This document describes a microcontroller-based control and monitoring system for a DC-HVDC power supply module used in the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) project. The system uses microcontrollers to control and monitor the voltage applied to Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) via DC-HVDC converters. It allows setting the voltage at a specified rate and monitoring voltage and current. The system has been prototyped and future work involves integrating it into the RPC detector readout module and mass producing it for use in the INO experiment.
This slides are the Ph.D. work presentation on Active Power Filter design and implementation for harmonic elimination in micro-grid and electric vehicle
This slides are the Ph.D. work presentation on Active Power Filter design and implementation for harmonic elimination in micro-grid and electric vehicle
A bridgeless bhb zvs pwm ac-ac converter for high-frequency induction heating...LeMeniz Infotech
A bridgeless bhb zvs pwm ac-ac converter for high-frequency induction heating applications
Do Your Projects With Technology Experts...
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Development and implementation of two-stage boost converter for single-phase ...IJECEIAES
This paper offers a two-stage boost converter for a single-phase inverter without transformer for PV systems. Each stage of the converter is separately controlled by a pulse width modulated signal. A Simulink model of the converter using efficient voltage control topology is developed. The proposed circuit performance characteristics are explained and the obtained simulation results are confirmed through the applied experiments. Moreover, this paper has examined the control circuit of a single-phase inverter that delivers a pure sine wave with an output voltage that has the identical value and frequency as a grid voltage. A microcontroller supported an innovative technology is utilized to come up with a sine wave with fewer harmonics, much less price and an easier outline. A sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique is used by a microcontroller. The developed inverter integrated with the twostage boost converter has improved the output waveform quality and controlled the dead time as it decreased to 63 µs compared to 180 µs in conventional methods. The system design is reproduced in Proteus and PSIM Software to analyze its operation principle that is confirmed practically.
Reliability analysis of pmu using hidden markov modelamaresh1234
As modern electric power systems are transforming into smart grids, real time wide area monitoring system (WAMS) has become an essential tool for operation and control. With the increasing applications of WAMS for on-line stability analysis and control in smart grids, phasor measurement unit (PMU) is becoming a key element in wide area measurement system and the consequence of the failure of PMU is very severe and may cause a black out. Therefore reliable operation of PMU is very much essential for smooth functioning of the power system. This thesis is focused mainly on evaluating the reliability of PMU using hidden Markov model. Firstly, the probability of given observation sequence is obtained for the individual modules and PMU as a whole using forward and backward algorithm. Secondly, the optimal state sequence each module passes through is found. Thirdly, the parameters of the hidden Markov model are re-estimated using Baum-Welch algorithm.
This paper presents a novel shunt active power filter (SAPF). The power converter that is used in this SAPF is constructed from a four-leg asymmetric multi-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter that is fed from a photovoltaic source. A three-dimensional space vector modulation (3D-SVPWM) technique is adopted in this work. The multi-level inverter can generate 27-level output with harmonic content is almost zero. In addition to the capability to inject reactive power and mitigating the harmonics, the proposed SAPF has also, the ability to inject real power as it is fed from a PV source. Moreover, it has a fault-tolerant capability that makes the SAPF maintaining its operation under a loss of one leg of the multi-level inverter due to an open-circuit fault without any degradation in the performance. The proposed SAPF is designed and simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK using a single nonlinear load and the results have shown a significant reduction in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current under the normal operating condition and post a failure in one phase of the SAPF. Also, similar results are obtained when IEEE 15 bus network is used.
Photovoltaic Management System in Residential Areas Using Power Line Communic...IJTET Journal
Abstract— Energy consumption in residential areas is rising; residential areas have deployed a photovoltaic (PV) system to save
energy cost and provide continuous power in the area. The PV system needs to be continuously monitored to maintain its performance.
In addition, it is desirable to monitor each PV module because one abnormal PV module affects the whole PV system. Here Power line
communication (PLCC) technology is used to monitor each PV module in order to check the performance of PV system. Power line
communication (PLCC) carries data on a conductor that is also used simultaneously for AC electric power transmission. The
parameters in PV module are monitored by PLC. The system architecture is composed of the following components: PLC modem,
CUK Converter, and inverter connected with AC load. The PLC modems are deployed on each PV module for continuous monitoring.
The CUK converter will provide constant voltage to the battery. The device retrieves the stored data in microcontroller unit and
informs users about the status of the photovoltaic module. The device retrieves the stored data from the converter to inform users of
the status of the PV system. Voltage, Current and Temperature are the parameters which are going to be noted in PV module. The
output of the inverter circuit is given to the AC load by using resistive load. Users can browse and figure out the PV system
performance in detail by using power line communication technology. The system is installed in the field.It is composed of sixteen PV
modules with 960V; since each PV module provides 60V and a 1kW inverter. This scheme will maintain the performance of a PV
system and can be used for industrial applications.
