Environment problem urban areas

2. Urban Areas
On thebasis of population density,the differentlocalities maybe
divided asurban or rural areas. A municipality or notified area
council (MAC) or corporationor metropolitan city whose
population is more than 5000 andapopulation density” of more
than 400peoplepersquare kilometreis calledanurban area i.e.the
urban areas arethe placesofhighpopulation density.
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3. Trendof
urban
population
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4. 1,346,433,296
The current population of India
32.8%
Indian Population in urban
17.74 %
India population is equivalent to the total world population
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5. Why ? Urban
Population
increases,
Better employmentfacilities,
Better medicalfacilities,
Better facilitiesfor tradeandcommerce,
Better facilitiesfor highereducation,
Facilitiesfor entertainment, sports andgamesetc.
Proximityto administration andimportant government
offices. 5

6. Environmental Problems
Developmentof Slum,
Management of solid waste,
Over exploitationofnatural resources,
Non-availability of openspace,
Air pollution,
Noise pollution,
Violation of urban planningrules,
Water-logginganddrainage,
Traffic andfloatingpopulation,
Unusual rise in temperature.
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Development
of Slum
The areas within the cities andtowns(urban
areas)without civic andbasicamenities are
calledSlums.Theslumsettlement arisesdueto
un-fluxofrural peoplesintourbanareas and
shortageofhousingfacilitiesfor them.
They constructtheir dwellings usingrusted tins,
emptytarbarrels, tarpaulins,jutesacksetc.
Although these areas becomeovercrowded,
theselackcivicamenities likelight,watersupply,
drainage,roads,toiletsandmedicalfacilities.

8. The areas of slum become
centres of a number of
environmental problems.
These areas without proper watersupplydisposetheir waste
inanunplanned manner which polluteair andwater.
Thecontaminationof water causesdiseases liketyphoid,
cholera,enteric fever andgastroenteritis.
The unplanned wastedumpingplaces andopen defecation
become the sites of the growth of anumberof disease
carriers likeflies,mosquitoes etc.These causehealth hazards
not only inslumareas butalsoinother nearby places.
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Slum
Rehabilitation
To avoid the above environmental problems, the
slumareasshouldbedeveloped by providingthe
civic amenities like light, water supply,drainage,
toilet and medicalfacilities.
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Managementof
solidwaste
Thickly populatedurbanarea consumeslarge
quantities of materialandsimultaneously releases a
lot of solid wastes. The solid wastesinclude municipal
wastes, industrial wastes, hazardous wastesetc. The
solid wasteproduction increases with anincrease in
population.When thesesolidwastesare dumpedfor a
longerperiod of time,theseproducefoul smell and
poisonous gasesandbecome breeding grand’sof
vectorsof differentdiseases. Thegasesproduced
causeairpollution,surfacerun-off fromthewastes
causewater pollution andvectors causedifferent
diseases. Inorder to avoid the above environmental
problems,suitable methodologyshouldbeadoptedto
disposethe wastesscientifically or to recycle themor
segregateorganic, inorganicandrecyclable wastes.
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Over
exploitation of
natural
resources
Dueto highpopulationdensityandexpensive life style,
therate ofconsumption ofnatural resources (e.g.water,
energy, fossil fuel, forest products etc.)is very highin
urban areas. There is also misuse of natural resources
whose immediate compensation becomesdifficult.Few
acute problems of urban areas are scarcity of drinking
waterespeciallythegroundwater, scarcityof forest
products,powercutdueto excessiveuseof electricity
etc.

