Epidemiological traid of HIV.docx
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The document discusses the HIV epidemic according to the epidemiological triad model, which includes the host, environment, and agent. For host factors, it mentions CD4 cell receptors, stage of infection, reproductive tract infections, male circumcision, menstruation/pregnancy, and contraceptive use. Environmental factors include social norms, rates of partner change, and geographic differences that influence exposure and awareness. Agent factors are the properties of HIV itself that influence transmission, noting interventions targeted at infected individuals may have the greatest impact on interrupting transmission within sexual networks.
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Xem online tại: http://www.thuvienso.vn/tai-lieu/aids-hiv-assignment.102.html
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In the beginning, the U.S. Centres for Disease Control (CDC) did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example, lymphadenopathy, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus. The earliest known positive identification of the HIV-1 virus comes from the Congo in 1959 and 1960 though genetic studies indicate that it passed into the human population from chimpanzees around fifty years earlier.
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HIV/AIDS
Abstract
HIV is a virus that causes AIDS. The term in full stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus has led to massive deaths globally with many more people being infected as well as being affected by the effects of the virus. In this paper, we shall describe the virus in depth, showing how it gets into a person's body, its causes and symptoms. We shall also discuss its prevalence and how it has affected people's lives. Most importantly, we shall discuss how a person can be treated after being infected with the virus. Finally, we shall study various preventative measures that can be used against the virus.
HIV Definition
The term HIV means Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This is a virus that makes the immune system of a person weak through destruction of vital cells that fight infection and diseases. To date, there is no existence of a cure in the United States nor in other parts of the world. Nevertheless, it is easy to prevent HIV infection through varying control measures. . Depending on different factors, some people are more prone to getting infected than others. Such factors include risky sexual behaviors, sex partners and environment (CDC, 2018).HIV is to a large extent spread through unsafe sex, blood contamination, needles, breastfeeding, and delivery and from a mother to her child during pregnancy.
AIDS Definition
Unlike HIV that is a virus, AIDS is a full-blown disease caused by HIV virus. Once a person's immune system becomes extremely weak, then he\she is said to have AIDS. At this moment, a person's immune system is not able to fight diseases or infection. There are certain illnesses and symptoms that develop as a result of a person contracting AIDS. This can also be described as the last HIV stage since at this moment the infection is highly advanced. If the symptoms of this disease are not controlled or treated, a person ends up losing life (Avert, 2017).
How a Person Get Infected with HIV and HIV Life-cycle
HIV attacks T- helper cells which are also known as CD4 cells. This are some forms of white cells. A person is able to have a strong immune system through CD4 cells being healthy because it's the only way they can be able to fight infections and diseases. It is not possible for HIV to reproduce or grow without being in T-helper cells. HIV makes many copies or reproduces while inside these cells. As a result of the reproduction, the immune system gets damaged which causes it to weak a person's natural immune system. The overall health of a person is the main determinant of how the HIV virus grows. Other determinants of HIV growth is how constant a person takes treatment and how early a person gets diagonalzed. If the antiretroviral treatment is taken correctly, then the immune system remains healthy hence pr.
chikungunya outbreak and prevention disease
Chikungunya is an acute febrile illness transmitted through mosquito bites that causes high fever and severe joint pain. It has spread globally and poses a particular risk for newborns, the elderly, and immunologically naive populations. While the overall fatality rate is low at <1%, it can cause chronic joint disabilities in up to 50% of cases. The Americas are currently experiencing increased chikungunya outbreaks and complications, including over 100,000 cases and 100 deaths in Paraguay. Effective prevention requires integrated vector control programs using multiple interventions like insecticides and source reduction, as well as clinical case management.
A basic understanding of HIV surveillance
HIV surveillance involves systematically collecting and analyzing HIV/AIDS data to guide prevention and treatment programs. Key aspects of HIV surveillance include monitoring prevalence, incidence, opportunistic infections, and antiretroviral drug resistance. Accurate case definitions and timely reporting are important for effective surveillance. The goals of HIV surveillance are to detect trends in the epidemic, identify at-risk groups, evaluate prevention programs, and inform research and policy.
Essay About AIDS Problem
This essay discusses the AIDS epidemic and factors that led to its spread in China, specifically in Henan province. It analyzes the epidemic from scientific, economic, and social perspectives. Scientifically, HIV attacks and destroys immune cells. Economically, over 100,000 farmers were infected after unhygienic blood collection, and nearly 10,000 died. Socially, the Chinese government initially hid the problem and did little to address it, underestimating the number of people living with AIDS. Suggestions are made to better resolve the issue.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
This document summarizes key information about sexually transmitted diseases. It begins with an introduction that defines sexually transmitted diseases and how they are transmitted between people through intimate contact and sharing of bodily fluids. It then lists and describes three major sexually transmitted diseases - HIV/AIDS, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), and Hepatitis B. For each disease, it discusses the causative virus or bacteria, symptoms, treatment options, and prevention methods. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of screening, treatment, and awareness of sexually transmitted diseases.
