This document discusses environmental economics and sustainable development. It defines environmental economics as examining market failures and environmental policies. It then discusses different types of pollution including land, water, air, and noise pollution. It outlines causes and effects of each type as well as national methods to deal with pollution through taxes, tradable permits, direct controls, and other measures. Finally, it defines sustainable development and discusses its application in developing countries like Tanzania through areas like fishing, economic growth strategies, tourism, and agriculture.
1) Environmental economics studies the relationship between the environment and economic development to ensure the environment is not impaired by economic activity.
2) The environment provides material resources, waste treatment, life support services, and recreational benefits to humans.
3) The material balance model shows that in the economy, the total raw materials input from the environment equals the total waste output.
4) Sustainable development aims to meet current needs without compromising the environment for future generations. Tools like pollution taxes and industrial efficiency can promote sustainable development.
This document provides an introduction to environmental economics. It defines key terms like environment, ecology, ecosystem, and environmental economics. Environmental economics studies the relationship between the economy and the environment, including how economic activity impacts the environment and vice versa. The environment provides natural resources and services to the economy, acts as a sink to absorb pollution and wastes, and provides amenity, spiritual and global support values. However, using the environment for one purpose reduces its ability to provide other services, creating conflicts over resource use.
The document discusses environmental economics and related topics. It defines environmental economics as aiming to understand and influence human impacts on the environment. It notes that the main objective of environmental economics is to maintain a balance between economic development and environmental quality. It also discusses how economics relates to the environment, noting that the environment provides resources to the economy and acts as a sink for emissions and waste.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in environmental economics. It discusses how the field views the relationship between the environment and the economy. The economy is seen as embedded within and dependent on ecosystem services from the environment. Neoclassical economics is critiqued for failing to account for environmental externalities and assuming infinite growth. Environmental economists aim to integrate environmental factors and sustainability into economic models and decision making.
16 cost benefit analysis of the environmentPrabha Panth
- The document discusses methods for conducting cost-benefit analyses of the environment, including both direct and indirect methods.
- Direct methods like contingent valuation try to assign monetary values to environmental benefits, while indirect methods estimate costs of environmental degradation.
- However, all of these methods underestimate environmental costs since they are spread over long periods and spaces, do not include costs to non-human species, and cannot fully capture costs to non-living systems or future costs.
Economics of externalities and pollution abatementDronak Sahu
This document discusses economics related to externalities and pollution abatement. It defines externalities as unreimbursed costs or uncharged benefits resulting from another's actions, with pollution being a negative externality. Three questions are addressed: how cost-effectively can pollution be reduced, whether economic instruments are more effective than regulation at reducing pollution, and what effects pollution policies have on firms' balance sheets. Various approaches to internalizing externalities are examined, including taxes/subsidies, property rights, and marketable permits. Specific industries and levels of pollution abatement costs are also mentioned.
The relationship between the environment and the economy can be depicted by means of the “Material Balance Model” The model was developed by Allen Kneese and R.V Ayres. The model visualizes the total economic process as a physically balanced flow between inputs and outputs.
1) Environmental economics studies the relationship between the environment and economic development to ensure the environment is not impaired by economic activity.
2) The environment provides material resources, waste treatment, life support services, and recreational benefits to humans.
3) The material balance model shows that in the economy, the total raw materials input from the environment equals the total waste output.
4) Sustainable development aims to meet current needs without compromising the environment for future generations. Tools like pollution taxes and industrial efficiency can promote sustainable development.
This document provides an introduction to environmental economics. It defines key terms like environment, ecology, ecosystem, and environmental economics. Environmental economics studies the relationship between the economy and the environment, including how economic activity impacts the environment and vice versa. The environment provides natural resources and services to the economy, acts as a sink to absorb pollution and wastes, and provides amenity, spiritual and global support values. However, using the environment for one purpose reduces its ability to provide other services, creating conflicts over resource use.
The document discusses environmental economics and related topics. It defines environmental economics as aiming to understand and influence human impacts on the environment. It notes that the main objective of environmental economics is to maintain a balance between economic development and environmental quality. It also discusses how economics relates to the environment, noting that the environment provides resources to the economy and acts as a sink for emissions and waste.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in environmental economics. It discusses how the field views the relationship between the environment and the economy. The economy is seen as embedded within and dependent on ecosystem services from the environment. Neoclassical economics is critiqued for failing to account for environmental externalities and assuming infinite growth. Environmental economists aim to integrate environmental factors and sustainability into economic models and decision making.