An inverter system applied with the PV source typically has a problem of lower input voltage due to constraint in the PV strings connection. As a countermeasure a DC-DC boost converter is placed in between to achieve a higher voltage at the inverter DC link for connection to the grid and to realize the MPPT operation. This additional stage contributes to losses and complexity in control thus reducing the overall system efficiency. This work discussed on the design and development of a grid-connected quasi-Z-source PV inverter which has different topology and control method compared to the conventional voltage source inverter and able to overcome the above disadvantages. Modelling and performance analysis of the voltage and current controller to achieve a good power transfer from the PV source, as well sycnchronization with the grid are presented in detail. Results from both simulation and experimental verification demonstrate the designed and developed grid-connected qZSI PV inverter works successfully equivalent to the conventional voltage source inverter system.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
Lecture-3 : More Applications of Power Electronicsrsamurti
This is the third lecture on Power Electronics. This describes some more applications of Power Electronics to help the student understand the importance of Power Electronics in present and future technology.
Switching pulse generation for DC-DC boost converter using Xilinx-ISE with FP...IJECEIAES
This paper explains steps to generate switching pulse using Xilinx-ISE with FPGA processor for DC-DC boost converter. The switching pulse generated using Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) with Xilinx-ISE. VHDL is a programming language, which is used to model and design any complex circuits in a dynamic environment. This paper gives the course of action for generation of switching pulses for dc-dc boost converter using Xilinx-ISE and matlab simulink. The switching pulse generated using Xilinx-ISE with FPGA-Spartan 6 processor compared with switching pulse generated using matlab.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
BPSK Modulation and Demodulation with Power Line Carrier Communication and GS...IAES-IJPEDS
GSM/GPRS and PLC communication are used for Automatic Meter Reading
(AMR) applications. These AMR systems have made substantial progress
over the recent years in terms of functionality, scalability, performance
and openness such that they can perform remote metering applications for
very demanding and complex systems. By using BPSK (Binary Phase Shift
Keying) modulation with Power Line Carrier Communication, Smart
Metering can be done in Rural Smart Micro-grids. The design
and Simulation of BPSK Modulation and Demodulation are successfully
done by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The advantages of using BPSK
modulation over the QPSK modulation and the advantages of PLC
Communication over the GSM Communication is identified in this paper.
Simulation Analysis of Ac/Dc Adapter Under Zero No-Load Power Consumption usi...IJPEDS-IAES
The burst-mode control is generally used to regulate the output voltage of the ac/dc adapter under light or no-load condition. Although the burst-mode control reduces the switching loss, the control-IC and the feedback circuit at the output side still consume a large amount of power. In order to further reduce the power consumption at no-load condition, a zero no-load power (ZNP) ac/dc adapter for electronic equipment with an embedded battery is proposed in this paper. When the proposed adapter is load connected, the operation is same as that of the conventional adapter. At no-load condition, the adapter is totally turned off. As a result the adapter can reduce the no- load power consumption to less than 1mW. Simulation of a 65 W adapter is presented in order to verify its validity
JMV LPS Ltd Make in India Product for SolarPv,High Energy Storage and Electri...Mahesh Chandra Manav
JMV LPS Ltd Offer Electrical Safety Product for Solar PV ,High Energy Storage ,Electric Vehicle Charging Infra Earthing ,Lightning and Surge Protection ,AJB/DCDB, MC4 Connectors,
Useful Information for SECI,MNRE,NTPC,BHEL,NHPC,SVJN, State Electricity Board,State Power Generation Companies, State Renewable Power Generation Companies, Smart City Projects by States,Ministry of Power ,Ministry of Renewable,Discom Companies,Solar Power Developers,Solar EPC Companies Ground Mounted,Roof Top Projects, Indian Railways ,DMRC,
lliret, me emrat e tyre Bardhyl, Yllka, Ylli, banoret e hapësirës se mrekullueshme te quajtur Ylliri, Yll i Ri,
Jo me kot e përzgjedhur prej tyre, për veçoritë e saj, për bukuritë, për ujërat, malet, pyjet, liqenet, fushat, lumenjtë, detet, klimën e pakrahasueshme.
Dikur i gjithë gadishulli ynë, Ballkani, quhej Ylliri (i deformuar me pas ne Iliri, me “i”, nga greket e romaket, te cilët nuk e shqiptojnë dot Y-ne si Y por si “i”). Ne Yllit i themi Yll, kurse greket Illyos (?!). Çfarë është kjo: ngjashmëri, deformim, vjedhje dhe tjetërsim gjuhe, apo çfarë ?!
A bridgeless bhb zvs pwm ac-ac converter for high-frequency induction heating...LeMeniz Infotech
A bridgeless bhb zvs pwm ac-ac converter for high-frequency induction heating applications
Do Your Projects With Technology Experts...
