This document summarizes a presentation on monitoring and evaluation for the VISION 2020 initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness globally by 2020. It discusses developing a framework and indicators to monitor progress and outcomes. Key points include:
- VISION 2020 aims to eliminate avoidable blindness through disease prevention, human resource development, and infrastructure development.
- A monitoring framework with standardized yet adaptable indicators is needed to assess impact on blindness burden and strategy performance across countries.
- Indicators should provide local feedback and measure objectives like blindness reduction and partnership strengthening.
- Reliable data collection must be minimal and leverage existing mechanisms where possible.
The ROSE K family of lenses were invented by Paul Rose to closely mimic the cone-like shape of the cornea for keratoconus. The lenses use complex geometry that can be customized for each eye. They provide excellent corneal health and high success rates of over 80%. Design features include aspheric optics, aberration control, and flexible edge lifts. Standard lenses do not ideally fit keratoconus, but ROSE K lenses contour to the cone shape with little tear pooling at the base. Types include ROSE K2 for irregular corneas, post-graft, and nipple cones. Fitting involves selecting the base curve, optimizing the peripheral fit, diameter, location, movement, and
Scleral lens is a large rigid contact lens with a diameter range of 15mm to 25mm. Its resting point is beyond the
corneal borders, and are believed to be among the best vision correction options for irregular corneas. Wearing scleral lens also can postpone or even prevent surgical intervention as well as decrease the risk of corneal scarring.
This document discusses low vision in childhood, including various pathologies that can cause low vision such as Leber's amaurosis, optic atrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa. It outlines the visual prognosis and visual field defects associated with each condition. The document also discusses the use of low vision aids in children, noting that children are more accepting of aids and that aids should be introduced early. Various types of aids are described, from magnifiers to closed-circuit television. The document concludes with references.
This document discusses pediatric refraction and various techniques used for refracting children. Pediatric refraction is different from adult refraction due to active accommodation in children. Cycloplegic refraction is preferable to paralyze accommodation. Different techniques are used based on the age of the child, including near retinoscopy, dynamic retinoscopy, and book retinoscopy. Cycloplegics help obtain an accurate refraction by paralyzing accommodation.
This document discusses common causes of low vision including cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal detachment. It provides details on symptoms, treatments, and prevalence for each condition. Additionally, it covers factors that affect prognosis for low vision rehabilitation such as visual acuity, duration of vision loss, visual fields, age, motivation, and personality.
These are various structures in an eye , which are changing with age.
# ocular adnexa/ eyelids
# eyelashes / eyelid margin
# tear film
# cornea
# conjunctiva
# anterior chamber
# ciliary body
# pupil /iris
# crystalline lens
# vitreous
# choroid
# retina
Refractive changes in Diabetic Mellitus (Optometry Management)Manal AlRomeih
A 41-year-old female presented with difficulty reading small prints and using her cellphone for 6 months. She was diagnosed with hyperopic presbyopia but returned with worsening vision. Her blood sugar was found to be elevated, diagnosing her with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes can cause refractive changes, cataracts, and retinopathy due to physiological changes in the eye. A full ocular examination is important for managing diabetic patients.
This document discusses myopia control strategies. It summarizes research showing that increased time spent outdoors is protective against myopia while near work promotes progression. Optical interventions like atropine drops, multifocal lenses, and orthokeratology have been shown to slow axial elongation by up to 50%, but have side effects. The ATOM studies found that low-dose atropine 0.01% effectively reduced myopia progression with minimal side effects and rebound. Controlling environmental factors and further developing interventions may help manage the growing public health challenge of myopia.
The ROSE K family of lenses were invented by Paul Rose to closely mimic the cone-like shape of the cornea for keratoconus. The lenses use complex geometry that can be customized for each eye. They provide excellent corneal health and high success rates of over 80%. Design features include aspheric optics, aberration control, and flexible edge lifts. Standard lenses do not ideally fit keratoconus, but ROSE K lenses contour to the cone shape with little tear pooling at the base. Types include ROSE K2 for irregular corneas, post-graft, and nipple cones. Fitting involves selecting the base curve, optimizing the peripheral fit, diameter, location, movement, and
Scleral lens is a large rigid contact lens with a diameter range of 15mm to 25mm. Its resting point is beyond the
corneal borders, and are believed to be among the best vision correction options for irregular corneas. Wearing scleral lens also can postpone or even prevent surgical intervention as well as decrease the risk of corneal scarring.
This document discusses low vision in childhood, including various pathologies that can cause low vision such as Leber's amaurosis, optic atrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa. It outlines the visual prognosis and visual field defects associated with each condition. The document also discusses the use of low vision aids in children, noting that children are more accepting of aids and that aids should be introduced early. Various types of aids are described, from magnifiers to closed-circuit television. The document concludes with references.
This document discusses pediatric refraction and various techniques used for refracting children. Pediatric refraction is different from adult refraction due to active accommodation in children. Cycloplegic refraction is preferable to paralyze accommodation. Different techniques are used based on the age of the child, including near retinoscopy, dynamic retinoscopy, and book retinoscopy. Cycloplegics help obtain an accurate refraction by paralyzing accommodation.
This document discusses common causes of low vision including cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal detachment. It provides details on symptoms, treatments, and prevalence for each condition. Additionally, it covers factors that affect prognosis for low vision rehabilitation such as visual acuity, duration of vision loss, visual fields, age, motivation, and personality.
These are various structures in an eye , which are changing with age.
# ocular adnexa/ eyelids
# eyelashes / eyelid margin
# tear film
# cornea
# conjunctiva
# anterior chamber
# ciliary body
# pupil /iris
# crystalline lens
# vitreous
# choroid
# retina
Refractive changes in Diabetic Mellitus (Optometry Management)Manal AlRomeih
A 41-year-old female presented with difficulty reading small prints and using her cellphone for 6 months. She was diagnosed with hyperopic presbyopia but returned with worsening vision. Her blood sugar was found to be elevated, diagnosing her with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes can cause refractive changes, cataracts, and retinopathy due to physiological changes in the eye. A full ocular examination is important for managing diabetic patients.
This document discusses myopia control strategies. It summarizes research showing that increased time spent outdoors is protective against myopia while near work promotes progression. Optical interventions like atropine drops, multifocal lenses, and orthokeratology have been shown to slow axial elongation by up to 50%, but have side effects. The ATOM studies found that low-dose atropine 0.01% effectively reduced myopia progression with minimal side effects and rebound. Controlling environmental factors and further developing interventions may help manage the growing public health challenge of myopia.
