The Presentation explains basic models of disease causation, to understand the etiology or causes of disease & altered production and helps to understand the applicability of causal criteria applied to epidemiological studies.
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
The Presentation explains basic models of disease causation, to understand the etiology or causes of disease & altered production and helps to understand the applicability of causal criteria applied to epidemiological studies.
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
Measurements of morbidity and mortality
At the end of the session, the students shall be able to
List the basic measurements in epidemiology
Select an appropriate tools of measurement
Measure morbidity & mortality
Perform standardization of rates
Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection.
Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins.
and imbalance among four vital "humors“ within us. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood
Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air).
Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546)
Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease.
Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept
This ppt contains all information about Health statistics-Vital Statistics. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Measurements of morbidity and mortality
At the end of the session, the students shall be able to
List the basic measurements in epidemiology
Select an appropriate tools of measurement
Measure morbidity & mortality
Perform standardization of rates
Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection.
Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins.
and imbalance among four vital "humors“ within us. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood
Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air).
Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546)
Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease.
Webs of Causation: Epidemiological concept
This ppt contains all information about Health statistics-Vital Statistics. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Epidemiology is: a) a quantitative basic science based on a working knowledge of statistics, probability, and sound research methods; b) a causal reasoning method based on the development and testing of morbidity and mortality hypotheses; and c) a tool for promoting and protecting public health action based on science, causal reasoning, and practical common sense.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
5. DEFINITION:
WHO_ Epidemiology is the study of distribution and
Determinants of health related states or events
(including diseases) and the application of this study
to the control of diseases and other health problems
9. Implementation of series of field
Experiments are performed under
Controlled conditions
Result produced by above
Investigations are analysed
10. Control of the diseases are examined
Knowledge of the epidemiology
of the Diseases is used to explore
Ensure that the measures are being
Properly applied
22. INCIDENCE RATE
Is a measure of diseases that allows determine
a persons probability of being diagnosed with a diseases
During a given period of time
INCIDENCE Numbers of peop who get a diseases (new cases) in a
specified period
RATE =
Sum of the length of time during which each person in
Pop is at risk
n
23. PREVELANCE
Is a measure of diseases that allows us to
determine a persons likelihood of having a diseases
number of peop.with the diseases or condition at
a specified time
Prevelance
Rate = number of peop.in the pop at risk at the X10n
specified time
26. DISADVANTAGES:
Influcenced by numbers of factors (Skill of the doctor or
availability of Some
diagnostic tools-accuracy of diagnoses,
availability and level Of medical care or health awareness o
population part of the Cases are not notified)
27. MORTALITY:
Mortality is another term for death.A mortality
Rate Is the number of deaths due to a disease divided
by the total population
A CRUDE DEATH Total num of deaths in a year,
RATE = 1000 individuals
28. ASSESSING THE COMMUNITY’S HEALTH
-What are
the health
problem
-Where
-which
-Causes for
increasing
-Data
collected
andanalysed
32. Health survelliance is the system of ongoing health checks.
Health survelliance is the systemic montoring of at ‘RISK’
Staff for any adverse effects of works on their health as it
relates to their duties
33.
34. STEPS IN SURVELLIANCE
Occurance of health related event
Case confirmation
reporting
Reporting to responsible public
Health agency
Control and prevention
activities
Feedback to
stakeholders