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Development and implementation of two-stage boost converter for single-phase ...IJECEIAES
This paper offers a two-stage boost converter for a single-phase inverter without transformer for PV systems. Each stage of the converter is separately controlled by a pulse width modulated signal. A Simulink model of the converter using efficient voltage control topology is developed. The proposed circuit performance characteristics are explained and the obtained simulation results are confirmed through the applied experiments. Moreover, this paper has examined the control circuit of a single-phase inverter that delivers a pure sine wave with an output voltage that has the identical value and frequency as a grid voltage. A microcontroller supported an innovative technology is utilized to come up with a sine wave with fewer harmonics, much less price and an easier outline. A sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique is used by a microcontroller. The developed inverter integrated with the twostage boost converter has improved the output waveform quality and controlled the dead time as it decreased to 63 µs compared to 180 µs in conventional methods. The system design is reproduced in Proteus and PSIM Software to analyze its operation principle that is confirmed practically.
Reliability analysis of pmu using hidden markov modelamaresh1234
As modern electric power systems are transforming into smart grids, real time wide area monitoring system (WAMS) has become an essential tool for operation and control. With the increasing applications of WAMS for on-line stability analysis and control in smart grids, phasor measurement unit (PMU) is becoming a key element in wide area measurement system and the consequence of the failure of PMU is very severe and may cause a black out. Therefore reliable operation of PMU is very much essential for smooth functioning of the power system. This thesis is focused mainly on evaluating the reliability of PMU using hidden Markov model. Firstly, the probability of given observation sequence is obtained for the individual modules and PMU as a whole using forward and backward algorithm. Secondly, the optimal state sequence each module passes through is found. Thirdly, the parameters of the hidden Markov model are re-estimated using Baum-Welch algorithm.
This paper presents a novel shunt active power filter (SAPF). The power converter that is used in this SAPF is constructed from a four-leg asymmetric multi-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter that is fed from a photovoltaic source. A three-dimensional space vector modulation (3D-SVPWM) technique is adopted in this work. The multi-level inverter can generate 27-level output with harmonic content is almost zero. In addition to the capability to inject reactive power and mitigating the harmonics, the proposed SAPF has also, the ability to inject real power as it is fed from a PV source. Moreover, it has a fault-tolerant capability that makes the SAPF maintaining its operation under a loss of one leg of the multi-level inverter due to an open-circuit fault without any degradation in the performance. The proposed SAPF is designed and simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK using a single nonlinear load and the results have shown a significant reduction in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current under the normal operating condition and post a failure in one phase of the SAPF. Also, similar results are obtained when IEEE 15 bus network is used.
Photovoltaic Management System in Residential Areas Using Power Line Communic...IJTET Journal
Abstract— Energy consumption in residential areas is rising; residential areas have deployed a photovoltaic (PV) system to save
energy cost and provide continuous power in the area. The PV system needs to be continuously monitored to maintain its performance.
In addition, it is desirable to monitor each PV module because one abnormal PV module affects the whole PV system. Here Power line
communication (PLCC) technology is used to monitor each PV module in order to check the performance of PV system. Power line
communication (PLCC) carries data on a conductor that is also used simultaneously for AC electric power transmission. The
parameters in PV module are monitored by PLC. The system architecture is composed of the following components: PLC modem,
CUK Converter, and inverter connected with AC load. The PLC modems are deployed on each PV module for continuous monitoring.
The CUK converter will provide constant voltage to the battery. The device retrieves the stored data in microcontroller unit and
informs users about the status of the photovoltaic module. The device retrieves the stored data from the converter to inform users of
the status of the PV system. Voltage, Current and Temperature are the parameters which are going to be noted in PV module. The
output of the inverter circuit is given to the AC load by using resistive load. Users can browse and figure out the PV system
performance in detail by using power line communication technology. The system is installed in the field.It is composed of sixteen PV
modules with 960V; since each PV module provides 60V and a 1kW inverter. This scheme will maintain the performance of a PV
system and can be used for industrial applications.
An inverter system applied with the PV source typically has a problem of lower input voltage due to constraint in the PV strings connection. As a countermeasure a DC-DC boost converter is placed in between to achieve a higher voltage at the inverter DC link for connection to the grid and to realize the MPPT operation. This additional stage contributes to losses and complexity in control thus reducing the overall system efficiency. This work discussed on the design and development of a grid-connected quasi-Z-source PV inverter which has different topology and control method compared to the conventional voltage source inverter and able to overcome the above disadvantages. Modelling and performance analysis of the voltage and current controller to achieve a good power transfer from the PV source, as well sycnchronization with the grid are presented in detail. Results from both simulation and experimental verification demonstrate the designed and developed grid-connected qZSI PV inverter works successfully equivalent to the conventional voltage source inverter system.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
Lecture-3 : More Applications of Power Electronicsrsamurti
This is the third lecture on Power Electronics. This describes some more applications of Power Electronics to help the student understand the importance of Power Electronics in present and future technology.
