This document discusses programmed cell death (PCD) and apoptosis. It contains the following key points: PCD is responsible for balancing cell proliferation and maintaining constant cell numbers in tissues. During apoptosis, chromosomal DNA fragments, the nucleus condenses and breaks into apoptotic bodies which are then cleared from tissues. Studies in C. elegans identified three genes, ced-3, ced-4, and ced-9, that regulate and execute apoptosis. Recent research includes developing assays to analyze apoptosis in tumor samples and investigating drugs that can fight cancer's evasion of apoptosis.

1.  Made by-Teena
 Roll no -5
 Submitted to-Dr.sulekha Chahal
 BIOTECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
 KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY.

2. PCD responsible for balancing cell proliferation and
maintaining constant cell no. in tissue.
•About 1011 blood cells eliminated daily
•Provides defense mechanism by which damaged and
dangerous cells can be eliminated.eg virus infected cells
•DNA damage also induce cell death
•It eliminates unwanted cell from tissue during development
eg,in amphibians there is elimination of tissue between digits
and elimination of larval tissue
•In mammalian cell about 50% neurons are eliminated

8. 1. Chromosomal DNA
2. Fragmentation
3. Nucleosome cleavage
4. Chromatin condensation
5. Nucleus breaks into small pieces
6. Cell shrinks and break into membrane
enclosed fragments called apoptotic
bodies.

12.  STUDY OF C.ELEGANS
 Robert identified 3 genes that regulate and execute
apoptosis
 In 1986 mutagenesis of C.Elegans identified 2 genes
ced3 and ced4
 3rd gene ced9 is negative regulator of apoptosis

30.  TAG 1 induced apoptosis-related gene
expression without tiggering apoptosis in
glioma cells
 Micro RNA 29 molecule makes brain cells
resistant to programmed cell death
 Researchers develop highly specific apoptosis
assay for pharmacodyanamic analysis of
tumour specimens
 Role of protein in initiation of apoptosis in
melanoma
 Drugs fighting aginst apoptosis evasion in
cancer

31. Proliferation
-endothelial cells
-Smooth muscle cells
-epithelial cells of internal organs proliferate

34. Thankyou
Anyqueries or suggestionsaremost
welcome.