This book guides the beginner to start up with Embedded C programming using MP LAB . This Book covers all interfacing examples with pic micro controller and guides beginners to develop projects on PIC micro controller
The document discusses input and output in computer systems. It describes three main techniques for transferring data between the CPU and I/O devices: programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). Programmed I/O involves the CPU continuously polling I/O devices, interrupt-driven I/O uses interrupts to signal the CPU when data is ready, and DMA allows high-speed transfer of data directly between memory and I/O devices without CPU involvement.
An instruction tells the CPU to perform an operation by storing bits of code in memory that are read into the instruction register. Instructions are executed in three phases: fetching the instruction from memory, decoding what operation it specifies, and then executing it, which may involve reading an effective address or performing an input/output operation. Memory reference, register reference, and input/output instructions allow the CPU to access different parts of the computer's architecture during the instruction cycle.
This document summarizes the key components of a microprogrammed computer system, including the control memory, registers, instruction format, microinstruction format, and microoperations. It provides details on how a microprogram is used to define the bit values for each of the 128 words in the control memory to implement routines for instructions like fetch, decode, and execution. The symbolic microprogram needs to be translated to binary for storage in the control memory.
CS304PC:Computer Organization and Architecture Session 11 general register or...Asst.prof M.Gokilavani
This document summarizes a session on computer organization and architecture. It discusses topics like general register organization, instruction formats, addressing modes, data transfer and manipulation, and program control. It provides details on central processing unit components and operations. It also describes stack organization, including register stacks stored in CPU registers and memory stacks stored in a designated memory region, with push and pop operations controlled by a stack pointer. The next session is planned to cover instruction formats.
The document discusses query processing and optimization. It describes several key activities in query processing including translating queries to a format executable by the database, applying optimization techniques, and evaluating the queries. It then provides details on three specific operations: selection using linear searches and indices, sorting, and join operations. It explains different algorithms for implementing each operation and factors to consider when choosing algorithms such as indexing and data sizes.
This document discusses the basics of database management systems (DBMS). It begins by explaining the data storage hierarchy from the bit level up to the database level. It then covers different database models including hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented. Key components of a DBMS like DDL, DML, query language, and report generators are defined. Commercial DBMS examples are provided. The document concludes with an overview of creating and using a database, including defining the structure, entering data, and searching for information.
This book guides the beginner to start up with Embedded C programming using MP LAB . This Book covers all interfacing examples with pic micro controller and guides beginners to develop projects on PIC micro controller
The document discusses input and output in computer systems. It describes three main techniques for transferring data between the CPU and I/O devices: programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). Programmed I/O involves the CPU continuously polling I/O devices, interrupt-driven I/O uses interrupts to signal the CPU when data is ready, and DMA allows high-speed transfer of data directly between memory and I/O devices without CPU involvement.
An instruction tells the CPU to perform an operation by storing bits of code in memory that are read into the instruction register. Instructions are executed in three phases: fetching the instruction from memory, decoding what operation it specifies, and then executing it, which may involve reading an effective address or performing an input/output operation. Memory reference, register reference, and input/output instructions allow the CPU to access different parts of the computer's architecture during the instruction cycle.
This document summarizes the key components of a microprogrammed computer system, including the control memory, registers, instruction format, microinstruction format, and microoperations. It provides details on how a microprogram is used to define the bit values for each of the 128 words in the control memory to implement routines for instructions like fetch, decode, and execution. The symbolic microprogram needs to be translated to binary for storage in the control memory.
CS304PC:Computer Organization and Architecture Session 11 general register or...Asst.prof M.Gokilavani
This document summarizes a session on computer organization and architecture. It discusses topics like general register organization, instruction formats, addressing modes, data transfer and manipulation, and program control. It provides details on central processing unit components and operations. It also describes stack organization, including register stacks stored in CPU registers and memory stacks stored in a designated memory region, with push and pop operations controlled by a stack pointer. The next session is planned to cover instruction formats.