Switching pulse generation for DC-DC boost converter using Xilinx-ISE with FP...IJECEIAES
This paper explains steps to generate switching pulse using Xilinx-ISE with FPGA processor for DC-DC boost converter. The switching pulse generated using Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) with Xilinx-ISE. VHDL is a programming language, which is used to model and design any complex circuits in a dynamic environment. This paper gives the course of action for generation of switching pulses for dc-dc boost converter using Xilinx-ISE and matlab simulink. The switching pulse generated using Xilinx-ISE with FPGA-Spartan 6 processor compared with switching pulse generated using matlab.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
BPSK Modulation and Demodulation with Power Line Carrier Communication and GS...IAES-IJPEDS
GSM/GPRS and PLC communication are used for Automatic Meter Reading
(AMR) applications. These AMR systems have made substantial progress
over the recent years in terms of functionality, scalability, performance
and openness such that they can perform remote metering applications for
very demanding and complex systems. By using BPSK (Binary Phase Shift
Keying) modulation with Power Line Carrier Communication, Smart
Metering can be done in Rural Smart Micro-grids. The design
and Simulation of BPSK Modulation and Demodulation are successfully
done by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The advantages of using BPSK
modulation over the QPSK modulation and the advantages of PLC
Communication over the GSM Communication is identified in this paper.
Simulation Analysis of Ac/Dc Adapter Under Zero No-Load Power Consumption usi...IJPEDS-IAES
The burst-mode control is generally used to regulate the output voltage of the ac/dc adapter under light or no-load condition. Although the burst-mode control reduces the switching loss, the control-IC and the feedback circuit at the output side still consume a large amount of power. In order to further reduce the power consumption at no-load condition, a zero no-load power (ZNP) ac/dc adapter for electronic equipment with an embedded battery is proposed in this paper. When the proposed adapter is load connected, the operation is same as that of the conventional adapter. At no-load condition, the adapter is totally turned off. As a result the adapter can reduce the no- load power consumption to less than 1mW. Simulation of a 65 W adapter is presented in order to verify its validity
JMV LPS Ltd Make in India Product for SolarPv,High Energy Storage and Electri...Mahesh Chandra Manav
JMV LPS Ltd Offer Electrical Safety Product for Solar PV ,High Energy Storage ,Electric Vehicle Charging Infra Earthing ,Lightning and Surge Protection ,AJB/DCDB, MC4 Connectors,
Useful Information for SECI,MNRE,NTPC,BHEL,NHPC,SVJN, State Electricity Board,State Power Generation Companies, State Renewable Power Generation Companies, Smart City Projects by States,Ministry of Power ,Ministry of Renewable,Discom Companies,Solar Power Developers,Solar EPC Companies Ground Mounted,Roof Top Projects, Indian Railways ,DMRC,
lliret, me emrat e tyre Bardhyl, Yllka, Ylli, banoret e hapësirës se mrekullueshme te quajtur Ylliri, Yll i Ri,
Jo me kot e përzgjedhur prej tyre, për veçoritë e saj, për bukuritë, për ujërat, malet, pyjet, liqenet, fushat, lumenjtë, detet, klimën e pakrahasueshme.
Dikur i gjithë gadishulli ynë, Ballkani, quhej Ylliri (i deformuar me pas ne Iliri, me “i”, nga greket e romaket, te cilët nuk e shqiptojnë dot Y-ne si Y por si “i”). Ne Yllit i themi Yll, kurse greket Illyos (?!). Çfarë është kjo: ngjashmëri, deformim, vjedhje dhe tjetërsim gjuhe, apo çfarë ?!
Kur nisi sllavizmi e myslimanizmi i shqiptarëve - nga Gani MehmetajMarjan Dodaj
Kur nisi sllavizmi e myslimanizmi i shqiptarëve?
Kronisti papnor tregon se si popullata shqiptare nisi të kthehet në fenë myslimane, që të mbronte kokën e dinjitetin nga terrori i priftërinjve serbë, të cilët i solli Turqia, megjithëse në Pejë e Dardani, nuk pati serbë. Ndërkaq ishin marrë vesh që priftërinjtë serbë të bënin terror, kurse sundimtarët turq t’u ofronin më zemërgjerësi shqiptarëve vendës të konvertoheshin në fenë myslimane, ose të mbeteshin bujkrobër të Patrikanës.
this shows how to generate High Voltage Dc from low input Ac a complex circuit may comprise of 8 stage Voltage Multiplier followed by a Voltage Doubler Circuit
High-efficiency 2.45 and 5.8 GHz dual-band rectifier design with modulated in...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a new rectifier design for radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting by adopting a particular circuit topology to achieve two objectives at the same time. First, work with modulated input signal sources instead of only continuous waveform (CW) signals. Second, operate with a wide input power range using the Wilkinson power divider (WPD) and two different rectifier diodes (HSMS2852 and SMS7630) instead of using active components. According to the comparison with dual-band rectifiers presented in the literature, the designed rectifier is a high-efficiency rectifier for wide RF power input ranges. A peak of 67.041% and 49.089% was reached for 2.45 and 5.8 GHz, respectively, for CW as the input signal. An efficiency of 72.325% and 45.935% is obtained with a 16 QAM modulated input signal for the operating frequencies, respectively, 69.979% and 54.579% for 8PSK. The results obtained demonstrate that energy recovery systems can use modulated signals. Therefore, the use of a modulated signal over a CW signal may have additional benefits.
