Downloaded 22 times
Uploaded byMohamed Shaaban
Epilepsy..
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures caused by excessive electrical discharges in the brain. There are two main types - generalized seizures affecting the whole brain, and partial seizures affecting only one area. Diagnostic imaging aims to identify any underlying structural abnormalities in the brain that may be causing the seizures, such as hippocampal sclerosis which is the most common epileptogenic substrate seen. Hippocampal sclerosis involves neuronal loss and scarring in the hippocampus and can be diagnosed on MRI using both qualitative and quantitative analysis.
More Related Content
Epilepsy..
- 2. • Epilepsy isa chronic, neurologic disorder characterized by spontaneous, recurrent seizures.
- 3. • Seizures arecaused by excessive and abnormal electrical discharges from the cortical neurons.
- 4.
- 5. • Identify underlyingstructural abnormalities that require specific treatment.
- 8.
- 9.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
- 14.
- 15.
- 16.
- 17.
- 18. HippocampusHippocampus The Hippocampal FormationConsists Of The Hippocampus, The Dentate Gyrus and The Subiculum.
- 19. HippocampusHippocampus 1. Essential RoleIn The Formation Of New Memories. 2. Storing And Processing Spatial Information.
- 21. • Hippocampal sclerosisis the most common epileptogenic substrate seen.
- 22. • Initial precipitatinginjury, usually before the age of 5 years.
- 23. • Hippocampal sclerosisis characterized by neuronal loss and gliosis.
- 24. • Hippocampal Sclerosis. •Mesial Temporal Sclerosis.
- 25. 1. Unilateral DiffuseHippocampal Sclerosis. 2. Unilateral Anterior Hippocampal Sclerosis. 3. Bilateral Diffuse Hippocampal Sclerosis.
- 26. 1. FLAIR. 2. T1W-IR. 3.T2W. CORONAL 1-3 mm. Slice Thickness
- 27.
- 28.
- 29. Qualitative • Direct: Atrophy(Decreased Size) and abnormal signal. • Indirect: Loss of internal architecture, loss of hippocampal head interdigitations, atrophy of ipsilateral mammilary body and fornix, dilatation of the ipsilateral temporal horn, volume loss of the temporal lobe, atrophy of the collateral white matter between the hippocampus and collateral sulcus and dilatation of the “crab’s claw” of the Perihippocampal Fissures.
- 30.
- 31.
- 32.
- 33.
- 34.
- 35.
- 36.
- 37. Quantitativ e 1. Hippocampal Volumetry. 2.HCT2 Measurement. 3. Diffusion-weighted Imaging (DWI)
- 38. Quantitativ e 1. Hippocampal Volumetry. 2.HCT2 Measurement. 3. Diffusion-weighted Imaging (DWI)
- 39.
- 40.
- 41. Quantitativ e 2. Hippocampal (HC)T2 Mapping.
- 42.
- 43.
- 46. 1. Diffuse. 2. FocalCortical Dysplasia (FCD).
- 48. Focal developmental anomaliesof cortical structureFocal developmental anomalies of cortical structure characterized histologically by cortical dyslaminationcharacterized histologically by cortical dyslamination and the presence of abnormal giant neurons throughoutand the presence of abnormal giant neurons throughout the affected cortex and adjacent white matter,the affected cortex and adjacent white matter, accompanied in many cases by grotesquely shapedaccompanied in many cases by grotesquely shaped balloon cells of uncertain lineage.balloon cells of uncertain lineage.
- 49. 1.1. Disorganization ofcortical layers.Disorganization of cortical layers. 2.2. Heterotpoic cortical cell within the adjacent whiteHeterotpoic cortical cell within the adjacent white matter.matter. 3.3. Myelination defects in the related nerve fibres.Myelination defects in the related nerve fibres.
- 50. Classification Classification Characteristics • Architecturaldysplasia oHeterotopic neurons in white matter oDerangement of cortical lamination • Cytoarchitectural dysplasia oHeterotopic neurons in white matter oDerangement of cortical lamination oGiant neurons • Taylor’s FCD Without balloon cells oHeterotopic neurons in white matter oDerangement of cortical lamination oGiant neurons oDysmorphic neurons With balloon cells oHeterotopic neurons in white matter oDerangement of cortical lamination oGiant neurons oDysmorphic neurons oBalloon cells
- 51. MR Imaging Best Sequences: 3D T1 IR 3D T2 SE FLAIR 1-2 mm slice-1-2 mm slice- thicknessthickness
- 52.
- 57. MR Imaging Focal thickening of the cortex. Blurringof the gray matter– white matter junction. Signal intensity changes.
- 58.
- 59.
- 60.