This document discusses the evaluation of strabismus. It begins by classifying strabismus and describing the axes of the eye. It then discusses the goals of a strabismus examination, which include establishing a cause, diagnosing amblyopia, measuring deviation, and assessing binocular sensory status. The document outlines various tests used in the sensory and motor evaluation of strabismus, including visual acuity tests, cover tests, versions and duction tests, and tests of stereopsis. It provides details on classifying deviations, measuring deviations, and evaluating binocular vision and sensory responses.
This document discusses astigmatism, its causes, and methods to correct surgically induced astigmatism (SIA). It defines astigmatism as unequal refraction of parallel light rays. SIA can be caused by incisions, sutures, or intraocular lens (IOL) tilt during cataract surgery. Methods to correct SIA discussed include scleral flap recession, astigmatic keratotomy, peripheral corneal relaxing incisions, toric IOL implantation, and LASIK. Factors like incision location and size, suture tension and number, and IOL alignment influence the amount and type of astigmatism induced.
Aniseikonia refers to an unequal apparent size of images seen by the two eyes. It can result from differences in refractive errors between the eyes (refractive aniseikonia) or differences in the distribution of retinal elements (basic aniseikonia). Symptoms include headaches, asthenopia, and difficulties with mobility or fusion. Aniseikonia is usually caused by anisometropia above 1.50-2.00 diopters and analyzing ocular components can help determine if it is due to refractive or axial differences.
This document discusses vision and its importance in sports. It covers the history of sports vision, the role of optometrists, elements of visual processing, vision requirements in different sports, tests of visual functions like binocular vision, stereopsis, accommodation, eye movements, and more. It also discusses vision enhancement programs and protective eyewear in sports.
This document discusses low vision and provides definitions, classifications, common causes, and management strategies.
[1] Low vision is defined as visual impairment even after treatment that results in visual acuity worse than 6/18 but ability to use vision. It can be caused by conditions like macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, cataract, and glaucoma.
[2] Low vision affects people's ability to perform visual tasks and can cause blurry or decreased vision, loss of peripheral vision, and light sensitivity. Evaluation involves assessing vision and goals, while management includes low vision devices and counseling.
[3] Common low vision devices include telescopes, magnifiers, and electronic
This document provides an overview of orthokeratology (orthokeratology), which aims to temporarily reshape the cornea through the overnight use of specialized contact lenses to reduce or eliminate the need for refractive correction. It discusses the history of orthokeratology from its origins in the 1960s using conventional geometry lenses to more modern techniques employing reverse geometry lenses made of high Dk materials. The mechanisms by which orthokeratology reshapes the cornea, patient selection criteria, potential indications and contraindications are described. Advantages include reversibility and potentially slowing myopia progression in children, while disadvantages include its non-permanence and risk of non-compliance.
The document discusses various formulas used for calculating intraocular lens (IOL) power, including SRK, SRK2, Holladay, Haigis, and Holladay 2. It explains the factors these formulas account for such as axial length, corneal power, anterior chamber depth, and how they have evolved over generations to improve accuracy. Special considerations for calculating IOL power in cases involving prior refractive surgery, silicone oil filling, posterior staphyloma, and using optical biometry devices are also summarized.
The document provides an introduction to low vision, including definitions and classifications. It discusses common causes of low vision such as macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and cataracts. Functional effects of low vision include loss of central and peripheral vision, problems with glare and contrast sensitivity. Goals of low vision management are to increase functionality, make the most of remaining vision, and provide support services.
Convergence insufficiency is one of the most frequently encountered binocular vision problem in children and adults. It is often associated with a variety of symptoms, including eyestrain, headaches, blurred vision, diplopia [double vision], sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, movement of print while reading, and loss of comprehension after short periods of reading or performing close activities. Have your doctor diagnose and treat this significant visual problem.
This document discusses various low vision charts used to test visual acuity, including distance and near vision charts. It provides details on charts such as the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart, Bailey-Lovie chart, Fein Bloom chart, Sloan chart, Lea's Symbol chart, Lea Paddle chart, Lea Greating chart, Cardiff acuity chart, and Allen cards. The charts differ in things like optotype configuration, testing distance, progression of optotype size, and use for adults versus children. LogMAR charts allow for consistent and accurate evaluation of visual acuity levels.
RGP contact lenses were predicted to become obsolete in the late 1990s. However, a doctor from the Netherlands named Eef van der Worp makes a new prediction that contradicts the earlier one. The details of the new prediction are not provided in the short document.
Aniseikonia is an anomaly of binocular vision where the ocular images are unequal in size or shape. It becomes clinically significant when a patient has difficulty combining images of different sizes or shapes into a single perception. Aniseikonia can be static, where images are perceived as different sizes for fixed gaze positions, or dynamic, where different eye rotation is needed to fixate on the same point. It is classified as optical, retinal, or cortical depending on its underlying cause. Aniseikonia is commonly measured using computerized tests and managed using specialized contact lenses, occlusion therapies, or prism corrections.
This document provides information on the anatomy and diseases of the vitreous humor. It discusses that the vitreous humor is a jelly-like structure that fills the back of the eye and provides support. Common diseases include vitreous liquefaction, detachment, hemorrhage, and opacities. Vitreous liquefaction is the most common degenerative change and causes floaters. Posterior vitreous detachment often occurs in older individuals and may lead to retinal tears or breaks. Vitreous opacities can result from inflammatory cells, aggregates, tumors or hemorrhages. Vitreous hemorrhage usually stems from retinal vessels and can cause vision loss.
The Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) is a soft, flexible, posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens made of collagen-copolymer material called Collamer. Studies have shown ICL implantation is safe and effective for correcting myopia between -3 to -25 diopters and astigmatism up to -6 diopters. It provides stable refractive results with few complications over 4 years. Toric ICL models were found to be superior to LASIK in safety, efficacy, predictability and stability for high myopic astigmatism. The procedure is reversible and preserves corneal tissue, reducing risks compared to LASIK.
This document discusses low vision aids and their use for people with visual impairments. It defines low vision according to the WHO and describes common causes of visual dysfunction like macular degeneration and glaucoma. The goals of low vision rehabilitation are to maintain and improve visual function through clinical assessment and optometric intervention. Low vision aids can be optical devices like magnifying glasses, telescopes, or non-optical devices that alter lighting, contrast and size of objects. Common optical devices discussed include magnifying spectacles, hand magnifiers, stand magnifiers, and telescopes.
This document defines key terms related to contact lenses, including their materials and manufacturing processes. It discusses important optical considerations like the tear lens, correcting astigmatism, and presbyopia. Contact lens materials include PMMA, CAB, silicone acrylate, fluoropolymers, and HEMA hydrogels. Lenses are manufactured using processes like spin casting, lathe cutting, and cast molding. A thorough examination is required when fitting patients with contact lenses.
