ghat and the Himalayas, spending time in Auli and Badrinath, and concluding in Rishikesh and Delhi. Logistical details like distances, transportation options, and accommodations are provided for planning the trip.
An efficient design of 45-nm CMOS low-noise charge sensitive amplifier for wi...IJECEIAES
Amplifiers are widely used in signal receiving circuits, such as antennas, medical imaging, wireless devices and many other applications. However, one of the most challenging problems when building an amplifier circuit is the noise, since it affects the quality of the intended received signal in most wireless applications. Therefore, a preamplifier is usually placed close to the main sensor to reduce the effects of interferences and to amplify the received signal without degrading the signal-to-noise ratio. Although different designs have been optimized and tested in the literature, all of them are using larger than 100 nm technologies which have led to a modest performance in terms of equivalent noise charge (ENC), gain, power consumption, and response time. In contrast, we consider in this paper a new amplifier design technology trend and move towards sub 100 nm to enhance its performance. In this work, we use a pre-well-known design of a preamplifier circuit and rebuild it using 45 nm CMOS technology, which is made for the first time in such circuits. Performance evaluation shows that our proposed scaling technology, compared with other scaling technology, extremely reduces ENC of the circuit by more than 95%. The noise spectral density and time resolution are also reduced by 25% and 95% respectively. In addition, power consumption is decreased due to the reduced channel length by 90%. As a result, all of those enhancements make our proposed circuit more suitable for medical and wireless devices.
Low Power LC-Quadrature VCO with Superior Phase Noise Performance in 0.13 μmR...VIT-AP University
The presented work intends to encounter the challenge of optimizing frequency tracking
in the C-band WLAN spectrum, with a tuning range and phase noise (PN)
performance. A Quadrature Voltage Controlled Oscillator (QVCO) design in 130 nm
CMOS technology has been presented to cover the most sought WLAN/WiFi spectrum
of modern wireless systems, employing the current reuse technique and an
on-chip inductor implementation. To provide better compensation of LC losses at
reduced power dissipation, a cross-coupled structure combining NMOS and PMOS
has been used.We have run an extensive simulation using the industry-standard ADS
(Keysight technology) platform. The simulation study attributed to the superior phase
noise performance of − 160 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz (near f max) at a power dissipation
of 6.52 mW from 1.2 V supply. With the moderate voltage tuning range, the entire
desired frequency span of 5.400–5.495 GHz was obtained with a fairly high resolution
of 2.375 MHz/1 mV, which allows serving a larger crowd for this spectrum. A
fairly moderate VCO gain along with the obtained phase noise and power dissipation
provides a well-established Figure of Merit (FOM) of − 187 dB. Finally, a comparison
study in terms of power dissipation, phase noise, tuning range, voltage tuning,
and Kvco is performed to demonstrate that the provided work is considerably more
significant than traditional efforts.
Computer Integrated Design, Analysis and Shape Optimization of Proton Beam DumpIRJET Journal
This document discusses the computer integrated design, analysis, and shape optimization of a proton beam dump. It first provides background on spallation neutron sources and the issues they present, such as induced radioactivity. It then reviews previous literature on related topics like negative ion sources and beam dump design. The document proposes using simulation software to derive results from one module to input into another for shape optimization of the beam dump's cooling channel, ensuring thermal and structural stability for high-powered proton beams.
There are abundant of wave energy converter technologies available to convert wave energy into useable energy. However, most of them are huge and suitable for large application. Thus, this paper aimed to propose portable pico generator designs for small scale application. Investigation on the performance of designs with varying halbach magnet shapes was mainly focused and discussed. Two designs of different magnet shape i.e. triangular and trapezoid were proposed. Open-circuit simulation and optimization results were obtained using Finite Element Method. From the results, it was found out that Trapezoid Magnet Design produced better performance and lower material cost compared to another proposed design, Triangular Magnet as well as conventional Rectangular Magnet shape.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document discusses plans to form an international collaboration to study future circular colliders at CERN, including a 100 TeV proton-proton collider (FCC-hh), a lepton collider (FCC-ee), and a lepton-hadron collider (FCC-he). It outlines initial parameters and opportunities for the superconducting radio frequency (RF) systems, which will need to provide up to 100 MW of continuous wave power to accelerate beams. Key areas of study for the large-scale FCC RF systems include cavity and cryomodule technology, reliability, efficiency, and operational aspects.