The document discusses query processing and optimization. It describes several key activities in query processing including translating queries to a format executable by the database, applying optimization techniques, and evaluating the queries. It then provides details on three specific operations: selection using linear searches and indices, sorting, and join operations. It explains different algorithms for implementing each operation and factors to consider when choosing algorithms such as indexing and data sizes.
This document discusses the basics of database management systems (DBMS). It begins by explaining the data storage hierarchy from the bit level up to the database level. It then covers different database models including hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented. Key components of a DBMS like DDL, DML, query language, and report generators are defined. Commercial DBMS examples are provided. The document concludes with an overview of creating and using a database, including defining the structure, entering data, and searching for information.
The document provides information on the architecture of the 8086 microprocessor. It describes the Execution Unit (EU) and Bus Interface Unit (BIU) that partition the CPU logic. The EU is responsible for executing instructions while the BIU handles fetching instructions and operands from memory. The EU contains an ALU, registers including general purpose, segment, pointer and index registers, and a flag register. It also describes the various addressing modes supported by the 8086.
Program control instructions can change the program counter to alter the flow of code execution. Conditional branch instructions and subroutine calls change the program counter based on status bit conditions or function needs. When an interrupt occurs internally or externally, the CPU handles it through fetch, decode and execute operations to switch to supervisor mode and service the interrupt.
Basic architecture and organization of computers, Von Neumann Model, Registers and storage, Register Transfer Language, Bus and Memory Transfer, Common Bus System, Machine instructions, functional units and execution of a program; instruction cycles, Instruction set architectures, instruction formats
This document discusses parallel processing techniques in computer systems, including pipelining and vector processing. It provides information on parallel processing levels and Flynn's classification of computer architectures. Pipelining is described as a technique to decompose sequential processes into overlapping suboperations to improve computational speed. Vector processing involves performing the same operation on multiple data elements simultaneously. The document outlines various pipeline designs and hazards that can occur, such as structural hazards from resource conflicts and data hazards from data dependencies.
8086 Assembly Language and Serial Monitor Operation of 8086 Trainer KitAmit Kumer Podder
This document discusses 8086 assembly language programming and addressing modes. It contains:
- An introduction to 8086 assembly language programming and serial monitor operation on an 8086 trainer kit.
- Details on assembler directives like data declaration directives (DB, DW, DD), origin directives (ORG), end directives (END, ENDP, ENDS), and equate directives (EQU).
- An example program to multiply two 16-bit words in memory using various instructions and addressing modes.
- Recapitulations of different 8086 addressing modes like register, direct, register indirect, based indexed, and based indexed with displacement.
- A sample program to study different 8086 addressing modes on
This slide provide the introduction to the computer , instruction formats and their execution, Common Bus System , Instruction Cycle, Hardwired Control Unit and I/O operation and handling of interrupt
System programming involves designing and implementing system programs like operating systems, compilers, linkers, and loaders that allow user programs to run efficiently on a computer system. A key part of system programming is developing system software like operating systems, assemblers, compilers, and debuggers. An operating system acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware, managing processes, memory, devices, and files. Assemblers and compilers translate programs into machine-readable code. Loaders place object code into memory for execution. System programming optimizes computer system performance and resource utilization.
This document discusses different types of joins in SQL including inner joins, natural joins, left outer joins, and right outer joins. It provides the syntax for each type of join and examples of queries using employee data from emp and emp1 tables. Key details covered include how natural joins form a cartesian product and remove duplicate columns, and that left/right outer joins return all records from one table and matched records from the other table.
The document discusses addressing modes in computers. There are 10 common addressing modes: implied, immediate, register, register indirect, autoincrement/autodecrement, direct, indirect, relative, indexed, and base register. Addressing modes specify the location of operands in instructions and allow versatility in programming through pointers, loop counters, data indexing, program relocation, and reducing instruction size. The control unit fetches, decodes, and executes instructions based on the program counter, which tracks the next instruction address.