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Non-availability
of openspace
Due to unplanned urbanization andthick population
density,urban areas are highlycongested without open
spacesfor parks, play groundsandrecreation centres.
This results in non availability of free andclean air and
spaceofplayingandrecreation.
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Air pollution
The air of urban areas get polluted due to alot of
anthropogenicactivities, flying of large numberof
automobiles, industries etc. These activities release
pollutants like carbon monoxide,carbon dioxide, oxides
of nitrogen, oxides of sulphur, hydrocarbons,vapours of
organiccompounds,particulates,toxicmetalsetc.which
are capableof inducinganumber ofhealth hazards.
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Noisepollution
The noise produced from automobiles, vehicles, social
functions, industries etc. causenoise pollution in urban
areas whichcausespsychologicalandphysical ailments.
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Violation of
urban
planning rules
The unplanned urbanization leads to violation of rules
laiddownfor establishing idealurban settlements where
one can lead healthy andcomfortable life. The buildings
constructed donot obey theprescribedfloor space
indexor floor arearatio.
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Water-
logging and
drainage
Themigrationof largenumberof poor andrural people
without any civic sense, disposalof alargeamount of
solid waste, unplanned settlements etc. in urban areas
causewaterlogginganddrainageproblem.
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Traffic and
floating
population
Thelargemigrationof rural peoplesinsearchofjobto
the urban areas causeserious traffic problem and
environmental pollutionofall kinds.
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Unusualrise
in
temperature
The unplanned constructions of largebuildings in urban
areas absorbsolarradiationandintheafternoon, these
emit heat radiations increasing the climatic
temperature.
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19. MUMBAI THE MEGACITY
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20. Mumbaithemega city
Hindustan Times takes a look at ten
environmental problems that affect the city.

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Shrinking
mangroves
Encroachments,aquaculture pondsand
infrastructure developmentare takingatoll on
the stretches of mangroves. Mangroves prevent
soil erosion andprotectshorelines against
cyclonesandecologicaldisasters.
Environmentalists said around 80 aquaculture
pondshavebeen setupinarangeof lessthan
six-kilometersinNavi Mumbai.Also,casesof
mangroves destroyed Airoli, Bhandup,Kasheli,
Vashi,Vasai,Borivli andareas closeto theGorai
creekarereportedfrequently.“Mangroves are
beingperforatedanddamagedby influential
localsfor creatingthese ponds,”saidStalin D
fromNGO Vanashakti.
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Toxic Air
Thoughtrial runsto calculateMumbai’sair
quality index(AQI)havebegunatthe
MaharashtraPollutionControl Board’s (MPCB)
Bandra station, poor air quality standards are a
major problem for city’s inhabitants. “Road
construction is the main causeof pollutants,
especially in the suburbs.Vehicular emissions
andsmokefrom bakeries andcrematoriums are
other reasons,”said RakeshKumar, chief
scientist, TheNational Environmental
Engineering Research Institute (NEERI).Carbon
monoxide levels andparticulatematter
emissions have risen owingto traffic congestion,
accordingtostudies bytheMumbai
Environmental SocialNetwork. Particulate
matter, carbon monoxide andoxides of nitrogen
andahostofother pollutants makeMumbai’s air
atoxicmix.
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Dying’Powai
LakeThough
“Around 50%of thesurfaceof PowaiLake is
covered withwater hyacinths,aninvasive
weed,”saidElsie Gabriel fromNGO Young
Environment Programme.Thepresenceof
water hyacinthsis anindicationoflow
dissolved oxygenlevels andhighpollution
levels. The beautiful lake hasbeen neglected
andisdyinga slow death, said
environmentalists. The lake hasalsousedto
dumpconstructiondebris and sewage.“About
10years ago,wearrangeda public meetingwith
residents andgovernment authorities andhad
cometo aconclusionthat the lake will be
cleaned andbeautified. All we gotwassome
landscapingandfountainsaround
thelake,”saidGabriel.
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Seacreatures
dying
Dolphins,whales andporpoiseshavebeen
frequenting Mumbai’s shores, but sadly, all that
Mumbaiites canseeare carcasseswedgedinthe
middleof rocksandcement tetrapods.While
officialsfromtheCentral MarineFisheries
Research Institute have said the reasons could
include senescence (oldage),disease, fishing
gearentanglement or vessel (propeller) hit,
researchers have said the numberscould be
deterioratingdueto anendemic viral infection
knownasmorbillivirus.“Frequent deaths of
marine animalsare raising serious questions
about our conservation efforts.One of the
reasonscouldalsobepoaching,”saidPawan
SharmafromResinq Association ofWildlife
Welfare (RAWW).

