The document discusses community-based natural resource management programs in Southern Africa that have led to positive conservation outcomes. It describes how establishing conservancies in Namibia has allowed communities to cover costs while reducing poaching by making wildlife protection socially acceptable. The document also discusses the loss of local ecological knowledge and traditions that can occur when communities are removed from their lands or subsistence practices change. It provides examples of cattle ranches in South Africa being converted to game ranches, which increases species richness and diversity.