1. The document discusses different types of errors language learners can make, including mistakes, syntax errors, chain and choice errors, grammatical errors, and lexical errors. 2. It provides examples of each type of error, such as subject-verb agreement issues and preposition errors. 3. The causes of errors are explained as mother tongue interference, overgeneralization, literal translation, and incomplete application of rules. Learning strategies to avoid errors include using authentic materials, multiple learning methods, listening to native speakers, and setting realistic goals.

1. Salal Abdul
Rehman(30)
ِ‫ن‬ ٰ‫م‬ْ‫ح‬َّ‫الر‬ ِ‫هللا‬ ِ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ب‬
ِ‫م‬ْ‫ي‬ ِ‫ح‬َّ‫الر‬

2. Errors and
Mistakes
URCE-5103

3. Contents
 Errors and Mistakes
 Difference b/w errors and mistakes
 Syntax
 Chain and choice error
 Grammatical errors
 Lexical errors
 Causes of errors
 Learning strategies
 Competence & Performance
 Errors of omission

4. What is a Mistake?
A mistake can refer to an act or judgment that is
misguided or wrong.
For example, you use the word mistake to refer to a
decision which brought unsuccessful results.
Her decision to sell the house was a big mistake.
I realized that meeting him was a mistake.

5. Mistake can also be
used to refer
something (a word,
figure, fact, etc.) that
is not correct.
You make too much
spelling mistakes.
There is a mistake in
this page.

6. What is an Error?
Error also has the same meaning as mistake.
However, the word error is considered to be
more formal than mistake. It is commonly
used in technical and academic writing.
In linguistics, making errors in language
indicate a person’s lack of knowledge.
Therefore, the person who is making the
error doesn’t know that he is doing
something wrong.

9. Syntax Syntax is a law of language
that determines the word
order and basic sentence
structure

10. Chain and choices
Chain:
chain is the
horizontal
arrangement of
words.
Choice:
It is replacing
words with
words.
Examples:
1. I have a dog.
2. To bilal goes Karachi.
Examples:
He has a computer.
She has a computer.
They have many computers.

11. Grammatical Errors :
Grammatical error is a term used in
prescriptive grammar to describe an
instance of faulty, unconventional, or
controversial usage, such as a misplaced
modifier .
Types of error:

12. Followings are grammatical errors:
Agreement errors (subject-verb agreement
and noun-pronoun agreement)
Tense errors (past/present, aspect, etc.)
Conjunction errors
Article errors
Prepositional errors

13. Lexical errors:
are mistakes at the word level, which
include, for example, choosing the
wrong word for the meaning the writer
wants to express.
Lexical errors due to homophone problems
1. We should give respect to human rite.
2. The hole school assembled in main hall.
 Semantic lexical error
1. He divided pizza with his friends.
2. Our English teacher is much kind.

14. Causes of errors
There are many reasons for errors:
 Mother- tongue interference
Overgeneralization
Literal translation
Incomplete application of rules
Transfer error

16. Learning strategies

21. 21
Errors of omission
1. Choose
authentic
learning
material

22. 2. Use
multiple
learning
methods
3. Adapt
it to your
field

23. 4. Listen to
native
speaker

24. 5. Listen as often as possible
6. More you speak faster you
learn

25. 7. Set Realistic goals

26. 26
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