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Beautification
planopposed
Environmentalists,NGOsandproject
coordinators will hold ameetingon June6 to
save Maharashtra Nature Park in Mahim. They
will question MMRDA’s ‘beautification’ planfor
the37-acreparkanddiscuss theproposal.
Accordingtomembersof Observer Research
Foundation (ORF),anindependent think-tank,
theMMRDA hasentrusted theresponsibility of
amakeoverplan,whichwill beforthto thecivic
authorities. “Everybody isof theopinionthat
what is beingproposedisnot feasible.We will
assess theprosandconsof theproposal,”said
environmentalist BibhasAmonkar.
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Dumping
groundfires
Residentsof eastern suburbs are breathinga
concoctionof chemicalsreleased intheairdue
to frequent fires at the Deonar andMulund
dumpinggrounds.More thanfive incidents of
firesinaspanof four monthshavehighlighted
the poor solid wastemanagement amenities
providedbythecivic body.Residentshave been
forced to leave homesfrom areas close to the
dumpinggrounddueto excessivesmokeleading
to breathing,skinandeye problems,said
doctors. “As perBMC’s agreement,2,000tonnes
of wastecould be dumpedat Deonar but nearly
6,000tonnes is dumpeddaily,”said
environmentalist RajKumarSharma.
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E-waste
‘poisoning’
Mumbaiis thecountry’s e-wastecapital.We
generatearound96,000tonnesof the12.5lakh
tonnes of e-waste generated in the country
annually. As newer modelsofelectrical and
electronic gadgetsflood the market, safe
handling anddisposalisprovingtobea
challenge.A dismal5
%endsupatauthorised
recycling centres with environmentally sound
technologies. Compact fluorescent lamps,
cathoderay tubes, mobile phone chargers and
CDs directlygointo thelandfills,contaminating
soil andground water. “E-wasteinvolves
complexmaterial withhugeamounts oftoxicity
thatcanleadto health andenvironmental
problems if it isnot managedwell,”said Satish
Sinha,associatedirector,ToxicLinks.

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SavingAarey
Colony’Thefateof Aarey
Colonyremains undecided even as
environmentalists andcitizenshavebeen
relentlessly fightingto stop2,298trees from
beingaxed.Over three months,aseries of
protests sawcloseto 5,000residents unitingto
savethearea’s biodiversity."Development
should not be at the cost of the environment. If
openspacesare claimed, where will ourchildren
play?"askedpoetandactor Piyush Mishra.
BMC’s DevelopmentPlan2034, whichis
currently beingrevised, plannedto develop
1,009hectares ofAarey land.Inadditionto the
Goregaon-Mulund Link RoadandMetro IIIcard
shedsite,busrapidtransit system(BRTS)andan
east-west link too maycomeupalongthe
stretch,which environmentalists havebeen 28
fightingagainst.

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Chocked
with plastic
Plastic takes thousands of years to degradeand
Mumbai produces800tonnesof plasticwaste
perday.Yet wedonot have separatebins to
dumpplastic or plastic wastecollection policy.
RagpickerscollectPET bottles, milkpouchesand
plastic bagsandsell themto recycling units in
Dharavi, Bhandup(West),VasaiandSakiNaka.
They makepellets, moulded plastic andyarn out
ofit.“Mumbaiites haveadoptedalifestyleof
convenience,whereby they tendto grabplastic
productswithout realising the collateraldamage
causedto theenvironment,”saidMonisha
Narke, founder, environment organisation,
ReduceReuseandRecycle(RUR).
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A river or
a nullah?
Stretching across 15kms,the Mithi River meets
theArabianSeaatMahimcreek, startingfrom
PowaiandcoursingthroughKurla,SakiNaka,
Kalina andVakola.Theriver hasbeen reduced to
anullah, where sewage, garbageandindustrial
wasteisdumped.Accordingtoexperts, nearly
54%of the original riverbed hasbeen lost to
encroachments, roads anddevelopment. The
Bandra-Worli SeaLinkhasconstrictedthe
mouthof theriver withasmuchas27hectares
oflandfillinMahimBay.Socialactivists have
been fighting since 2005after apublic interest
litigation(PIL)wasfiledintheBombay highcourt
onrestoring waterbodies across the state.
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