IRJET- Review on Performance of OTA StructureIRJET Journal
This document reviews several studies on operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) based analog filter circuits. It discusses OTA based single input single output, multi input single output, and single input multi output filter circuit topologies. It also summarizes key contributions from several papers that proposed new OTA based filter circuits, including biquad filters, oscillators, and rectifiers. The proposed circuits aim to achieve features like independently tunable frequency and quality factor responses, low component counts, and suitability for integrated circuit implementation. PSPICE simulation results confirming the theoretical analyses are also mentioned.
1) The surface-emitting laser (SEL), also known as the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), was invented in 1977 and first demonstrated in 1979. It emits light from its surface rather than from its edge like conventional lasers.
2) VCSEL research has progressed through several generations, reaching commercial applications in the late 1980s and 1990s. Key milestones included room temperature operation in 1988, sub-milliamp threshold currents, and introduction into gigabit ethernet networks in 1999.
3) VCSELs have many advantages over conventional lasers including ultralow threshold currents (as low as microamps), high modulation bandwidth, easy testing and packaging, and potential
Design and characterization of polarization reconfigurable heart shape monop...IJECEIAES
This article represented a heart shape reconfigurable monopole antenna with polarization diversity. The proposed antenna is fed by a 50 Ω microstrip feed line that is printed on a flexible FR-4 (εr=4.4) substrate. The antenna comprises a ring-slot, a cross slot and four positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes that are soldered on ring slot. Four PIN diodes act as a switch and by controlling these PIN diodes effective current direction is changed hence four various states of polarization are achieved. Four states of polarization such as horizontal linear polarization (H-LP), vertical linear polarization (V-LP), right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) and left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) can be switched easily with the help of these PIN diodes and achieved an efficiency of more than 90%. Proposed antenna shows voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)<2 at all working frequency and -10 dB reflection coefficients (RC) bandwidths (BW) (i.e., S11≤-10 dB) about 32.86% for linear polarization (LP) states while RHCP and LHCP states possess BW of about 31.61% and 31.67% respectively. It also shows axial ratio (AR) BW of 3.41% and 2.44% for RHCP and LHCP, respectively. Besides, the antenna has a well-suited omnidirectional pattern with a positive gain of all working frequency of interest where crosspolarization level is much lower than that of antenna gain.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Designing High-Speed, Low-Power Full Adder Cells Based on Carbon Nanotube Tec...VLSICS Design
This article presents novel high speed and low power full adder cells based on carbon nanotube field effect
transistor (CNFET). Four full adder cells are proposed in this article. First one (named CN9P4G) and
second one (CN9P8GBUFF) utilizes 13 and 17 CNFETs respectively. Third design that we named
CN10PFS uses only 10 transistors and is full swing. Finally, CN8P10G uses 18 transistors and divided into
two modules, causing Sum and Cout signals are produced in a parallel manner. All inputs have been used
straight, without inverting. These designs also used the special feature of CNFET that is controlling the
threshold voltage by adjusting the diameters of CNFETs to achieve the best performance and right voltage
levels. All simulation performed using Synopsys HSPICE software and the proposed designs are compared
to other classical and modern CMOS and CNFET-based full adder cells in terms of delay, power
consumption and power delay product.
Design and analysis of current mirror OTA in 45 nm and 90 nm CMOS technology ...journalBEEI
This paper proposed a design and performance analysis of current mirror operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) in 45 nm and 90 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology for bio-medical application. Both OTAs were designed and simulated using Synopsys tools and the simulation results were analysed thoroughly. The OTAs were designed to be implemented in bio-potential signals detection system where the input signals were amplified and filtered according to the specifications. From the comparative analysis of both OTAs, the 45 nm OTA managed to produce open loop gain of 45 dB, with common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of 93.2 dB. The 45 nm OTA produced only 1.113 μV√Hz of input referred noise at 1 Hz. The 45 nm OTA also consumed only 28.21 nW of power from ± 0.5 V supply. The low-power consumption aspect displayed by 45 nm OTA made it suitable to be implemented in bio-medical application such as bio-potential signals detection system where it can be used to amplify and filter the electrocardiogram (ECG) signals.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes multiple circuit topologies for voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs) that can operate across multiple communication standards. It discusses switched capacitor VCOs, conventional LC tank VCOs, and active inductor VCOs. It also reviews applications of VCOs and background topics like wideband receivers, double-driven coupled resonators, switched capacitor circuits, and low-voltage VCO design. The document aims to present circuit topologies that can enable multi-standard functionality in VCOs used in wireless devices.