Seminar on hiv
This document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS. It discusses the background of HIV, including how it attacks the immune system. It describes the stages of HIV infection and provides a brief history of AIDS. The epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment related to HIV transmission is examined. At-risk groups and behaviors are identified. Global and national statistics on prevalence and distribution are presented. Objectives of preventing and controlling HIV/AIDS through various strategies like education, testing, and treatment are outlined. Key findings around transmission modes, clinical features, and prevention/management approaches are summarized.
Hiv aids update
The document summarizes information about HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system and can develop into AIDS if not treated. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be prevented by using condoms and avoiding risky behaviors.
- Over time, HIV can weaken the immune system to the point where opportunistic infections or cancers can occur. There is no cure for HIV/AIDS yet.
- HIV belongs to a family of retroviruses that use an enzyme to convert their RNA into host DNA, allowing them to infect and replicate within cells.
Epidemiology of HIV & AIDS.pptx presentation 2024
Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS encompasses the study of the distribution and determinants of HIV infection and AIDS-related illnesses within populations. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a condition characterized by a weakened immune system, making individuals susceptible to various infections and illnesses.
Key aspects of the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS include:
Prevalence and Incidence: Prevalence refers to the total number of people living with HIV/AIDS within a population at a specific time, while incidence refers to the rate of new infections occurring within a given period. These measures help understand the burden of the disease and its spread over time.
Demographic Patterns: HIV/AIDS affects different demographic groups differently. Factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographical location can influence susceptibility, access to healthcare, and outcomes. For example, in many regions, young adults and certain minority populations may have higher rates of infection.
Transmission Routes: Understanding how HIV is transmitted is crucial for prevention efforts. HIV primarily spreads through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing contaminated needles or syringes, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. Other modes of transmission include blood transfusions (though rare in regions with screening protocols) and occupational exposure.
Risk Factors: Certain behaviors and circumstances increase the risk of HIV transmission. These include having multiple sexual partners, engaging in unprotected sex, using intravenous drugs, lack of access to healthcare, poverty, stigma, and discrimination. Additionally, structural factors such as laws and policies can influence risk behaviors and access to prevention and treatment services.
Global Distribution: HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic, but its prevalence varies widely between countries and regions. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the most affected, with the highest burden of HIV infections worldwide. However, significant progress has been made in some regions, while new challenges emerge in others, such as Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Progress in Prevention and Treatment: Efforts to combat HIV/AIDS include prevention strategies such as promoting condom use, harm reduction programs for injecting drug users, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and comprehensive sexual education. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV/AIDS into a manageable chronic condition for many, reducing mortality and transmission rates.
Challenges and Future Directions: Despite significant progress, challenges remain in the global response to HIV/AIDS. These include disparities in access to healthcare, stigma and discrimination, funding gaps, emergence of drug-resistant strains, and persistent barriers to prevention and treatment in certain populations.
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- 1. Name: Magomu Eric Student ID:154-183 Course: BEHS Assignment: Using your knowledge of the “epidemiological triad” discuss the HIV epidemic. Answer. The epidemiological traid is of three stages namely. a. Host b. Environment c. Agent Therefore according to the epidemiological traid of HIV is as follows. a. HOST. This depends on the viral entry into cells through CD4 surface receptors. Stage of infection The late stage of infection is a strong predictor of infectiousness according to both Epidemiologic and biological data. Reproductive tract infection The presence of the above infection is strongly associated with susceptibility of HIV even served into studies of women but no association was noted in another. Male circumscion Consistently shows a protective against HIV infection. A greater portion of sex partners uncircumcised men are infected with HIV . Which suggests that the presence of the fire skin may increase also the infectiousness. Menstruation and Pregnancy
- 2. Sex menstruation may increase women’s risks of acquiring HIV infections. Contraceptives This choice affects livelihood transmission of HIV. Condoms used consistently protects both sexes against HIV. b. ENVIRONMENT The HIV epidemic like any other occurs within a complex social environment. Social norms include: Anal sexual intercourse Use of substances to lower sexual inhabitions. Environmental factors also affect average rate of sex partners change which may affect the rate of growth of epidemic dramatically. Geographical differences in the length of time the epidemic has been present in a community lead to difference in both the local prevalence of HIV infection and the number of people with AIDs. Affects probability of exposure to infections , the later has an awareness of the epidemic which in turn influences both individuals behavior and social response. c. BIOLOGICAL AGENT Properties of HIV it’self may also influence transmission of HIV. These interventions may also have the greatest impact on the epidemic if there are directed to people with HIV infections. Once infection is identified, conditions with health department is essential to interrupt on going transmission within sexual networks. With other sexual transmitted disease, preventing the sexual transmissions of HIV will require more than a single approach.