This document discusses various imaging techniques used to evaluate glaucoma, including OCT, HRT, and GDx. OCT uses interferometry to measure retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. HRT uses confocal laser scanning to create 3D images of the optic nerve and measure disc parameters. GDx uses scanning laser polarimetry to measure retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and detect glaucomatous damage through thickness maps, deviation maps, and TSNIT plots compared to normative data. Together these quantitative imaging techniques provide objective assessment to aid in glaucoma diagnosis and detection of progression.
This document summarizes the manufacturing process for rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses and soft contact lenses. For RGP lenses, care must be taken during blocking, cutting, polishing, and solvent cleaning. Lathing and molding are two common manufacturing methods, with lathing being older but able to produce a wider range of designs, while molding allows for higher volume production and more complex designs. For soft lenses, common manufacturing methods include cast molding, lathing, spin casting, and combinations of these methods. Stabilized soft molding has advantages for high volume production.
The document outlines the main objectives and strategies of India's National Programme for Control of Blindness during the 12th Five Year Plan from 2012-2017. The objectives include reducing avoidable blindness, developing universal eye care services, strengthening regional ophthalmology institutes, increasing infrastructure and human resources for eye care, enhancing community awareness, expanding research, and securing participation of private practitioners in eye care. Key strategies to achieve the objectives involve continued emphasis on free cataract surgery, addressing other diseases, screening high-risk populations, treating refractive errors in children, public-private partnerships, training health personnel, and strengthening district hospitals and vision centres.
Building capacities for the digital transformation of health and care in Euro...Marc Lange
In this presentation, quite a few tools and methods are identified and described, which have in common the objective of digital transformation of health and care systems in Europe, including the integration of care
This document discusses the evaluation of strabismus. It begins by classifying strabismus and describing the axes of the eye. It then discusses the goals of a strabismus examination, which include establishing a cause, diagnosing amblyopia, measuring deviation, and assessing binocular sensory status. The document outlines various tests used in the sensory and motor evaluation of strabismus, including visual acuity tests, cover tests, versions and duction tests, and tests of stereopsis. It provides details on classifying deviations, measuring deviations, and evaluating binocular vision and sensory responses.
This document discusses astigmatism, its causes, and methods to correct surgically induced astigmatism (SIA). It defines astigmatism as unequal refraction of parallel light rays. SIA can be caused by incisions, sutures, or intraocular lens (IOL) tilt during cataract surgery. Methods to correct SIA discussed include scleral flap recession, astigmatic keratotomy, peripheral corneal relaxing incisions, toric IOL implantation, and LASIK. Factors like incision location and size, suture tension and number, and IOL alignment influence the amount and type of astigmatism induced.
Aniseikonia refers to an unequal apparent size of images seen by the two eyes. It can result from differences in refractive errors between the eyes (refractive aniseikonia) or differences in the distribution of retinal elements (basic aniseikonia). Symptoms include headaches, asthenopia, and difficulties with mobility or fusion. Aniseikonia is usually caused by anisometropia above 1.50-2.00 diopters and analyzing ocular components can help determine if it is due to refractive or axial differences.
This document discusses vision and its importance in sports. It covers the history of sports vision, the role of optometrists, elements of visual processing, vision requirements in different sports, tests of visual functions like binocular vision, stereopsis, accommodation, eye movements, and more. It also discusses vision enhancement programs and protective eyewear in sports.
This document discusses low vision and provides definitions, classifications, common causes, and management strategies.
[1] Low vision is defined as visual impairment even after treatment that results in visual acuity worse than 6/18 but ability to use vision. It can be caused by conditions like macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, cataract, and glaucoma.
[2] Low vision affects people's ability to perform visual tasks and can cause blurry or decreased vision, loss of peripheral vision, and light sensitivity. Evaluation involves assessing vision and goals, while management includes low vision devices and counseling.
[3] Common low vision devices include telescopes, magnifiers, and electronic
This document provides an overview of orthokeratology (orthokeratology), which aims to temporarily reshape the cornea through the overnight use of specialized contact lenses to reduce or eliminate the need for refractive correction. It discusses the history of orthokeratology from its origins in the 1960s using conventional geometry lenses to more modern techniques employing reverse geometry lenses made of high Dk materials. The mechanisms by which orthokeratology reshapes the cornea, patient selection criteria, potential indications and contraindications are described. Advantages include reversibility and potentially slowing myopia progression in children, while disadvantages include its non-permanence and risk of non-compliance.
The document discusses various formulas used for calculating intraocular lens (IOL) power, including SRK, SRK2, Holladay, Haigis, and Holladay 2. It explains the factors these formulas account for such as axial length, corneal power, anterior chamber depth, and how they have evolved over generations to improve accuracy. Special considerations for calculating IOL power in cases involving prior refractive surgery, silicone oil filling, posterior staphyloma, and using optical biometry devices are also summarized.
The document provides an introduction to low vision, including definitions and classifications. It discusses common causes of low vision such as macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and cataracts. Functional effects of low vision include loss of central and peripheral vision, problems with glare and contrast sensitivity. Goals of low vision management are to increase functionality, make the most of remaining vision, and provide support services.
Convergence insufficiency is one of the most frequently encountered binocular vision problem in children and adults. It is often associated with a variety of symptoms, including eyestrain, headaches, blurred vision, diplopia [double vision], sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, movement of print while reading, and loss of comprehension after short periods of reading or performing close activities. Have your doctor diagnose and treat this significant visual problem.
This document discusses various low vision charts used to test visual acuity, including distance and near vision charts. It provides details on charts such as the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart, Bailey-Lovie chart, Fein Bloom chart, Sloan chart, Lea's Symbol chart, Lea Paddle chart, Lea Greating chart, Cardiff acuity chart, and Allen cards. The charts differ in things like optotype configuration, testing distance, progression of optotype size, and use for adults versus children. LogMAR charts allow for consistent and accurate evaluation of visual acuity levels.
RGP contact lenses were predicted to become obsolete in the late 1990s. However, a doctor from the Netherlands named Eef van der Worp makes a new prediction that contradicts the earlier one. The details of the new prediction are not provided in the short document.
Aniseikonia is an anomaly of binocular vision where the ocular images are unequal in size or shape. It becomes clinically significant when a patient has difficulty combining images of different sizes or shapes into a single perception. Aniseikonia can be static, where images are perceived as different sizes for fixed gaze positions, or dynamic, where different eye rotation is needed to fixate on the same point. It is classified as optical, retinal, or cortical depending on its underlying cause. Aniseikonia is commonly measured using computerized tests and managed using specialized contact lenses, occlusion therapies, or prism corrections.