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
A low power cmos analog circuit design for acquiring multichannel eeg signalsVLSICS Design
EEG signals are the signatures of neural activities and are captured by multiple-electrodes and the signals are recorded from pairs of electrodes. To acquire these multichannel signals a low power CMOS circuit was designed and implemented. The design operates in weak inversion region employing sub threshold
source coupled logic. A 16 channel differential multiplexer is designed by utilizing a transmission gate with
dynamic threshold logic and a 4 to 16 decoder is used to select the individual channels. The ON and OFF
resistance of the transmission gate obtained is 27 ohms and 10 M ohms respectively. The power dissipation
achieved is around 337nW for a dynamic range of 1μV to 0.4 V.
Abstract: We need energy for every day today work of our life. There are many conventional methods of energy generation but these are depleting very fastly hence non-conventional energy system is very essential at this time to our nation. So an alternate method of non conventional energy generation is proposed in this project. In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by simply walking or running on foot step.Here Dynamometer is used for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The voltage generated by this sensor is stored in battery which will be later on transmitted wirelessly to charge the mobiles.
This is a presentation to my conference paper titled "Evaluation of Electrical and Thermal Stresses in Conventional and Solid-State Fault Current Limiter-Based Hybrid HVDC Circuit Breaker"
Design and Development of a PIC Microcontroller Based High Voltage Power Supplyijtsrd
Design, development and simulation of a microcontroller based high voltage power supply HVPS have been presented in this paper. The HVPS consists of microcontroller µC based oscillator, transistor driver circuit, ferrite core high voltage HV transformer and quadruple voltage multiplier circuit. The PIC16F84A µC with 20 MHz crystal generates 9.09 KHz, 96.36 D, 5V signal which has been used as a input for transistor 2N2222A driver coupled with ferrite core HV transformer. Thereafter, the transformer’s secondary voltage has been multiplied by a quadrupler circuit. A multi turn potentiometer would be used to control the output voltage to a required level. An assembly language program based on MPLAB IDE has been developed for generation of the oscillator signal. The complete high voltage power supply HVPS has been designed and verified in Proteus 7.7 simulation platform. M. N. Islam | M. S. Alam | S. Sultana | H. Akhter | M. A. S. Haque "Design and Development of a PIC Microcontroller Based High Voltage Power Supply" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59903.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/59903/design-and-development-of-a-pic-microcontroller-based-high-voltage-power-supply/m-n-islam
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
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The main objective of this project is to develop a device for wireless power transfer. The concept of wireless power transfer was realized by Nikolas tesla. Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering which eliminates the use conventional copper cables and current carrying wires.
Based on this concept, the project is developed to transfer power within a small range. This project can be used for charging batteries those are physically not possible to be connected electrically such as pace makers (An electronic device that works in place of a defective heart valve) implanted in the body that runs on a battery.
The patient is required to be operated every year to replace the battery. This project is designed to charge a rechargeable battery wirelessly for the purpose. Since charging of the battery is not possible to be demonstrated, we are providing a DC fan that runs through wireless power.
This project is built upon using an electronic circuit which converts AC 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, High frequency. The output is fed to a tuned coil forming as primary of an air core transformer. The secondary coil develops a voltage of HF 12volt.
Thus the transfer of power is done by the primary(transmitter) to the secondary that is separated with a considerable distance(say 3cm). Therefore the transfer could be seen as the primary transmits and the secondary receives the power to run load.
Moreover this technique can be used in number of applications, like to charge a mobile phone, iPod, laptop battery, propeller clock wirelessly. And also this kind of charging provides a far lower risk of electrical shock as it would be galvanically isolated.
1. A microcontroller based control and monitoring system on an
SPI interface for a DC-HVDC power supply module
Srinidhi Bheesette*
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Terna Engineering College
Nerul, Navi Mumbai, INDIA, 400706
Email: srinidhi.bheesette@gmail.com
Upendra Yadav
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Terna Engineering College
Nerul, Navi Mumbai, INDIA, 400706
Email:upenndra137@gmail.com
Abstract
India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) collaboration is planning to
build a massive 50,000 ton Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) detector. Particle
detectors called Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) – about 30,000 in
number, will be used as active detector elements. RPCs require a high
voltage of about 10KV to be applied across its parallel glass
electrodes for producing the required uniform field needed for their
operation. A differential voltage (±5KV) solution using two low-
ripple DC-HVDC units is proposed. This solution is superior from the
points of view of cost besides ease of integration, which is a crucial
for ICAL detector.