16 cost benefit analysis of the environmentPrabha Panth
- The document discusses methods for conducting cost-benefit analyses of the environment, including both direct and indirect methods.
- Direct methods like contingent valuation try to assign monetary values to environmental benefits, while indirect methods estimate costs of environmental degradation.
- However, all of these methods underestimate environmental costs since they are spread over long periods and spaces, do not include costs to non-human species, and cannot fully capture costs to non-living systems or future costs.
Economics of externalities and pollution abatementDronak Sahu
This document discusses economics related to externalities and pollution abatement. It defines externalities as unreimbursed costs or uncharged benefits resulting from another's actions, with pollution being a negative externality. Three questions are addressed: how cost-effectively can pollution be reduced, whether economic instruments are more effective than regulation at reducing pollution, and what effects pollution policies have on firms' balance sheets. Various approaches to internalizing externalities are examined, including taxes/subsidies, property rights, and marketable permits. Specific industries and levels of pollution abatement costs are also mentioned.
The relationship between the environment and the economy can be depicted by means of the “Material Balance Model” The model was developed by Allen Kneese and R.V Ayres. The model visualizes the total economic process as a physically balanced flow between inputs and outputs.
Environmental valuation techniques a reviewDocumentStory
This document discusses various techniques for valuing environmental assets and services that are not traded in markets. It begins by defining environmental valuation and explaining concepts like total economic value and willingness to pay. It then describes several techniques in detail: hedonic pricing, travel cost method, contingent valuation method, production factor method, and averting behavior method. As an example, it summarizes a case study valuing the non-use benefits of maintaining a wetland in Greece using contingent valuation surveys.
The PPT describes how the Economy and Environment interacted with each other. The environment and the economy are very closely related. The environment provides the resources for production and consumption in the economy and receives the waste from these activities.
Market based instrument for pollution controlAbuzer Ansari
This document discusses different market-based instruments that governments can use for pollution control, including price-based instruments like taxes and subsidies, and quantity-based instruments like tradable pollution permits. It provides examples of each type of instrument and how they work according to economic theory. The document also discusses India's industrial pollution problems and the institutions it has established for industrial pollution abatement, including various environmental laws. In conclusion, it argues that market-based instruments are important for curbing environmental pollution during economic development while still allowing enforcement of regulations to improve the country's overall environment.
An efficient allocation of resources that adequately accounts for natural capital. Traditional economics (including environmental economics - defined as the application of traditional economics to environmental problems) has focused on a third of these problems (efficient allocation) and therefore has not fully addressed the issue of sustainable development.
Classification of resources - renewable and non-renewable resources – conservation of resources – material substitution – product life extension – recycling.
Since pollution is an externality firms will not undertake to control their pollution. The answer is in government regulations. Coase argues that in perfect competition with laissez faire, govt regulation is not needed. Instead bargaining between the polluters and their victims can lead to an optimal situation. But this pre supposes equality in bargaining, and does not take note of ecological consequences of pollution.
1. Market failure occurs when private costs and benefits differ from social costs and benefits, leading to an inefficient allocation of resources.
2. For environmental goods like air and water, market failure arises because there are no property rights, they are non-rival and non-excludable public goods, and pollution externalities are not priced into production.
3. Externalities can be corrected by taxing polluters an amount equal to the external cost imposed on society, known as a Pigouvian tax, which internalizes the externality into the firm's production decision and leads to a more efficient market outcome.
This presentation will help to understand more about the environment and sustainable issue. It also talks about different factors of the environment that affects sustainability. The presentation also talks about the linkage between the environment and poverty.
This document discusses the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. It begins by providing background on issues like global warming that led to a focus on the impacts of environmental degradation. It then explains the "source to sink" concept and discusses how economic growth was seen as a way to alleviate environmental problems. The document goes on to explain theories for why increased income could benefit the environment. A key part discusses Simon Kuznets' original work on income inequality and how this came to be applied to the environment as the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Graphs are presented showing hypothetical relationships between income and pollutants like sulfur emissions. The document analyzes different stages of the EKC and possible explanations for the relationship.