Printed supercapacitors based on graphene and other carbon materials show promise for energy storage applications. Supercapacitors provide higher power density than batteries and longer lifespan than electrolytic capacitors. Graphene is a promising material for supercapacitors due to its large surface area, high conductivity, short ion diffusion path, and ability to be manufactured at scale. Methods for producing graphene-based supercapacitors include direct laser writing, lithography, and direct printing of graphene inks. These graphene microsupercapacitors show energy densities comparable to lithium-ion batteries with orders of magnitude higher power density. Further cost reductions could enable broader adoption of printed supercapacitors for portable devices, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage.
DESIGNING HIGH-SPEED, LOW-POWER FULL ADDER CELLS BASED ON CARBON NANOTUBE TEC...VLSICS Design
This article presents novel high speed and low power full adder cells based on carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNFET). Four full adder cells are proposed in this article. First one named CN9P4G) and second one (CN9P8GBUFF) utilizes 13 and 17 CNFETs respectively. Third design that we named CN10PFS uses only 10 transistors and is full swing. Finally, CN8P10G uses 18 transistors and divided into two modules, causing Sum and Cout signals are produced in a parallel manner. All inputs have been used straight, without inverting. These designs also used the special feature of CNFET that is controlling the threshold voltage by adjusting the diameters of CNFETs to achieve the best performance and right voltage levels. All simulation performed using Synopsys HSPICE software and the proposed designs are compared to other classical and modern CMOS and CNFET-based full adder cells in terms of delay, power consumption and power delay product.
Energy Efficient and Process Tolerant Full Adder in Technologies beyond CMOSIDES Editor
This paper presents 1-bit full adder cell in emerging
technologies like FinFET and CNFET that operates in the
moderate inversion region for energy efficiency, robustness
and higher performance. The performance of the adder is
improved by the optimum selection of important process
parameters like oxide and fin thickness in FinFET and number
of carbon nanotubes, chirality vector and pitch in CNFET.
The optimized CNFET-based full adder (OP-CNFET) has
higher speed, lower PDP (power-delay product) and lower
power dissipation as compared to the MOSFET and FinFET
full adder cells. The OP-CNFET design also offers tight spread
in power, delay and PDP variability against process, voltage
and temperature variations. All the evaluations have been
carried out using HSPICE simulations based on 32 nm BPTM
(Berkeley Predictive Technology Model).
Performance Analysis of Interconnect Drivers for Ultralow Power ApplicationsIDES Editor
ultralow power consumption requirement of low
throughput applications needs to operate circuits in
subthreshold region where subthreshold leakage current is used
as active current for necessary computations. This paper
investigates the impact of interconnect drivers on digital circuit
performance in subthreshold region. In particular, we have
investigates the performance of Si-MOSFET and CNFETs at
32nm deep submicron technology node. Performance Analysis
is carried out for different interconnect drivers driving global
interconnect. We have proposed an optimized CNFET driver
which gives the significant improvement in delay and PDP over
conventional CNFET in subthreshold for global and semi-global
interconnect length. HSPICE device model files generated from
“Nano CMOS” tool are use for Si-MOSFET to analyze the
impact of Process and Temperature (P, T) variations on
robustness of circuit for fair comparison with CNFET.
Variability of design metric parameters is evaluated by applying
Gaussian distribution using Monte Carlo simulation run.
Performance Comparison of CMOS and Finfet Based Circuits At 45nm Technology U...IJERA Editor
According to the Moore’s Law, the number of transistors in a unit chip area double every two years. But the existing technology of integrated circuit formation is posing limitations to this law. CMOS technology shows certain limitations as the device is reduced more and more in the nanometer regime out of which power dissipation is an important issue. FinFET is evolving to be a promising technology in this regard. This paper aims to analyze and compare the characteristics of CMOS and FinFET circuits at 45nm technology. Inverter circuit is implemented in order to study the basic characteristics such as voltage transfer characteristics, leakage current and power dissipation. Further the efficiency of FinFET to reduce power as compared to CMOS is proved using SRAM circuit. The results show that the average power is reduced by 92.93% in read operation and by 97.8% in write operation.
This document describes a microcontroller-based control and monitoring system for a DC-HVDC power supply module used in the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) project. The system uses microcontrollers to control and monitor the voltage applied to Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) via DC-HVDC converters. It allows setting the voltage at a specified rate and monitoring voltage and current. The system has been prototyped and future work involves integrating it into the RPC detector readout module and mass producing it for use in the INO experiment.