Aim of this work is to design and build a microcontroller based
control and monitoring system on an SPI interface for the twin DC-
HVDC controllers based power supply module. Main functions of the
control and monitoring system are setting the required voltage at the
specified ramp up or ramp down rate and monitoring the voltage and
load current of the module.
General Terms
INO: Rs. 1350 crore mega science project funded by the Government
of India; ICAL: State-of-the-art, world's largest magnetised iron
calorimeter detector for neutrino physics research; RPCs: Modern,
gaseous, ultra-fast, particle detectors made of a pair of glass
electrodes.
Keywords
DC-HVDC converters, microcontroller, SPI interface, ADC, DAC,
control and monitoring.
Introduction
India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) [1]
collaboration is currently engaged in building a
large magnetized iron tracking calorimeter (ICAL)
of 50Kiloton in total weight, using atmospheric
neutrinos as source. Main goal of this basic particle
physics experiment is to accurately measure
parameters which govern oscillations between three
flavours of these absolutely tiny particles. The basic
criteria for selecting this type of detector are large
target mass, good energy and angular resolution and
identification of the electric charge of muons. The
experiment will be situated in an underground
cavern of about 132m×26m in area, which will be
built at the end of a 2km tunnel inside Bodi hills
near Madurai in Tamil Nadu. This experiment is
declared by the Government of India as one of the
country's mega science experiments under XII-plan
period.
1. Magnetised Iron Calorimeter (ICAL)
The ICAL detector will have a modular structure of
total lateral size 48m×16m and will consist of a
stack of 151 horizontal layers of 56mm thick low
carbon steel plates interleaved with 40mm gaps to
house the active detector layers called Resistive
Plate Chambers (RPCs). The height of the detector
will be 14.5m.
The detector will be built layer by layer using
4000mm×2000mm×56mm low carbon steel plates,
locked in position using spacers. The detector is
magnetised to a field of about 1.3Tesla, which helps
charge identification of the detecting particles.
The ICAL detector will be subdivided into three
modules of size 16m×16m (Fig. 1). Salient features
of the ICAL detector and its active detector
elements are summarised in the Fig. 2. A total of
28,800 RPCs of dimension 2m×2m will be needed
for his experiment. A dedicated R&D programme is
undertaken by the collaboration to develop and
mass produce these active detector elements
indigenously with help of local industry.
*Corresponding author. Mobile: 09892341794
2. Figure 1: ICAL detector
2. Resistive Plate Chambers
Resistive Plate Chambers [2] are rugged and low-
cost gas detectors and are extensively used in
ongoing and planned high energy and astroparticle
physics experiments for the detection of charged
particles. They have excellent spatial and temporal
resolution leading to applications for time of flight
measurements, tracking detectors and digital
calorimetry due to their large signal amplitudes.
Figure 2: ICAL features and specifications
RPC is composed of two parallel electrodes usually
made of commercial float glass or bakelite. The
electrodes are separated by suitable spacers glued to
both electrodes at regular intervals in such a way
that they channel the gas flow through the chamber
uniformly. T-shaped spacers are glued at the edges
of the electrodes to make the whole module gas
tight. To distribute high voltage on the electrodes
uniformly, their outer surfaces are coated with a thin
layer of graphite paint.
Figure 3: Schematic of RPC detector
An electric field is applied between two electrodes.
When a high voltage of about 10KV is applied
across the glass electrodes and a suitable gas mixer
is flown in the detector, the RPC will work as a
particle detector. The detector draws very little
current (about 200nA) from the power supply. High
voltage power supply is one of the crucial
components of the RPC detector system.
Readout of the RPC is performed by external
orthogonal metal pickup strips. Localized charge
produced by the avalanche or the streamer induces
charge on the appropriate strips. Typical signal
amplitudes in avalanche and streamer mode are 5-
10mV and 100-200mV (across 50Ω load
respectively. These tiny detector signals are
processed and recorded, in order to acquire all the
required information that goes into verifying the
physics principles.
3. Electronics and DAQ scheme for the ICAL
ICAL front-end electronics essentially comprises of
a preamplifier followed by a leading-edge
discriminator stage. This is implemented by an
indigenously developed 8-channel ASIC. Each of
the channels comprises of regulated Cascode trans-
impedance amplifier, differential amplifier,
common threshold comparator and LVDS output
driver. Amplifier’s output of a selected channel is
also available across a 50Ω output buffer through a
built-in analog multiplexer.
3. Figure 4: RPCDAQ module
The ICAL front-end electronics will be located near
and along the X-plane and Y-plane edges of the
RPC gas gaps. The pickup signals will be brought to
these front-end boards using appropriate flexi
cables/structures. The boards will be designed with
a form-factor of about 240mm (length) × 25mm
(width) and mounted vertically on long dimension.