Development involves modernization through economic growth and improving social well-being. Environmental degradation occurs when human resource use exceeds natural replenishment, reducing ecosystem services. Urbanization and industrialization can degrade the environment through land transformation. The World Conservation Strategy and UNEP raised awareness of sustainable development. The Brundtland Commission's 1987 report defined sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
This document discusses the classical theory of economic growth as put forward by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill in the 18th-19th centuries. It provides definitions of key concepts in classical theory, including that economic growth is driven by accumulation and productive investment of profits, and that wages tend towards subsistence levels in the long run due to population growth. The document also references sources that further explain classical theory and the differences between classical and neoclassical economics.
This document discusses principles and techniques for valuing the environment. It defines the different types of environmental values, including direct use, indirect use, non-use, and intrinsic values. Methods for valuing the environment are also presented, including market-based approaches like factor of production valuation and defensive expenditures, as well as non-market approaches like contingent valuation. The document provides examples and limitations of each technique.
This is the 11th lesson of the course 'Poverty and Environment ' taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This document discusses the need for environmental economics and more sustainable approaches. It notes that classical economics focuses on supply and demand without considering environmental external costs. This leads to market failures and overconsumption of limited resources. Environmental economics aims to assign value to natural resources and ecosystem services to better account for their importance. Approaches like natural capitalism emphasize radical resource productivity, closed-loop systems, and reinvesting in natural capital to support future prosperity within planetary boundaries. Individual actions and policy changes are needed to transition toward more sustainable economic models.
The document discusses the relationship between environment and development. It defines development as improving people's lives and the environment as where we live. The two are inseparable. It then examines different dimensions of development including economic, human, and sustainable development. It analyzes how economic development impacts the environment through externalities and may follow an environmental Kuznets curve. The document also discusses how environmental degradation affects human well-being through impacts on health, livelihoods, security, and social relations. It analyzes the key drivers of environmental change like population, economic growth, and technologies and ways to curtail them like economic and non-economic instruments.
Sustainable development aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment for future generations. It can be achieved by using renewable resources that will not deplete, like solar and wind energy. Non-renewable resources like fossil fuels are finite and harm the environment when used. The Kyoto Treaty aimed to reduce carbon emissions through greater renewable energy use, but was not signed by the USA. Individuals can live more sustainably by reducing consumption of resources and using alternatives to help preserve the environment.
Measurement of economic value of environmentSharon Kour
This document discusses methods for valuing the environment economically. It begins by defining economics and environmental valuation. Indirect methods like the hedonic pricing method and travel cost method are revealed preference approaches that observe real market choices. Direct methods like contingent valuation ask people how much an environmental good is worth. The document explains each method in detail and their applications and limitations. It concludes that environmental valuation is important for natural resource management by accounting for the total economic value of ecosystems.
This document summarizes Ronald Coase's theorem on the allocation of resources between parties when transaction costs are zero. It discusses that Coase believed private negotiations between parties could lead to an efficient allocation of resources to address externalities, rather than relying on government intervention. It provides an example of how a factory and fishermen could negotiate an efficient solution to pollution without government regulation if transaction costs were zero. The document also outlines the assumptions of the theorem and provides analysis of an example case related to Coase's work.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a university course on Poverty and Environment. The course is taught on Fridays from 8:30-11:30 am and covers topics such as definitions of poverty, the link between poverty and the environment, population changes, and case studies of Sri Lanka. It also includes brief summaries of key concepts like the poverty line, undernourishment statistics for Sri Lanka, and the relationship between technological changes, the environment, and human civilization throughout history.
Air pollution is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals or compounds in the air at levels that pose health risks. Major causes of air pollution include the burning of fossil fuels which emits sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, agricultural activities which release ammonia, and exhaust from factories and industries containing hydrocarbons and organic compounds. Effects of air pollution include respiratory and heart problems, global warming, acid rain, and depletion of the ozone layer. Prevention of air pollution can be achieved through using public transportation, conserving energy, reducing waste, emphasizing clean energy sources, and using energy efficient devices.
1. The document defines different types of pollution including air, land, water, and marine pollution. It describes causes such as burning fossil fuels, industrial waste, agricultural and residential waste.
2. Examples of effects are respiratory illnesses, acid rain, skin cancer from contaminated soil, and death of aquatic animals. Solutions proposed include using renewable energy, reducing waste, and improving waste management.
3. Global warming is caused by greenhouse gas emissions trapping heat in the atmosphere. It is exacerbating weather events and sea level rise, threatening communities and ecosystems. Reducing energy consumption and switching to renewable energy can help address the problem.