The control unit generates relevant timing and control signals to coordinate all operations in the computer. It directs the entire system to carry out instructions by communicating with the ALU and memory. Control units are implemented with either a hardwired or microprogrammed design. A hardwired control unit uses logic circuits to generate signals but is complex and difficult to modify. It works fast but changes require rewiring. A microprogrammed control unit uses a microprogram to generate signals and is easier to modify but slower.
This document discusses addressing modes and instruction formats in computers. There are four types of addressing modes - implied, auto increment/decrement, immediate, and indirect. Instruction formats include an opcode and can reference memory, registers, or I/O. Memory reference instructions use direct or indirect addressing, register reference instructions operate on register values, and I/O instructions reference input/output ports. The presentation provides examples and details on how addressing modes and instruction formats work in computer systems.
General register organization (computer organization)rishi ram khanal
This document discusses the organization of a CPU and its registers. It includes tables that encode the register selection fields and ALU operations. It also provides examples of micro-operations for the CPU, showing the register selections, ALU operations, and control words. Key registers discussed include the accumulator, instruction register, address register, and program counter.
The document provides an overview of key components of a computer's central processing unit (CPU). It discusses the CPU's arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit, as well as registers, buses, cache memory, and main memory. It also describes machine language instructions and how programs are executed through fetching, decoding, and executing instructions in sequence.
This document discusses interrupts in the Atmega328P microcontroller. It describes asynchronous I/O operation using interrupts versus polling. Interrupts allow the microcontroller to perform other tasks while waiting for an I/O device to signal that it is ready. When an interrupt occurs, the microcontroller saves its state and jumps to an interrupt service routine to handle the device, then returns to its original task. The Atmega328P has multiple interrupt vectors that can be enabled or disabled individually using various register bits to control interrupts from different pins and peripherals. Example C code is provided to configure an interrupt-driven program from the INT0 pin.
Hypothetical machine and instruction flow scenariosMunaam Munawar
Hypothetical Machine.
Components of hypothetical machine.
Example of hypothetical machine.
Instruction Flow Scenarios.
Data flow fetch cycle.
Data flow indirect cycle.
Data flow interrupt cycle.
Instruction cycle state diagram.
Demultiplexing of buses of 8085 microprocessor Rajal Patel
1) The document discusses demultiplexing address and data bus lines (AD0-AD7) that serve dual purposes on a microprocessor. These lines carry address bits during instruction execution and then carry data bits.
2) To separate the address and data, a latch saves the address value before the bus lines switch to carrying data. The ALE signal controls the latch, enabling it to capture the address when ALE pulses during the address phase.
3) The document then covers generating a control signal to properly latch the address bits and allow the bus lines to carry data. Truth tables are provided to illustrate the control signal logic.
O documento discute o MySQL como um SGBDR, seu modelo relacional de dados baseado na teoria de conjuntos, e o MySQL Query Browser como uma ferramenta gráfica para criar e executar queries SQL.
The document discusses timing and control in basic computers. It describes two types of control organizations: hardwired control and microprogram control. Hardwired control implements control logic with gates and flip-flops, allowing for fast operation. Microprogram control stores control information in a control memory that programs required microoperations. The document also provides details on the components and functioning of a hardwired control unit, including an instruction register, control logic gates, decoders, and sequence counter used to control the timing of registers based on clock pulses.
In computer science, a pointer is a programming language object, whose value refers to (or "points to") another value stored elsewhere in the computer memory using its memory address. A pointer references a location in memory, and obtaining the value stored at that location is known as dereferencing the pointer.
The document describes the architecture of the 8085 microprocessor. It has three main busses: the address bus, data bus, and control bus. The address bus is 16-bits wide and allows the microprocessor to access up to 64K memory locations. The data bus is 8-bits wide and allows the microprocessor to read and write 8-bit values to memory and I/O devices. The control bus uses individual control signal lines to coordinate memory read and write operations. The microprocessor can initiate read and write operations to memory and I/O devices. It also has internal registers and operations.