Figure 5: Overall scheme of ICAL electronics
The RPCDAQ module (Fig. 4), which is positioned
at a corner of the RPC is the heart of the electronics
readout system of the RPC. It controls and acquires
data from the entire RPC using a high-end FPGA
(Xilinx XC6SLX100FGG676 or Altera
EP4CE115F29 chips), a multi-hit 200ps resolution
Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) chip, 5Gs/s
waveform sampler, ambient parameter sensor
module, Wiznet W5300 network controller and
other high density components. A soft-core
processor embedded in the FPGA takes charge of
all the supervisory functions of the RPCDAQ
module.
The RPCDAQ module is also designed to
communicate with the high voltage supply
controller (the topic of our project) using an SPI bus
so that it can control and monitor the high voltage
and measure the RPC current. Overall scheme of the
electronics, trigger, data acquisition and network
sub-systems is given in Fig. 5.
4. High voltage options for RPC
RPCs require a high voltage of about 10KV to be
applied across its parallel glass electrodes for
producing the required uniform field for their
operation. A differential voltage of ±5KV is usually
preferred from other considerations.
Conventional solution for the high voltage supply
comprises of a centralised power supply, along with
associated cabling to each detector. In this we have
two options: a channel at 10kV or two channels at
±5kV. Additionally it also possible to power 4
RPCs with a single HV channel. But here the cable
diameter is an integration issue and the connectors
are also expensive. Therefore a distributed or local
solution using DC-HVDC units is being proposed
by the collaboration. This solution is superior from
the points of view of cost besides ease of
integration, which is often turned out to be a crucial
aspect in case large scale detectors.
Two linear, low ripple DC-HVDC converters [3-5]
are chosen due to their small size, as these units are
planned to be mounted inside the RPC itself. The
converter produces the output voltage proportional
to the input control voltage and also provides
monitoring voltages proportional to the output
voltage and load current. ICAL will use 60,000 DC-
HVDC converter units.
The system comprises of two HVDC convertors
which produce proportional output in the range of
0-6000V to the applied input 0-5V. We have used
EMCO [3] made Q60 (positive) and Q60N
(negative) converters. The EMCO Q-Series is a
broad line of ultra-miniature, high reliability DC
HVDC converters supplying up to 6,000 volts in
only 0.125 cubic inches and up to 10,000 volts in
only 0.614 cubic inches. These component-sized
4. converters are ideal for applications requiring
minimal size and weight. The output is directly
proportional to the input voltage and is linear from
<0.7V input to maximum input voltage, allowing
for an adjustable output voltage with a peak to peak
ripple of <1%. Shown in Fig. 6 are the linearly
plots (input versus output voltages) for Q60(+6kV)
and Q60N(-6kV) that we obtained.
Figure 6: Calibration of the DC-HVDC converters
5. Overall scheme of our project
In our project we wish to control the input/control
voltage of the DC-HVDC converters using
embedded DAC channels in the microcontroller
ATxmega32A4U [6]. The set voltage and the load
currents are readout by the ADC channels
embedded in the microcontroller. Thus, main
hardware functions of the microcontroller are to
control its ADC and DAC channels. Besides, it
must also communicate with the RPCDAQ module
using the SPI communication bus so that this
functional interface is extended to the detector's
central data acquisition scheme.
Figure 7: Calibration plot of the ADC (Channel 0)
The ATxmega32A4U microcontroller provides 12
ADC channels of 12-bit resolution and is capable of
converting up to 2MSPS. The input selection is
flexible, and both single-ended and differential
measurements can be implemented. We have tested
the ADC channels by reading the input voltages
through ADC Channel 0 and 1. Shown in Fig. 7 is
the calibration plot for Channel 0.
Figure 8: Calibration of a DAC channel
The ATxmega32A4U microcontroller also provides
two-channel, 12-bit, one MSPS Digital to Analog
Converters (DAC). We have calibrated these DAC
channels. Data for one of them is shown in Fig. 8.
Figure 9: Overall scheme of the project
A schematic of the overall scheme of the project is
given in given in Fig. 9. It may be noted that ADC
and DAC connections to and from the DC-HVDC
units represent only logical connections. In practice,
the DAC output (range 0-3.3V) is processed
through a difference amplifier and a variable power
supply regulator before reaching the DC-HVDC
control input. This is needed to condition the DAC
output for offset and dynamic range which is
needed for our application. Similarly, the voltage
monitoring output is processed through an
attenuator and an inverter before fed to the ADC
5. (range 0-2.07V) input. These circuits are detailed in
Fig. 10.
The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a high-speed
synchronous data transfer interface using three or
four pins. It supports full-duplex communication
and allows fast communication among peripheral
devices and controllers. We used ATmega32U4
device as master to simulate the RPCDAQ module,
which is going to be used in the ICAL detector and
HV controller is built around an ATxmegaA4U
device (slave). SPI is used as communication
interface between master and slave.
Figure 10: Signal conditioning circuits for DAC and ADC
6. Software sequence of the project
As mentioned in Section 5, RPCDAQ module is
simulated in our project using an ATmega32U4
module. An LCD module is connected to the
ATmega32U4 for providing the user interface. The
ATmega32U4 is also equipped with a couple of
push-button switches to key in commands to ramp-
up or ramp-down the high voltage by 100 volts.