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Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
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GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
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ESS Bilbao Initiative Workshop Talk. Linac Design
1. WEPP080 Proceedings of EPAC08, Genoa, Italy
BASELINE DESIGN OF THE ESS BILBAO LINAC
R. Enparantza, L. Uriarte, TEKNIKER-IK4, 20600 Eibar, Spain
J. Bermejo, C.S.I.C. and UPV-EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
J. Lucas, ELYTT Energy, 28046 Madrid, Spain
who have already taken responsibilities within IFMIF,
Abstract
SPIRAL2 and FAIR projects.
The present document deals with the need of rethinking
The design of such a new accelerator layout will be
the baseline design of the ESS-Bilbao (ESS-B) linear
critically dependent upon the development of low β↓
accelerator. Such a need is dictated by the substantial
superconducting cavities adequate for pulsed operation
lapse of time that has elapsed since the ESS baseline
and high duty cycle↓.
came to fruition, which now comes close to a decade.
Also a number of concurrent activities have taken place
THE ESS BILBAO CONCEPT
since then within the Magnetic Fusion (IFMIF), Waste
Transmutation (EURISOL, EUROTRANS), High-Energy The current ESS-Bilbao proposal complies with the
Accelerators (LINAC4 at CERN) and Heavy Ion basic machine specifications contained in the ESFRI fiche
Research (FAIR, SPIRAL2) domains. Such efforts have published within the ESFRI 2006 Roadmap on Research
lead to significantly shorter accelerators incorporating Infrastructures [1]. This comprises a phased approach
state-of-the-art technology which mainly replaces starting with the construction of a linear accelerator
decades-old copper (normal-conducting, NC) drift-tubes providing 2 millisecond pulses of 1.334 GeV protons
by superconducting cavities (SC) of a wholly new kind. which impinge on a liquid metal target with an average
There are a number of advantages in employing SC beam power of 5.1 MW, 16.67 times per second. A
elements instead of NC structures. These have to do with maximum of 20 instruments could possibly be
the far more efficient use of the radio-frequency (RF) accommodated all around the equatorial plane of this
power delivered to the accelerator which translates into target station. The latter is by design optimized for the
using less input power amplifiers and also significantly production of long-wavelength neutrons which will
less electricity consumption. Other operational largely benefit studies on most areas of the Condensed
advantages include larger mechanical apertures, less Matter Sciences to address problems requiring low
sensitivity to the effects of wake fields and other energy-transfers under relatively high signal/noise ratios.
collective effects, and a high operational stability due to A second target station, able to feed some other 20
operation at constant cryogenic temperature. beamlines will have to be built during a second
In the paragraphs that follow we are proposing to carry construction phase. As initially planned it will consist on
out a complete conceptual design study of a last a liquid metal target fed by 2 x 0.6 microsecond pulses at
generation high intensity proton linear accelerator to be a frequency of 50 times a second and similar beam energy
done in close collaboration with colleagues at CIEMAT and power.
280 MHz 560 MHz 1120 MHz SC linac
+
H Ion Sources
RFQ DTL 2 x 75 mA 4 cavities/cryomodules
85 mA each
β = 0.8 β = 0.96 LP
CCDTL CCL
6 cells/cavity 5 cells/cavity Target
Funnel
75KeV 2.5MeV 20MeV 100MeV 400MeV 1.4GeV 3GeV
262 m 330 m
495 m
Figure 1: Alternative design layout for LP [11].
03 Linear Colliders, Lepton Accelerators and New Acceleration Techniques A08 Linear Accelerators
2704
2. Proceedings of EPAC08, Genoa, Italy WEPP080
incorporates up to date advances in superconducting
The ESS Bilbao linac technologies. In some more detail, our current tasks
The baseline specification for the ESS-B accelerator comprise the evaluation of:
adheres to suggestions made by ESS-I, and seeks to enter a) The use of a single proton source capable to deliver
a design phase for a machine based upon a 150 mA +H proton currents of 150 mA or above. Prototypes for
proton beam. Such intensity was to be delivered, as stated such proton injector, delivering some 5000
in the 2003 Technical Report [2], by a tandem of two hours/year with low downtimes have been reported
proton ion sources of some 85 mA each funnelled after in the literature [5]. Proton sources such as SILHI at
the two beams are accelerated up to about 20 MeV. CEA have already produced currents of 130 mA at
We keep as a reference the SC Linac, as sketched low duty factors [6]. The rationale behind such an
above, which has as working frequencies those already effort stems from the possibility of avoiding the use
published [2]. Its design was based upon a sequence of of the funnel section which still constitutes one of
drift tubes and coupled cavities operating at 560 MHz as the main showstoppers of the 2003 concept, and has
well as a Super Conducting section comprised by a low not changed up to this very day.
b) The use of superconducting cavities (spokes,
beta (β=0.8) set of four cavities comprising six cells each
quarter-wave etc.) for medium energy (20 – 100
operating at a frequency of 1120 MHz.