The document provides information on the architecture of the 8086 microprocessor. It describes the Execution Unit (EU) and Bus Interface Unit (BIU) that partition the CPU logic. The EU is responsible for executing instructions while the BIU handles fetching instructions and operands from memory. The EU contains an ALU, registers including general purpose, segment, pointer and index registers, and a flag register. It also describes the various addressing modes supported by the 8086.
Program control instructions can change the program counter to alter the flow of code execution. Conditional branch instructions and subroutine calls change the program counter based on status bit conditions or function needs. When an interrupt occurs internally or externally, the CPU handles it through fetch, decode and execute operations to switch to supervisor mode and service the interrupt.
Basic architecture and organization of computers, Von Neumann Model, Registers and storage, Register Transfer Language, Bus and Memory Transfer, Common Bus System, Machine instructions, functional units and execution of a program; instruction cycles, Instruction set architectures, instruction formats
This document discusses parallel processing techniques in computer systems, including pipelining and vector processing. It provides information on parallel processing levels and Flynn's classification of computer architectures. Pipelining is described as a technique to decompose sequential processes into overlapping suboperations to improve computational speed. Vector processing involves performing the same operation on multiple data elements simultaneously. The document outlines various pipeline designs and hazards that can occur, such as structural hazards from resource conflicts and data hazards from data dependencies.
8086 Assembly Language and Serial Monitor Operation of 8086 Trainer KitAmit Kumer Podder
This document discusses 8086 assembly language programming and addressing modes. It contains:
- An introduction to 8086 assembly language programming and serial monitor operation on an 8086 trainer kit.
- Details on assembler directives like data declaration directives (DB, DW, DD), origin directives (ORG), end directives (END, ENDP, ENDS), and equate directives (EQU).
- An example program to multiply two 16-bit words in memory using various instructions and addressing modes.
- Recapitulations of different 8086 addressing modes like register, direct, register indirect, based indexed, and based indexed with displacement.
- A sample program to study different 8086 addressing modes on
This slide provide the introduction to the computer , instruction formats and their execution, Common Bus System , Instruction Cycle, Hardwired Control Unit and I/O operation and handling of interrupt
System programming involves designing and implementing system programs like operating systems, compilers, linkers, and loaders that allow user programs to run efficiently on a computer system. A key part of system programming is developing system software like operating systems, assemblers, compilers, and debuggers. An operating system acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware, managing processes, memory, devices, and files. Assemblers and compilers translate programs into machine-readable code. Loaders place object code into memory for execution. System programming optimizes computer system performance and resource utilization.
This document discusses different types of joins in SQL including inner joins, natural joins, left outer joins, and right outer joins. It provides the syntax for each type of join and examples of queries using employee data from emp and emp1 tables. Key details covered include how natural joins form a cartesian product and remove duplicate columns, and that left/right outer joins return all records from one table and matched records from the other table.
The document discusses addressing modes in computers. There are 10 common addressing modes: implied, immediate, register, register indirect, autoincrement/autodecrement, direct, indirect, relative, indexed, and base register. Addressing modes specify the location of operands in instructions and allow versatility in programming through pointers, loop counters, data indexing, program relocation, and reducing instruction size. The control unit fetches, decodes, and executes instructions based on the program counter, which tracks the next instruction address.
The control unit generates relevant timing and control signals to coordinate all operations in the computer. It directs the entire system to carry out instructions by communicating with the ALU and memory. Control units are implemented with either a hardwired or microprogrammed design. A hardwired control unit uses logic circuits to generate signals but is complex and difficult to modify. It works fast but changes require rewiring. A microprogrammed control unit uses a microprogram to generate signals and is easier to modify but slower.