This document provides information on the anatomy and diseases of the vitreous humor. It discusses that the vitreous humor is a jelly-like structure that fills the back of the eye and provides support. Common diseases include vitreous liquefaction, detachment, hemorrhage, and opacities. Vitreous liquefaction is the most common degenerative change and causes floaters. Posterior vitreous detachment often occurs in older individuals and may lead to retinal tears or breaks. Vitreous opacities can result from inflammatory cells, aggregates, tumors or hemorrhages. Vitreous hemorrhage usually stems from retinal vessels and can cause vision loss.
The Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) is a soft, flexible, posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens made of collagen-copolymer material called Collamer. Studies have shown ICL implantation is safe and effective for correcting myopia between -3 to -25 diopters and astigmatism up to -6 diopters. It provides stable refractive results with few complications over 4 years. Toric ICL models were found to be superior to LASIK in safety, efficacy, predictability and stability for high myopic astigmatism. The procedure is reversible and preserves corneal tissue, reducing risks compared to LASIK.
This document discusses low vision aids and their use for people with visual impairments. It defines low vision according to the WHO and describes common causes of visual dysfunction like macular degeneration and glaucoma. The goals of low vision rehabilitation are to maintain and improve visual function through clinical assessment and optometric intervention. Low vision aids can be optical devices like magnifying glasses, telescopes, or non-optical devices that alter lighting, contrast and size of objects. Common optical devices discussed include magnifying spectacles, hand magnifiers, stand magnifiers, and telescopes.
This document defines key terms related to contact lenses, including their materials and manufacturing processes. It discusses important optical considerations like the tear lens, correcting astigmatism, and presbyopia. Contact lens materials include PMMA, CAB, silicone acrylate, fluoropolymers, and HEMA hydrogels. Lenses are manufactured using processes like spin casting, lathe cutting, and cast molding. A thorough examination is required when fitting patients with contact lenses.
This document discusses various imaging techniques used to evaluate glaucoma, including OCT, HRT, and GDx. OCT uses interferometry to measure retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. HRT uses confocal laser scanning to create 3D images of the optic nerve and measure disc parameters. GDx uses scanning laser polarimetry to measure retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and detect glaucomatous damage through thickness maps, deviation maps, and TSNIT plots compared to normative data. Together these quantitative imaging techniques provide objective assessment to aid in glaucoma diagnosis and detection of progression.
This document summarizes the manufacturing process for rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses and soft contact lenses. For RGP lenses, care must be taken during blocking, cutting, polishing, and solvent cleaning. Lathing and molding are two common manufacturing methods, with lathing being older but able to produce a wider range of designs, while molding allows for higher volume production and more complex designs. For soft lenses, common manufacturing methods include cast molding, lathing, spin casting, and combinations of these methods. Stabilized soft molding has advantages for high volume production.
The document outlines the main objectives and strategies of India's National Programme for Control of Blindness during the 12th Five Year Plan from 2012-2017. The objectives include reducing avoidable blindness, developing universal eye care services, strengthening regional ophthalmology institutes, increasing infrastructure and human resources for eye care, enhancing community awareness, expanding research, and securing participation of private practitioners in eye care. Key strategies to achieve the objectives involve continued emphasis on free cataract surgery, addressing other diseases, screening high-risk populations, treating refractive errors in children, public-private partnerships, training health personnel, and strengthening district hospitals and vision centres.
Building capacities for the digital transformation of health and care in Euro...Marc Lange
In this presentation, quite a few tools and methods are identified and described, which have in common the objective of digital transformation of health and care systems in Europe, including the integration of care
IT governance and its impact on National Healthcare ServiceMadhav Chablani
When properly implemented, IT governance is an organizational structure and set of processes that manage and control the enterprise's IT activities to achieve the enterprise's goals by adding value while balancing risk vs. return over IT. The article also highlights how COBIT5 framework is assisting healthcare delivery organizations in achieving their objectives and deliver value through effective governance and management of enterprise IT.
The document discusses models for organizing and managing eye care programs to deliver services. It covers several key aspects of eye care programs including establishing national commitment to eye health, developing primary eye care, adopting appropriate technologies, training human resources, conducting epidemiological assessments, monitoring and evaluating programs, collaborating with non-governmental organizations, and using strategic management approaches. The goal is to effectively deliver cost-effective eye care services to populations in need through optimized resource use and management practices.
Day 2.5 - Aid effectiveness background paper towards wash aid effectivenesssanitationandwater4all
Here is a 3 sentence summary of the key points from the document:
SUMMARY: This paper examines lessons on aid effectiveness from case studies in Niger and Liberia's water and sanitation sectors. It finds that while both countries have developed national plans anchored in broader development strategies, progress on aid effectiveness principles is uneven. Domestic funding remains low while donor projects dominate due to weak harmonization and alignment with country systems. The paper also reviews lessons from education and health on defining common aid effectiveness standards and practices to strengthen sector-wide accountability.
Connected health data meets the people: Diversity, Standards, and Trustchronaki
Using health data in a connected world requires new competencies, a personal digital health compass calibrated to individual personalities and needs. Patients and clinicians able to collect and manage data, data-operational informatics professionals able to analyze data, and cutting-edge researchers, innovators, and educators able to apply knowledge, will take learning health systems to the next level.
In this EFMI-HL7 event using innovative technology and surprises to engage the audience, we will discuss strategies for empowering and activating people to engage, share and use their health data. We will point to diversity, trust and open standards like HL7 FHIR to open up access and capacities to manage data safely for patients, care-givers, and the health system.
The Maturing Telemedicine Infrastructure in Denmark: Building the Human Capital, Morten Bruun-Rasmussen, CEO MEDIQ
Health Professional Education in Biomedical & Health Informatics: the EFMI AC2 approach, Professor John Mantas, University of Athens, Greece, EFMI Past President
Digital health literacy: a necessity for Activating Citizens, Professor Anne Moen, University of Oslo, Norway, VP for IMIA, European Federation for Medical Informatics
“Internet of People”: Elements of Trust and Risk, Eva Turk, DNVGL.
Workforce meets volumes of electronic information: Why and how HL7 FHIR creates value for stakeholders in learning health systems. Doug Fridsma, President and CEO, American Medical Informatics Association, US
The document discusses the S&I Framework Transitions of Care Initiative which aims to improve electronic exchange of core clinical information during care transitions. Over 150 members reached consensus on unambiguous definitions of core data elements for care transitions and agreed on using the Consolidated CDA standard for clinical summaries in Meaningful Use Stage 2. Pilots will test implementing the standard to enable cost-effective exchange of standardized care transition information. The initiative brings together various programs to specify a constrained CDA standard that meets their immediate goals for care transitions.
