Pollution can be defined as contamination of the environment that directly or indirectly causes harm. This document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, noise, and land pollution. It provides details on the causes, sources, effects and remedial measures for each type. For air pollution, the main causes are listed as rapid industrialization, urbanization, and deforestation. Water pollution sources include domestic and industrial waste. Noise pollution sources include industrial activities, transportation, and construction. Land pollution results from dumping of wastes and excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides.

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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONEVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION

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INTRODUCTION
• Pollution can be defined as deliberate or accidental
contamination of environment by man’s activities.
• Pollution is the introduction by man of waste matter or
surplus energy into the environment which directly or
indirectly causes damage to man and his environment.

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TYPES OF POLLUTION
Pollution
AIR WATER NOISE LAND

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AIR POLLUTION

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Types and Sources of Air Pollution
• Air Pollution
• Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural events or human activities in
high enough concentrations to be harmful
• Two categories
• Primary Air Pollutant
• Harmful substance that is emitted directly into the atmosphere
• These include oxides of nitrogen , sulphur ,halogens,etc
• Secondary Air Pollutant
• Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a primary air pollutant reacts
with substances normally found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants
• These include smog,acid rain, ozone,etc.

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CAUSES AND SOURCES OF AIR
POLLUTION
• Rapid industrialization.
• Urbanisation and uncontrolled use of vehicles.
• Deforestation.
• Non-compliance to air pollution prevention and control act,etc.

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EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
• Low level exposure
• Irritates eyes
• Causes inflammation of respiratory tract
• Can develop into chronic respiratory diseases

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• ACID RAIN-It describes any form of precipitation with high level
of nitric and sulphuric acid.it can also occur in form of snow,fog
and tiny bits of dry material.
• GREENHOUSE EFFECT-The trapping of sun’s warmth in a
planet’s lower atmosphere,due to the greater transparency of the
atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared
radiation emitted from the planet’s surface.
• OZONE DEPLETION-A steady lowering of about four percent in
the total amount of ozone in earth’s atmosphere and a much larger
springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around earth’s polar
regions.

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REMEDIAL MEASURES
• By adopting advanced manufacturing processes or designs that are
more environment friendly for various industrial processes.
• Use of cleaner fuels.
• Escape of air pollutants can be reduced to a considerable extent by
providing various equipments that trap the pollutants during exit into
the atmosphere.
• Strict enforcement of law and punishment to the defaulters.
• And many more ways….

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WATER
POLLUTION
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INTRODUCTION TO WATER
POLLUTION• Waterisabasicandscarcecommodity.Itisoneofthethebasicelementsof“PANCHA
MAHATATVAS”(fivebasicelements)thatmakeslifecycleonthisearthtoexist.
• Anyhumanactivitiesrequireswaterinortheotherform.Waterisrequiredfordomesticuse,industrial
use,agriculturaluseandforcommercialuse.
• Wateristheonlysubstancethatexiststhenatureinallthreephasesviz.solids,liquids,andgaseous.
• Waterpollutionisoneofhemostimportantproblemsfacedbydevelopedaswellasdeveloping
countries.
• Theearth’ssurfacehaslimitedresourcesoffreshwaterandtheerraticsupplyandpollutionfurtherputs
limitationonavailabilityofeaterforvariousactivities.
• VariousagenciessuchasWORLDHEALTHOEGANIZATION(WHO)andNATIONAL
WATERCOMMISSION(NWC)

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WHO definition :
Foreign substances either than natural or man
made substances, contaminated with water supplies may
be harm ful to life due to toxicity , reduction in normal
oxygen level of water , esthetically unsuitable and spread
epidemic diseases
NWC definition:
Water is said to be polluted if it has not been of
sufficiently high quality to be useful for man in present
or future.

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• Natural causes: During precipitation , decayed vegetation ,
animal debris, soil matrix get carried away into the water
bodies. These impurities being organic in nature, impart
colour and odour . Also, the biological properties are
changed.
• Man made causes: rapid industrialization , uncontrolled use
of fertilizers, pesticides are the main man made sources of
water pollution. unplanned and haphazard growth of cities ,
reluctance on the part of governing bodies and unawareness
of general public add to the severity of the problem
CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION

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SOURCES OF WATER
POLLUTION
• Domestic waste water(domestic sewage)
• Industrial waste water (industrial effluents)
• Pesticides and fertilizers used for
agricultural purposes
• Detergents , toxic metals.
• Thermal pollution , radio active discharges.