This document discusses addressing modes and instruction formats in computers. There are four types of addressing modes - implied, auto increment/decrement, immediate, and indirect. Instruction formats include an opcode and can reference memory, registers, or I/O. Memory reference instructions use direct or indirect addressing, register reference instructions operate on register values, and I/O instructions reference input/output ports. The presentation provides examples and details on how addressing modes and instruction formats work in computer systems.
General register organization (computer organization)rishi ram khanal
This document discusses the organization of a CPU and its registers. It includes tables that encode the register selection fields and ALU operations. It also provides examples of micro-operations for the CPU, showing the register selections, ALU operations, and control words. Key registers discussed include the accumulator, instruction register, address register, and program counter.
The document provides an overview of key components of a computer's central processing unit (CPU). It discusses the CPU's arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit, as well as registers, buses, cache memory, and main memory. It also describes machine language instructions and how programs are executed through fetching, decoding, and executing instructions in sequence.
This document discusses interrupts in the Atmega328P microcontroller. It describes asynchronous I/O operation using interrupts versus polling. Interrupts allow the microcontroller to perform other tasks while waiting for an I/O device to signal that it is ready. When an interrupt occurs, the microcontroller saves its state and jumps to an interrupt service routine to handle the device, then returns to its original task. The Atmega328P has multiple interrupt vectors that can be enabled or disabled individually using various register bits to control interrupts from different pins and peripherals. Example C code is provided to configure an interrupt-driven program from the INT0 pin.
Hypothetical machine and instruction flow scenariosMunaam Munawar
Hypothetical Machine.
Components of hypothetical machine.
Example of hypothetical machine.
Instruction Flow Scenarios.
Data flow fetch cycle.
Data flow indirect cycle.
Data flow interrupt cycle.
Instruction cycle state diagram.
Demultiplexing of buses of 8085 microprocessor Rajal Patel
1) The document discusses demultiplexing address and data bus lines (AD0-AD7) that serve dual purposes on a microprocessor. These lines carry address bits during instruction execution and then carry data bits.
2) To separate the address and data, a latch saves the address value before the bus lines switch to carrying data. The ALE signal controls the latch, enabling it to capture the address when ALE pulses during the address phase.
3) The document then covers generating a control signal to properly latch the address bits and allow the bus lines to carry data. Truth tables are provided to illustrate the control signal logic.
O documento discute o MySQL como um SGBDR, seu modelo relacional de dados baseado na teoria de conjuntos, e o MySQL Query Browser como uma ferramenta gráfica para criar e executar queries SQL.
The document discusses timing and control in basic computers. It describes two types of control organizations: hardwired control and microprogram control. Hardwired control implements control logic with gates and flip-flops, allowing for fast operation. Microprogram control stores control information in a control memory that programs required microoperations. The document also provides details on the components and functioning of a hardwired control unit, including an instruction register, control logic gates, decoders, and sequence counter used to control the timing of registers based on clock pulses.
In computer science, a pointer is a programming language object, whose value refers to (or "points to") another value stored elsewhere in the computer memory using its memory address. A pointer references a location in memory, and obtaining the value stored at that location is known as dereferencing the pointer.
The document describes the architecture of the 8085 microprocessor. It has three main busses: the address bus, data bus, and control bus. The address bus is 16-bits wide and allows the microprocessor to access up to 64K memory locations. The data bus is 8-bits wide and allows the microprocessor to read and write 8-bit values to memory and I/O devices. The control bus uses individual control signal lines to coordinate memory read and write operations. The microprocessor can initiate read and write operations to memory and I/O devices. It also has internal registers and operations.
Progettazione concettuale per le basi di dati - Introduzione e il modello ERMarco Brambilla
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Esercizi sulla conservazione dell'energia. Quando un sistema è isolato e non ci sono forze non conservative. Quando un sistema è isolato e ci sono forze non conservative come l'attrito. Quando un sistema non è isolato.