This document outlines a roadmap to identify knowledge gaps, research needs, and strategic opportunities in environment and health research for Ireland. It discusses establishing collaboration between the EPA and HSE to conduct horizon scanning of drivers and stakeholder engagement. One key issue identified is aligning national data collection and analysis to facilitate data sharing between agencies. The knowledge gap around this issue is developing systems for interoperable data sharing while addressing privacy concerns. The roadmap recommends pilot projects, reviewing current data inventory and standards, considering international models, and establishing a steering group to implement the roadmap in stages.
module-8-ppt-session-1 for ehealth (1).pptxssuser2714fe
Explain key eHealth and mHealth concepts
Define commonly used eHealth and mHealth terms
Illustrate eHealth and mHealth applications
Describe limitations and considerations for eHealth and mHealth
Myanmar Strategic Purchasing 5: Continuous Learning and Problem SolvingHFG Project
This is the fifth in a series of briefs examining practical considerations in the design and implementation of a strategic purchasing pilot project among private general practitioners (GPs) in Myanmar. This pilot aims to start developing the important functions of, and provide valuable lessons around, contracting of health providers and purchasing that will contribute to the broader health financing agenda. More specifically, it is introducing a blended payment system that mixes capitation payments and performance-based incentives to reduce households’ out-of-pocket spending and incentivize providers to deliver an essential package of primary care services.
The document discusses key concepts in health planning including:
1. The importance of health planning and different types and levels of planning.
2. The planning process which involves situation analysis, priority setting, option appraisal, programming, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
3. Effective plans involve participation, are comprehensive, flexible, updated, realistic and time-phased. Planning helps balance views and formalize decisions.
The document provides an overview of the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) framework for monitoring and evaluating progress on the Global Fund's 2023-2028 strategy. It outlines the development process, which included workshops across 10 topics with over 450 experts. The resulting framework includes 48 KPIs organized across impact, strategy outcome, and financial layers to measure progress toward strategic goals and objectives. The KPIs were selected based on principles of strategic relevance, availability of data, integration, actionability, and accountability.
Section27 Health Reform Brief 1 July 2013Section 27
SECTION27 is proud to launch its Health Reform Briefs in an effort to broaden discussion about the different ways in which the health sector is changing. The briefs will look at reform in the health care sector through the lens of the Constitution and public interest, tying together economics, health systems theory and the law.
The first edition focuses on the design of NHI pilots. These briefs will be published every six weeks or so. If you would like to continue receiving these briefs, please send an email to: info@section27.org.za. And please share widely with others you think might be interested.
This document summarizes insights from a workshop on measuring the impact of collective action initiatives. It discusses challenges in quantifying impact and different approaches initiatives have used, including:
1. Gathering data like reports of corrupt demands to demonstrate tangible results of initiatives.
2. Selecting useful metrics like membership growth and market share.
3. Capturing real stories and testimonials to complement quantitative data.
4. Being transparent about limitations of data and challenges faced by initiatives.
Organisation and Management of Eye Care Programme Service Delivery ModelsHarsh Rastogi
Eye care program management: Efficient models ensure accessibility, quality, and sustainability, promoting community engagement and optimal vision health.
Towards a Grand Convergence for Child Survival and HealthCORE Group
This document summarizes the findings of a strategic review of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMNCI) approach. Some key findings include:
- IMNCI has been widely adopted and transformed global approaches to child health, but implementation has been uneven and challenges remain.
- Fragmentation of global child health strategies and lack of sustained funding and leadership have undermined full implementation and impact.
- Evidence is not systematically used to inform policies and programs.
The review provides 5 recommendations to address these problems, including consolidating global leadership, developing innovative strategies to reach marginalized populations, establishing mechanisms for shared learning and evidence use, tailoring strategies to country contexts, and strengthening monitoring and accountability. The overall
Information on effectiveness and adequacy of adaptation - Snapshot Vietnam, b...OECD Environment
This document discusses Vietnam's climate change policy and adaptation efforts. It provides an overview of Vietnam's climate change policies, noting strengths like an extensive policy landscape but also challenges like a lack of policy coordination and implementation gaps. It examines Vietnam's adaptation goals in its INDC and funding sources. Most climate spending is for infrastructure and comes from the Ministry of Agriculture, though many projects have low climate relevance. The document proposes several theses on improving adaptation effectiveness and reporting, such as taking a needs-based approach and improving stakeholder involvement and information flows. It concludes by asking how global processes can better support national and local adaptation priorities and capacity.
This document provides guidance for the Clinical Outcomes Publication (COP) program, which publishes quality measures from National Clinical Audits at the consultant, team, and unit level. It covers topics like quality measures, data quality, outlier identification and management, legal considerations, and more. The goal of COP is to improve clinical quality and support transparency by learning from high performers and celebrating excellence. Participating audits are expected to report risk-adjusted mortality as well as additional specialty-specific quality measures of importance to patients.
Similar to Epidemiology & Community Optometry-8,9,10,11.pptx (20)
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
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2. Agenda
Skills, Resources and Technology for VISION 2020: The Right
to Sight, Proposal Development
Analysing Survey & Population Data, Health Systems
Sociological, Approaches to Health
Comparative studies of health care system
Presentation Title 2
4. Introduction
The World Health Organization
estimated, in 1999, that there were 45
million persons blind and three times that
number visually impaired. Ninety per cent
of such blindness occurs in developing
countries, and four out of five persons
blind have an avoidable (i.e., preventable
or treatable) cause of blindness/visual
impairment.
Presentation Title 4
5. Introduction
The objective of the project is to eliminate
avoidable blindness globally by the year 2020, at
the latest. To achieve this objective, WHO forged
a partnership with several international
nongovernmental organizations, collectively
under the umbrella of the International Agency for
the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB). This is a
unique partnership working on a common agenda
to reach a common goal.
Presentation Title 5
6. The plan
• The plan comprises three major
components:
• Disease prevention and treatment
• Human resource development
• Infrastructure development and appropriate
technology
Presentation Title 6
7. Disease prevention and
treatment
The disease prevention and treatment component
has included five priority areas in the first five-year
period. However, in countries where some of these
identified priority areas do not exist and where other
priority areas of unmet need are identified, the
plans are flexible enough to include these areas, if
criteria laid down are met.
Presentation Title 7
8. Human
resource
developmen
t
Human resource development is all-
encompassing, including different
cadres of eye care providers as well
as skills development in technical,
managerial and community eye care
delivery.