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EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
• Spread of water borne diseases such as cholera , gastro , jaundice ,
typhoid.
• Depletion of oxygen level in receiving water bodies such as rivers or
lakes which in turn affect the aquatic life and ecosystem.
• Photosynthesis process gets hampered.
• Acidic and alkaline effluents cause corrosion.
• Industrial wastes when enter into the natural water bodies impart
objectionable colour , odour and make the water turbid and
unaesthetic. They also kill the organisms living on the water body.
• When very hot effluents are discharged in a water body, it leads to
depletion of oxygen level as well as endangered aquatic life.

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REMEDIAL MEASURES TO
ABATE WATER POLLUTION
• Ban on intermixing of solid waste or untreated
domestic waste or industrial waste in water bodies.
• Proper treatment of domestic and industrial waste to
such an extent as to reuse and recycle them for one or
the other use, such as irrigation, industrial processes ,
etc.
• Discouraging uncontrolled use of pesticides and
fertilizers.
• Ban on activities such as bathing, clothes , washing
animals , etc. in water bodies that are potential to water
resources.
• Regular cleaning of water bodies for aquatic weeds,
plants.
• Public awareness and legislative control as per water
(prevention and control of pollution)act 1974.
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The suitability of water for drinking purpose is ascertained by measuring its various
physical and chemical characteristics. Some of the important characteristics are given
below :
Sr no.
Characteristi
cs
Highest
desired
value
Remarks
1. pH 6.5-8.0 -
2.
Hardness 200 Total hardness as CaCO3
3. Turbidity 5
On Jackson turbidity
scale(JTU)
4.
Taste or
Odour
Unobjectable -
5. Colour 5 Platinum –Cobalt scale

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Noise can be defined as unwanted sound
pollutant that produces undesirable effects in an
individual by interfering with one’s social
activities like work, rest, recreation, sleep etc.
Hence noise pollution is regarded as a pollutant
that causes environmental degradation.
Noise can be measured in terms of following
factors:

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SOUND PRESSURE
It is defined as the force exerted by sound over a unit
area and is expressed in N/m2.
Sound pressure can be converted into decibels(dB) by
equation
SPL(in dB)=20log10(P/P0)
Where, SPL=Sound Pressure Level in dB
P=Sound Pressure in N/m2
P0=Reference pressure
(2*10-5 N/m2)

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SOUND INTENSITY
The rate of oscillation is called frequency and is measured in
cycles/second or Hertz(Hz).The human ear can detect sound
with frequency of 2 to 20000Hz.

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SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION
•Industrial Sources
•Non Industrial Sources
•Automobiles
•Trains
•Air crafts
•Construction site
•Uncontrolled use of loud speakers

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EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION
EFFECTS Of NOISE
POLLUTION
Physiological
->Temporary
Threshold Shift
->Permanent Threshold
Shift
Phychological
->Behavioul changes
->Annoyance,irritation
Personological
->Hypertension
->Blood
pressure,fatigue

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CONTROL OF NOISE POLLUTION
1)Control at receivers end:-For people working in noisy areas
ear protection aids like ear plugs, muffs, noise helmets, head
phones etc should be provided it reduces occupational
exposure.
2) Controlling at source:- This is only possible if working
method is improved.Design new machines to replace noisy
ones.Proper lubrication and better, maintenance of
machines.Installing noisy machines with sound absorbing
materials.Using Silencer to control noise from automobiles
etc.

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3)Control during Transmission:
Constructing barriers around the equipment to
obstruct sound emissions, using absorption techniques
such as planting of trees.

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LAND POLLUTION
Land pollution may be understood as the deterioration of the
earth’s land surfaces, often directly or indirectly as a result of
man’s activities

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SOURCES OF LAND POLLUTION
Dumping of Industrial and Domestic Wastes
Uncontrolled Irrigation
Excess use of Fertilizers and Pesticides
Wastes from Construction Industry

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EFFECTS OF LAND POLLUTION
•The wastes buried in land may leach out and contaminate
ground water. If this water is used by human, it will lead to
spread of various diseases.
•The site used for dumping leads to fly nuisance.
•Due to excess fertilizers and pesticides land becomes
infertile.

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REMEDIAL MESURES TO ABATE KAND
POLLUTION
•Educating farmers and agriculturist to follow proper irrigation practices.
•Controlled use pesticides and fertilizers. Organic farming is gaing a lot
of popularity these days.
•Construction of engineered landfills for dumping municipal solid
wastes.
•Use of modern techniques such as inceneration for hospital waste.
•Deep burial in case of radioactive waste.

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MADE BY:-
1) SAKSHI MOGARKAR
2) VRUSHALI P GAJARE
3) SAKSHI PATEL