Firmware is developed [7] and loaded into both
ATmega32U4 (Master) and ATxmega32A4U
(Slave) boards to implement the above mentioned
functionality. Individual software sequences are
listed below:
a. Master
Power up: Vset = 0
Initialise LCD display
(A) Poll Push buttons; If no input Goto (A)
If 'Up' key pressed:
Vset = Vset + 100; If Vset > 3000 then Vset = 3000
Goto (A)
If 'Down' key pressed:
Vset = Vset - 100; If Vset < 0 then Vset = 0
(B) Calculate DAC data
Transmit DAC data to the Slave on SPI
Wait for the DC-HVDC voltage to stabilise
Read ADC data from the Slave
Calculate Vmon
Display Vmon on the LCD
Goto (A)
Commands:
[00][DAC data] = Set Vset (DAC data)
[01][ADC data] = Send Vmon (ADC data)
b. Slave
Power up: DAC data = 0
(A) Set voltage to DC-HVDC converters
Wait for the DC-HVDC voltage to stabilise
Read ADC data
Store ADC data
(B) Listen to SPI port: Goto (B)
If Set Command: Read DAC data; Goto (B)
If Mon Command: Send ADC data; Goto (B)
Command:
[02][ADC data] = Sending Vmon (ADC data)
7. Status of current work
Extensive market survey was done to select a
suitable DC-HVDC module, which will meet all the
specifications of the ICAL project. To begin with
we have procured the EMCO units and completed
their characterisation and calibration. We then did a
similar survey for selecting suitable
microcontrollers for the slave (DC-HVDC
controller) as well as the RPCDAQ simulator
(master). We then procured these chips and built the
boards. We designed and built rest of the circuitry
on 'mother boards' so that the circuits could be
expanded easily if needed. We have followed this
approach because we are engaged in developing a
new system.
We integrated a couple of push-buttons and a 20x4
character commercial LCD display module for the
master. Similarly we built quad operational
amplifier, variable power supply regulator based
6. signal conditioning circuits for the ADC and DAC.
We have also wired all necessary circuits for the
DC-HVDC modules and other ancillary circuits.
We setup and used the integrated software platform
called Atmel Studio, on which we developed the
entire software for handling the ADC [8], DAC,
digital I/O, SPI ports and LCD [9]. As we
developed module by module, we have tested these
modules independently before integrating them in
all one. Picture of a 'crude' but actual working setup
of this project is shown in Fig. 11.
Figure 11: Actual working setup of the project
8. Future outlook
As mentioned already, the functionality of the
master is going to be implemented in the FPGA,
which constitutes major part of the RPCDAQ
module. We will move all the hardware and
software design features of the master into this
FPGA. We will also simultaneously spruce up the
slave design and design a high density, small form-
factor board, taking into account the specific
integration issues of the RPC detector as well as the
power supply, cable and other resources which are
planned to be available at that time.
We will then integrate and test the completed
system on an actual RPC detector before submitting
our design to the INO collaboration for their
scrutiny, validation and feedback, if any. If accepted
by the collaboration - after needed refinements and
modifications, this module will hopefully be mass
produced and integrated into about 30,000 RPC
detector units.
This scheme was developed based on the EMCO Q-
series DC-HVDC converters. We have also found
that HVM technologies produces low-ripple, small
volume converters, which are much easier to control
and monitor. Similarly EMCO has also come up
with new AG series of converters, which are also
very tiny and simple to operate. The collaboration
might want to opt for these devices in future, even
though both of these are very expensive at this
moment.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the INO collaboration
(Department of High Energy Physics, Tata Institute
of Fundamental Research, Mumbai) for giving us
this exciting opportunity to develop this system for
a world class experiment. We are grateful to Mr.
S.S.Upadhya, Mr. Sandeep Duhan and Dr.
Satyanarayana Bheesette, for their able guidance
and constant encouragement. Without them, this
work would not have been possible. We are
thankful to Mr. M.Saraf, Mr. S.R.Joshi, Mr.
R.R.Shinde, Ms. Sonal Dhuldhaj and Mr.
A.D'Souza for their help throughout this project.
References
1. INO Collaboration, INO Project Report
INO/2006/01, (2006); http://www.ino.tifr.res.in
2. Satyanarayana Bheesette, Design and
Characterisation Studies of Resistive Plate
Chambers Ph.D. Thesis, (2009)
3. EMCO High Voltage Corporation:
http://www.emcohighvoltage.com
4. HVM Technology: http://www.hvmtech.com
5. iseg Spezialelektronik GmbH: http://www.iseg-
hv.com
6. ATMEL Corporation: http://www.atmel.com
7. Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie
Mazidi, The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems, Prentice Hall, (1999)
8. http://www.avrfreaks.com
9. http://extremeelectronics.co.in