Presentation Title 8
9. Infrastructure development
and appropriate technology
The infrastructure development and
appropriate technology component aims at
increasing and upgrading infrastructure, at
its equitable distribution and at providing
appropriate technology for optimal
utilization of resources.
Presentation Title 9
10. Mechanis
m
• The principal mechanism for achieving these sub-
objectives is through intensified national action by
extending partnerships to regional and country levels
and, within countries where feasible, also to the district
level. Country partnerships are being supported by a
global partnership (IAPB Task Force/WHO) and
technical support networks (WHO collaborating centers
and VISION 2020 centers of excellence (proposed))
that will provide the necessary technical cooperation.
• This is to be achieved within the existing and
strengthened health delivery system with the basic
strategy of delivering eye care as an integral part of
primary health care.
Presentation Title 10
11. Launch
• Since the global launch, several regional- and
country-level launches have taken place as
advocacy and planning events. Further
expansion and strengthening of partnerships
have occurred. Moreover, training workshops
for national VISION 2020 plan development
have been under way in many regions, often
preceded by the formulation of regional plans
of work.
• Another activity now planned, while moving
forward with the preparatory phase, is the
development of a framework and indicators for
monitoring/evaluation of the outcomes and
impact of VISION 2020. The need for an
effective system to monitor progress and
outcomes will be critical for the success of
VISION 2020.
Presentation Title 11
12. Monitoring
Monitoring is required to provide local
feedback on performance of VISION 2020
activities and to monitor the progress and
impact of VISION 2020 at various levels –
national, regional and global. There would
be a need to modify the project as
necessary from lessons learned and also to
institute operations research, as required in
programmatic decision-making, problem-
solving and instituting modifications in
adopted strategies, as appropriate.
Presentation Title 12
13. Weakness
One of the weaknesses in existing
prevention of blindness programmes is
the paucity and unreliability of data to
assess accurately the needs,
performance, outcomes
Presentation Title 13
14. General principles in developing a
monitoring framework
• The need for a common monitoring
framework is therefore implicit in
such a partnership.
• One of the prerequisites of a
monitoring framework is that it be
technically sound, and this should be
borne in mind when arriving at a
consensus.
Presentation Title 14
15. Steps in the development of a
monitoring framework
• Multidisciplinary cross-culture group
in WHO/WHO collaborating
centers/INGOs to prepare a
preliminary draft framework
• Review with other groups and
partners, including governments
• Revise monitoring methodology
• Field-testing in selected countries
• Finalization and endorsement by all
partners
• Application at various levels
Presentation Title 15
16. Relevance to VISION 2020 objectives
and components
The framework and indicators should directly reflect the VISION 2020
objectives. They should permit an assessment of the impact of VISION 2020
on the burden of blindness and visual impairment and make it possible to
monitor the principal strategies, interventions and related efforts to reinforce
the eye care delivery system.
Presentation Title 16
17. Standardized but
adaptable approaches
The epidemiology of blindness and visual impairment,
detailed intervention strategies and health system
development vary considerably between countries and
regions, and this variation needs to be considered in
the development of the monitoring framework and
methodology. It may therefore be expedient to develop
a general monitoring framework that covers all
situations and to develop a series of VISION 2020
indicators that reflect the major variations in blindness
patterns and related epidemiology in different countries
and in the principal interventions.
Countries and regions are encouraged to select from
the basic set those indicators that are the most
appropriate for their specific epidemiological and
disease pattern situation and intervention strategy.
Such an approach ensures standardization of the basic
framework and flexibility to suit special circumstances
and needs.
Presentation Title 17
18. Local feedback
The foremost priority for data
collection at the community and
district levels is to provide feedback to
eye care providers and the health
care system. The monitoring system
and the selected indicators should
facilitate this process. Such
information can be used by local
decision-makers and stakeholders for
planning and management purposes.
Presentation Title 18
19. Minimal
data
collection
Data collected for VISION 2020 are to be kept at
a minimum and should only be undertaken if the
data are likely to be reliable and useful for
decision-making. It needs to be stressed that,
wherever possible, existing mechanisms for data
collection, with suitable modification and
strengthening where necessary, should be used.
It is important to review existing systems, many of
which exist.
Presentation Title 19
20. The critical areas relate directly to the
objectives of VISION 2020
• The impact on the burden of
blindness and visual impairment
• Improved performance in
prevention and treatment
• Related human resource
development
• Related eye health sector
development
• Support and partnerships
Presentation Title 20
21. Critical area
• The reduction and eventual elimination of the blindness burden will be
achieved through interventions that are strengthened or initiated by the
national VISION 2020 partners, and this partnership is a critical area to
monitor.
Presentation Title 21
22. Indicators
Indicators are variables that help to measure changes.
They can do so directly or indirectly. The following
should be considered when choosing indicators
• Validity implies that the indicator measures what it is
supposed to measure.
• Reliability implies that, even if the indicator is used
by different people at different times and under
different circumstances, the results will be the same.
• Sensitivity implies that the indicator should be
sensitive to changes in the situation or phenomenon
concerned.
• Specificity means that the indicator reflects the
changes only in the situation or phenomenon
concerned.
Presentation Title 22
24. Monitoring
progress:
national
and
subnational
health
priorities
• better target health programming to reach all people;
• increase the monitoring of populations at greatest risk;
• provide early warning on potential public health threats;
• efficiently adjust programming to meet evolving needs;
• improve the quality and efficiency of health care;
• support global monitoring;
• effectively plan and advocate for resources both within and beyond the
health sector;
• hold health institutions and government authorities to account for
resource use and health outcomes.
Presentation Title 24
25. Health
information
systems do
not meet the
data needs
of countries
1. Many health facility recording, and reporting systems lack the
capacity to measure the quality and outcomes of the services
provided. Facility assessments and population-based surveys may
provide insights, but they are not conducted routinely.
Furthermore, absence of reporting from private sector facilities
means that coverage of certain services cannot be accurately
reflected at population level.
2. Data systems and workers are often burdened by requirements
to collect and report on an excessive number of data elements
and indicators.
3. CRVS systems are often incomplete, and paper based and thus
do not provide timely and reliable information for public health
decisions
4. Health inequality data are not fully collected, analyzed and
reported.
5. Integration and use of data from other sectors are often
piecemeal, especially those concerning risks to health (for
example, environmental risks and road traffic accidents). The
same is true for data on coverage of preventive interventions to
reduce those risks.
6. Ministries of health and national public health institutions may
lack the technological and analytical capacity to cope with the
increase in data demands related to the SDGs.
