This document discusses pile foundations and caisson foundations. It describes pile foundations as long cylinders of strong material like concrete that are pushed into the ground to support structures. Pile foundations are used when there are weak surface soils or heavy building loads. The document outlines different types of equipment used for pile foundations, including old gravity pile drivers and modern vibratory pile drivers. It then discusses caisson foundations, which are watertight structures used under water or for large buildings. Various cranes and drilling machines used for constructing caisson foundations are also described.

1.  What is pile foundation?
 Uses of pile foundation.
 Equipments used in pile foundation along with
figures.

2.  Pile foundation is the most common deep
foundation system deployed in construction.
 Pile foundations are used according to soil
strata and load on structure.
 A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong
material such as concrete that is pushed into
the ground to act as a steady support for
structures built on top of it.

4.  When there is a layer of weak soil at the
surface. This layer cannot support the weight
of the building, so the loads of the building
have to bypass this layer and be transferred to
the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below
the weak layer
 When a building has very heavy, concentrated
loads, such as in a high rise structure, bridge,
or water tank.

5.  Replica of ancient pile driving machine.
 Hydraulic pile driving machine.
 Vibratory pile driving machine.
 Cast in situ construction machine.

6.  Very old type pile driving machine.
 Uses human and animal labor to lift the pre
cast pile up and drop it by gravity.

7.  Modern type of pile driving machine.
 Pile is erected vertically and hammered by
weight.
 Weight are lifted by the help of winch and
chain
 Head of pile should be strong enough to
withstand hammer effect from weight.

9.  Pile is held by bottom of the machine
 The head of pile is held tight and pushed into
ground by vibration effect on the pile.
 These contains counter rotating eccentric
weight in such a way that horizontal vibrations
cancel out and only vertical vibrations are
transmitted to the pile.
 The head of pile doesn’t damage as vibration
effect is given.

11.  Contains pile boring machine, which bores the
hole of required diameter and length.
 The bore hole is then cleaned by sending a jet
of water.
 Reinforcement of required quantity is lowered
by crane.
 Concrete of required quantity of designed
grade is poured to appropriate height.

13.  What is caisson foundation?
 Uses of caisson foundation
 Equipments used for caisson foundation along
with figures.

14.  Caisson is a French word which means ‘a large
chest or ‘a box’.
 Caisson is a water tight structure made of
wood, steel, R.C.C i.e. reinforced cement
constructed in connection with excavation for
the foundation of bridges, piers in rivers, dock
structures etc.

15.  Caissons are more suitable for the deep foundation
under water where the foundation should be
extended up to or below the river bed so as to
obtain the proper stability.
 Caissons as type of well foundation is constructed
in rivers and lake, bridges, break water dock
structures for the point of view of shore protection.
 When depth of water in river, lake, or sea etc. are
more, then caisson structure is used.
 It is also occasionally used for large and
multistorey building and other structures.

16.  Mobile crane.
 Tower crane
 Pick and carry crane.
 Drilling machine

17.  These may be tiers mounted or crawler
mounted.
 Can be moved to required place at ant time
without long process of management.
 Contains long boom with suspended hook to
anchor on a load to be lifted or lowered.

19.  These are assembled and placed at a same
place for a long time.
 It has vertical assembly and is fixed on the
concrete slab on ground.
 Horizontal boom is call jib and vertical
assembly is called mast.
 Drivers cabin is located at top of mast
 It provides high lifting and good working
radius.

21.  They are similar to mobile crane but it doesn’t
contain stabilizers.
 Can lift the load and can carry it to a small
distance.
 To transport the heavy materials to small
distance these cranes are used.

23.  These machines are used to drill the hard rock.
 Hard rock breaks down due to drilling actions.
 These machines needs some power source to
operate.