Environmental valuation techniques a reviewDocumentStory
This document discusses various techniques for valuing environmental assets and services that are not traded in markets. It begins by defining environmental valuation and explaining concepts like total economic value and willingness to pay. It then describes several techniques in detail: hedonic pricing, travel cost method, contingent valuation method, production factor method, and averting behavior method. As an example, it summarizes a case study valuing the non-use benefits of maintaining a wetland in Greece using contingent valuation surveys.
The PPT describes how the Economy and Environment interacted with each other. The environment and the economy are very closely related. The environment provides the resources for production and consumption in the economy and receives the waste from these activities.
Market based instrument for pollution controlAbuzer Ansari
This document discusses different market-based instruments that governments can use for pollution control, including price-based instruments like taxes and subsidies, and quantity-based instruments like tradable pollution permits. It provides examples of each type of instrument and how they work according to economic theory. The document also discusses India's industrial pollution problems and the institutions it has established for industrial pollution abatement, including various environmental laws. In conclusion, it argues that market-based instruments are important for curbing environmental pollution during economic development while still allowing enforcement of regulations to improve the country's overall environment.
An efficient allocation of resources that adequately accounts for natural capital. Traditional economics (including environmental economics - defined as the application of traditional economics to environmental problems) has focused on a third of these problems (efficient allocation) and therefore has not fully addressed the issue of sustainable development.
Classification of resources - renewable and non-renewable resources – conservation of resources – material substitution – product life extension – recycling.
Since pollution is an externality firms will not undertake to control their pollution. The answer is in government regulations. Coase argues that in perfect competition with laissez faire, govt regulation is not needed. Instead bargaining between the polluters and their victims can lead to an optimal situation. But this pre supposes equality in bargaining, and does not take note of ecological consequences of pollution.
1. Market failure occurs when private costs and benefits differ from social costs and benefits, leading to an inefficient allocation of resources.
2. For environmental goods like air and water, market failure arises because there are no property rights, they are non-rival and non-excludable public goods, and pollution externalities are not priced into production.
3. Externalities can be corrected by taxing polluters an amount equal to the external cost imposed on society, known as a Pigouvian tax, which internalizes the externality into the firm's production decision and leads to a more efficient market outcome.
This presentation will help to understand more about the environment and sustainable issue. It also talks about different factors of the environment that affects sustainability. The presentation also talks about the linkage between the environment and poverty.
This document discusses the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. It begins by providing background on issues like global warming that led to a focus on the impacts of environmental degradation. It then explains the "source to sink" concept and discusses how economic growth was seen as a way to alleviate environmental problems. The document goes on to explain theories for why increased income could benefit the environment. A key part discusses Simon Kuznets' original work on income inequality and how this came to be applied to the environment as the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Graphs are presented showing hypothetical relationships between income and pollutants like sulfur emissions. The document analyzes different stages of the EKC and possible explanations for the relationship.
Development involves modernization through economic growth and improving social well-being. Environmental degradation occurs when human resource use exceeds natural replenishment, reducing ecosystem services. Urbanization and industrialization can degrade the environment through land transformation. The World Conservation Strategy and UNEP raised awareness of sustainable development. The Brundtland Commission's 1987 report defined sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
This document discusses the classical theory of economic growth as put forward by Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill in the 18th-19th centuries. It provides definitions of key concepts in classical theory, including that economic growth is driven by accumulation and productive investment of profits, and that wages tend towards subsistence levels in the long run due to population growth. The document also references sources that further explain classical theory and the differences between classical and neoclassical economics.
This document discusses principles and techniques for valuing the environment. It defines the different types of environmental values, including direct use, indirect use, non-use, and intrinsic values. Methods for valuing the environment are also presented, including market-based approaches like factor of production valuation and defensive expenditures, as well as non-market approaches like contingent valuation. The document provides examples and limitations of each technique.
This is the 11th lesson of the course 'Poverty and Environment ' taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This document discusses the need for environmental economics and more sustainable approaches. It notes that classical economics focuses on supply and demand without considering environmental external costs. This leads to market failures and overconsumption of limited resources. Environmental economics aims to assign value to natural resources and ecosystem services to better account for their importance. Approaches like natural capitalism emphasize radical resource productivity, closed-loop systems, and reinvesting in natural capital to support future prosperity within planetary boundaries. Individual actions and policy changes are needed to transition toward more sustainable economic models.