MeV) acceleration. The technology has already been
The main thrust towards seeking alternative and up to
developed, mostly geared towards applications
date design for the ESS-B accelerator is grounded upon
within IFMIF and SPIRAL2 projects and could
current activities developed during the last few years
provide a cost effective substitute for the copper
within the CARE (Coordinated Accelerator Research in
cavities both in terms of fabrication and operation,
Europe ) and EUROTRANS (TRANSmutation of High
since as can be gauged by comparison of both
Level Nuclear Waste in an Accelerator Driven System)
schemes herein shown, the total length of the
programmes which have resulted in very significant
accelerator would be significantly reduced.
advances in both ion source and low-energy acceleration
The behaviour of beams extracted from present day
technologies which will surely have a relevant impact on
proton sources at medium and high energies. Present day
the proposed accelerator design. Such advances which
ECR proton sources typically deliver beams with a proton
have taken place well after the ESS reference design was
fraction somewhat less than 0.9. Beam dynamics
published have shown that:
simulations using realistic conditions are now being
a) Low β, superconducting cavities came forward as an
planned in order to get a better understanding of the
alternative to classic Alvarez-type DTL tubes [3],
transport of the intense, multi-species beams.
and in fact, these are considered nowadays to be the
A schematic view of an accelerator which incorporates
technology of choice for a wide range 0.1 < β < 0.6.
the above given features is shown above. Its concept is
b) Superconducting TEM-class cavities have RF losses
grounded on a basic design developed by colleagues at
some 100 times less than conventional copper
CEA-Saclay and there is still room for further
cavities and thus provide an economical and
improvement by extending the SC section down to 20
efficient use of RF power which is not offset by the
MeV or below.
expense incurred in cryogenic systems operation.
c) Funnel structures such as that appearing in the figure
The FETS Bilbao Project
above constitute one of the most complicated parts
of the accelerator. In fact, although the principles of Actual working experience in developing an accelerator
the proposed funnel scheme were advanced a long front-end is being gained at present by the ESS-Bilbao
time ago, there is no similar piece of equipment project team, in close collaboration with colleagues at
operating in the world today. Its performance results CIEMAT involved in developments geared towards
from compensation of several effects (space-charge, IFMIF and SPIRAL2 installations. The effort which has
beam rigidity, etc.) and therefore the development of recently been set into motion, was launched exploiting the
such a funnel concept will involve a substantial synergies resulting from the collaboration established
R&D effort which could be avoided if a single between the Spanish Ministry for Science & Innovation
proton source providing the whole current were and the ISIS new Front-End-Test-Stand [7]. A
available. collaborative research group is now being set up between
Recent estimations for construction and operational the project team and the CEA/CNRS SUPRATech
costs for the superconducting option for IFMIF [4], show platform aiming to develop the baseline specifications for
that up to 20% of the accelerator capital costs could be the ESS-Bilbao superconducting cavities.
reduced if low β cavities of spoke or quarter-wave
geometries are adopted instead of conventional normal-
conducting DTL tubes. In addition, a cost reduction of
9% has been estimated for the operational period.
The arguments given above seem to us to be explicit
enough so that a number or activities need to be started
towards the exploration of a baseline design which
03 Linear Colliders, Lepton Accelerators and New Acceleration Techniques A08 Linear Accelerators
2705
3. WEPP080 Proceedings of EPAC08, Genoa, Italy
352 MHz 704 MHz
+
H Ion Source β 0.43 β 0.58 β 0.72
100 mA
NC RFQ NC DTL SC Spokes SC Elliptical SC Elliptical
95KeV 3MeV 50MeV 134MeV 348MeV 1338MeV
30 m 44 m 277 m
Figure 2: Possible new lay-out [11].
The most prominent activity dealing with technical and Spanish Central Governments and, as a consequence,
issues carried out within the realm of ESS-Bilbao it will be carried out independent of the fate of the ESS-
concerns R&D work on ion sources. As it is well known, Bilbao bid.
the beam current required from the ion source and LEBT
is strongly dependent upon the beam emittance, because REFERENCES
the RFQ transmission decreases rapidly with increasing
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