Presentation Title 25
26. WHO’s SCORE for Health
Data Technical Package
1. focus investments on priority interventions (“best
buys”) – proven to be effective, feasible, affordable,
scalable, and sustainable;
2. access recommended/best practice actions, tools
and standards;
3. identify critical gaps and needs and allow for
continuous monitoring, based on a set of simple,
standardized, verifiable core indicators.
Presentation Title 26
33. INTRODUCTION
Sociology is a very broad and diverse field .All types of social relationships that
were conceived are concerned with sociology. Durkheim has divided Sociology into
three broad divisions namely, social morphology, social physiology and general
sociology. Sociology is the study of the behavior patterns of human beings in the
society. . Social morphology is concerned with the nature and extends to influence,
exercised by factors such as geographical location, size and density of population
etc. Social Physiology deals with the genesis and nature of various social
institutions as religion, moral laws, economic institutions etc. In general sociology,
an attempt is made to find out if there are links among various institutions which
would be treated independently in social physiology and in that event to discover
general social laws.
Presentation Title 33
34. ILLUSTRATING SOCIAL PHENOMENA
Sociology challenges both naturalistic and individualistic explanations of
social phenomena. These understandings arise because of growing up
within a particular culture and set of social structures. Culture defines
accepted ways of behaving for members of a particular society. Such
definitions vary from society to society.
Presentation Title 34
35. HEALTH
When we think of health and illness, we usually think of eating properly and other healthy
habits of institutions, such as hospitals, and of health professionals such as doctors and
nurses. The definition of Health has cultural element into it, as health is theme of most
cultures. One of the oldest definitions of health is that it is “The absence of disease”. In
some cultures, health and harmony are considered equivalent and is defined as “being in
peace with the self, the community, the god and the cosmos”. The ancient Indians and
Greeks shared this concept that attributed diseases to be the disturbances in bodily
equilibrium. Sushrut The ancient Indian proponent of medicine and surgery defined health
as “a state of delight or a feeling of physical spiritual and mental wellbeing.” The essential
features of a healthy person possess everything in right quantities, the defects or
weaknesses, digestive qualities, semen normal bodily functions. In this sense health is
perceived as total wellbeing and a feeling of happiness.
Presentation Title 35
36. IMPORTANCE OF HEALTH
Health is very important for improving the quality of life. There is no single yardstick for
measuring health. It is not perceived in the same way by all members of a community,
various profession, groups etc. Health is a multidimensional concept that focuses not only
the individual but also the society the environment. Traditionally health has been viewed as
absence of disease and if one has free from disease, he was considered healthy. This
concept is known as biomedical concept. But it cannot express the particular meaning of
health .It ignores the impact of environmental, psychological, social, cultural, determinants
of health .It is very true that biomedical model got spectacular success in treating the
disease, but it was inadequate in solving some of the major problems related to
environmental pollution ,mental illness, population explosion etc. The Ecologists put
forward an attractive hypothesis which viewed health as a dynamic equilibrium between
man to his environment. Dubos defines health as saying “Health implies the relative
absence of pain, discomfort, continuous adaptation, adjustment to the environment to
ensure optimal functioning. The holistic concept of health emphasized by the WHO, which
describes health as “A state of complete physical, mental, social well being not merely
absence of disease or infirmity.” But it requires more practical and operational definition. In
a broad sense health can be seen as its sociological perspective.
Presentation Title 36
37. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH
The sociology of the health studies such issues as how social and cultural factors influence health and
people’s perception of health and healing, and how healing is done in different societies. Social structure
and cultural practices have concrete consequences for people’s lives. Sociological analysis emphasizes
that the occurrence of illness is not random. Different kind of societies produces their own pattern of health
and illness. Health and wellbeing of individual and communities are affected by many factors combine
together. Illness is poor health resulting from disease of body or mind, sickness or a
disease.(www.thefreedictionary.com/illness) Whether people are healthy or not is determined by their
circumstances and environment .Factors such as where we live, the environment we live in, genetics,
diseases, employment and income education and relationships with friends and family all have considerable
impacts on health and well being, whereas the more commonly considered factors such as access and use
of health care services often have less of an impact.(services, essay writing-service.php). When we think
about new-born infant ,the possibilities for health limited only by the child’s genetic makeup .The very life
chances of this infant ,including the probabilities that he will live ,be well acquire the skill for success in her
culture ,and achieve and maintain that success, are powerfully influenced by all of social circumstances and
forces he will encounter throughout his life. The infant’s birth, weight, is influenced by his mother’s diet.
Other features of the mother’s social context have direct consequences for the newborn‘s health,
Presentation Title 37
38. including mother’s smoking or drug habits housing and sanitary conditions are responsible. Other
factors which are directly affects the baby health is his home life and environment. As the baby
matures the gender, race ethnicity, and social class influences his life chances. Later in life his
experiences as a worker will place him in various physical environments and social relationships
that will affect his health. His culture will shape what he likes to eat, how he experiences stress,
whether he drinks alcohol, and how he feels about his body. The infant is born into a social
structure and social culture that also powerfully influence what will be considered illness and how
that illness will be treated .When this person gets sick social forces play an important role in
determining his chances of becoming well. This fact is obvious that when this baby becomes ill,
how will the attitude of others be, how will they respond, and the social and physical environment
affect his very life chances? How people react? What will happen if he develops a stigmatizing
illness, such as leprosy or AIDS? Health cause depends the resources, approaches the medical
system for help organizations, such as insurance companies, pharmaceutical industries,
manufacturers of medical .equipment, hospitals, and govt. agencies. The fact is that individual
bodies are linked to the workings of the social bodies. In larger extent, a person’s chances for
illness and successful recovery are the result of specific social arrangements. Thus illness, death,
health and wellbeing are socially produced.
Presentation Title 38
39. SOCIAL
BUILDING
OF THE
BODY
Societies do not literally make or produce bodies, but they can influence, shape and
misshape them. Social groups and cultures, they share, can mould the body’s health.
Illness is not merely a physical experience but also a social experience .A biologist
illustrates the physical consequences of social practices that if a society puts half of its
children in dresses and skirts but warns them not to move in ways that reveal
underpants, while putting the other half in jeans and overall and encouraging them to
climb tresses and play ball and other active outdoor games. Later during adolescence,
the half that has worn trousers is exhorted to eat like a growing boy while half in skirts
is warned to watch its weight and get fat. If the half in jeans trot around in sneakers or
boots, while the half in skirts totters about on spike heels, then these two groups of
people will be biologically as well as socially, different. The sociology of health brings
two distinct focuses of the analysis of the study .At first stage it tries to ‘make sense of
illnesses at this level sociology makes an important contribution into issues of interest
to clinicians and other health professionals, the development of health policy
,epidemiological studies. At second level sociological exploration can solve the
queries to understand the impact of wider social processes upon the health of
individuals and social groups. Sociological perspective of health = (Theories of the
society)-A theory is a set of ideas which claims to explain how something works. A
sociological theory is therefore a set of ideas which claims to explain how society or
aspects of society works. Three sets of theories of society or perspective are present
in sociology.
Presentation Title 39
40. FUNCTIONALISM
Effective medical care and good health is required for the smooth functioning of the society.
Patient must perform the sick role in order to be perceived as legitimately ill and to be
exempt from their normal obligations. The physician-patient relationship is hierarchical. The
physical provides the instructions. And the patient needs to follow them. As directed by
Talcott Parsons,(1951).The social system. New York; Fictional perspective accentuate that
good health and effective health care are essential for a societies ability to function. Ill
health impairs our ability to perform our roles to society. Social structure cannot work
properly with unhealthy persons. If too many people are unhealthy, society’s functioning and
stability suffer. If someone is drunk driving and meets with an accident, there will be less
sympathy than if the driver had been sober and smashes into a tree. The conflict approach
= The conflict approach emphasizes inequality in the quality of health and health care
delivery (Weitz, 2013) Weitz.R.(2013)The sociology of health illness and health care; a
critical approach; CA
Presentation Title 40
41. SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
Although Functionalism, Marxism (conflict) provides very different perspectives on society, they have
number of factors in common Like, they offer a general explanation of society. Secondly, they regard society
as a system. Thirdly they tend to see man’s behavior as shaped by the system. In terms of the Talcott
Parson's version of Functionalism, interactionism is different from these two. According to this perspective,
health and illness are social constructions, Physical and mental conditions have little or no objective reality
but instead are considered healthy or ill conditions only if they are defined as such by a society. Physicians
manage the situations to display their authority and medical knowledge. The symbolic interactions approach
emphasizes that health and illness are social constructions. It means that a physical and medical conditions
have little or no objective reality but instead are considered healthy or ill conditions only if they are defined
as such by a society and its members.(Buckser,2009,Lorber& Moore 2002).Interaction theory focuses on
small scale interaction rather than society as a whole. It usually rejects the notion of the social system. In a
more current example, an attempt to redefine obesity is now underway in the world. Obesity is known health
risk, but a fat pride or fat acceptance movement composed mainly of heavy individuals is arguing that
obesity’s health risk are exaggerated and calling attention to society’s discrimination against overweight
people.
Presentation Title 41
42. SOCIAL
STRUCTU
RE OF
THEBODY
Every society has its own level and ideas about the human body. It is
defined healthy and beautiful in one society, might be considered
unhealthy, fat and ugly in another. Some societies picture that the
body as working as machine, others see it as spiritual vessel. Thus,
the sociological perspective has some dimensions:- Spiritual-It plays
role both in health and disease. Spiritual health refers to that part of
an individual which reaches out, strives for purposes and meaning in
life. Emotional- This dimension can be placed under mental
dimensions, but it requires separate treatment. Emotionally healthy
person is one who can control, manage his emotions. Vocational-
Work plays an important role in prompting mental -physical health.
Physical aspects of work enhance our physical capacities. Whereas
cognitive aspect of work brings the achievements of goal. This also
gives the social recognition. Health is not a physical condition, its
determinants are – environmental, educational, preventive and socio
economical philosophical,. According to the sociological perspective
of health other determinants are power. The position of power we
occupy in our family, gender, surroundings, are also important factors.
Even health status determines the stressors to which we are exposed
and the coping recourses available to us. Thus, the ideas related to
the health either it is scientific or non-scientific, and the body are the
result of social construction and social condition.
Presentation Title 42
43. CONCLUSION
As we have mentioned, that the human society is closely affected by the condition of health. A number of
factors, conditions and dimensions are responsible for the development of society and human beings.
Durkheim argues that social life is impossible without the shares values and moral beliefs which form the
“collective conscience”. Like Durkheim, Malinowski identifies specific areas of social life. With which religion
is concerned to reinforce social norms and values and promote social solidarity. Anxiety and tension tend to
disrupt social life. Situations which produce these emotions include ‘crisis of life’ such as marriage, puberty,
birth and death. Malinowski notes that in all societies these life crises are surrounded with religious rituals.
Through this way the comfort and support of society (its norms, rituals) controls the health-care and illness.
The quality of health and health care is specified by the Conflict approach. The functional approach
emphasizes on the fact that proper health care and good health are the key factors for society’s
development and functioning. The internationalist perspective emphasizes that health and illness are social
constructions, physical and mental conditions are less important. Thus, an aspect of the sociological
perspective of health is holistic and conceptualizes the interpretation of mind, body and society.
Presentation Title 43
46. Conclusio
n
No one approach can adequately explain and analyze the structures and workings of a complex health
system, particularly since context is crucial to such explanations. Comparative studies of the health
systems of low- and middle-income countries, such as those undertaken by the Asia Pacific Observatory,
aim to increase health systems knowledge in the region, counter the overreliance upon learning from high-
income countries, and avoid the danger of making the assumption that one size fits all. As evident from
the observatory studies summarized in this paper, most of these studies, for reasons of resources and
research capacity, rely more on a range of secondary research methods supplemented by the knowledge
and experience of expert informants within a country.
As a key goal of the observatory is to inform policy-making, the strategy of engaging with in-country
experts is crucial, as is the comparative analysis strategy of producing evidence that can be generalized
across countries. The translation gaps between evidence, policy and practice are well known. However,
an increasing body of knowledge now offers guidance on how evidence from research can be translated
into formats and procedures to inform policy formulation and also to inform the implementation of these
policies in practice.
This proposed framework for comparative analysis performs two functions: it creates a list of study
categories that range from a health system overview down to a more in-depth study of a particular
component. Most of these study approaches are associated with multiple methods that span case-studies,
statistical analysis, descriptive analysis and limited hypothesis testing. This framework gives form and
structure to the analysis of health systems in a way that offers a logical process of investigation and
policy-making. For example, reviews of a health system or several health systems set the scene for
building a series of in-depth studies, as done in the comparative country studies and the policy briefs
published by the Asia Pacific Observatory. Within this framework, the categories of study suggest the tools
needed to carry out consistent and comparative health systems analysis. The comparative nature of the
analysis then provides the foundation for assessing national health systems in a way that is realistic and
provides the foundation for reforms based on evidence, while accounting for the local context. The
conceptual framework offers an aid to undertaking comparisons across the health systems of different
countries, to enable policy-makers and researchers to test assumptions and to draw lessons on what
works and why, and what does not work and why.
Presentation Title 46