The document discusses the relationship between environment and development. It defines development as improving people's lives and the environment as where we live. The two are inseparable. It then examines different dimensions of development including economic, human, and sustainable development. It analyzes how economic development impacts the environment through externalities and may follow an environmental Kuznets curve. The document also discusses how environmental degradation affects human well-being through impacts on health, livelihoods, security, and social relations. It analyzes the key drivers of environmental change like population, economic growth, and technologies and ways to curtail them like economic and non-economic instruments.
Sustainable development aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment for future generations. It can be achieved by using renewable resources that will not deplete, like solar and wind energy. Non-renewable resources like fossil fuels are finite and harm the environment when used. The Kyoto Treaty aimed to reduce carbon emissions through greater renewable energy use, but was not signed by the USA. Individuals can live more sustainably by reducing consumption of resources and using alternatives to help preserve the environment.
Measurement of economic value of environmentSharon Kour
This document discusses methods for valuing the environment economically. It begins by defining economics and environmental valuation. Indirect methods like the hedonic pricing method and travel cost method are revealed preference approaches that observe real market choices. Direct methods like contingent valuation ask people how much an environmental good is worth. The document explains each method in detail and their applications and limitations. It concludes that environmental valuation is important for natural resource management by accounting for the total economic value of ecosystems.
This document summarizes Ronald Coase's theorem on the allocation of resources between parties when transaction costs are zero. It discusses that Coase believed private negotiations between parties could lead to an efficient allocation of resources to address externalities, rather than relying on government intervention. It provides an example of how a factory and fishermen could negotiate an efficient solution to pollution without government regulation if transaction costs were zero. The document also outlines the assumptions of the theorem and provides analysis of an example case related to Coase's work.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a university course on Poverty and Environment. The course is taught on Fridays from 8:30-11:30 am and covers topics such as definitions of poverty, the link between poverty and the environment, population changes, and case studies of Sri Lanka. It also includes brief summaries of key concepts like the poverty line, undernourishment statistics for Sri Lanka, and the relationship between technological changes, the environment, and human civilization throughout history.
Air pollution is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals or compounds in the air at levels that pose health risks. Major causes of air pollution include the burning of fossil fuels which emits sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, agricultural activities which release ammonia, and exhaust from factories and industries containing hydrocarbons and organic compounds. Effects of air pollution include respiratory and heart problems, global warming, acid rain, and depletion of the ozone layer. Prevention of air pollution can be achieved through using public transportation, conserving energy, reducing waste, emphasizing clean energy sources, and using energy efficient devices.
1. The document defines different types of pollution including air, land, water, and marine pollution. It describes causes such as burning fossil fuels, industrial waste, agricultural and residential waste.
2. Examples of effects are respiratory illnesses, acid rain, skin cancer from contaminated soil, and death of aquatic animals. Solutions proposed include using renewable energy, reducing waste, and improving waste management.
3. Global warming is caused by greenhouse gas emissions trapping heat in the atmosphere. It is exacerbating weather events and sea level rise, threatening communities and ecosystems. Reducing energy consumption and switching to renewable energy can help address the problem.
This document discusses various environmental issues and types of pollution. It provides details on different types of pollution including air, soil, and water pollution. For each type of pollution, it defines what it is, possible causes and sources, effects, and some measures to reduce or prevent it. Air pollution is caused by both natural phenomena like volcanic eruptions as well as human activities such as industries, vehicles, and agriculture. Soil pollution stems from sources like industry, agriculture, and mining. Water pollution occurs when untreated sewage and industrial/agricultural wastes are disposed into water bodies. The document outlines many negative impacts of pollution and some potential solutions to address different pollution problems.
This document discusses four main types of pollution: air, light, noise, and soil pollution. It provides details on the causes and effects of each type as well as possible solutions. For air pollution, it notes that human activities like burning fossil fuels are major causes and details health impacts. For light pollution, it explains how excess or poorly directed light can impact ecosystems and waste energy. Noise pollution effects like hearing loss and its prevalence in Spain are outlined. Finally, it describes how soil pollution occurs from improper waste disposal and chemicals and its health and environmental risks.
This document contains information about various types of pollution:
1. It defines environmental pollution and describes the types as air, water, soil, noise, and marine pollution.
2. For air pollution, it discusses the sources, effects on human health, plants, and materials. It also provides ways to control air pollution such as using low sulfur coal, vehicle emission control, and planting trees.
3. For water pollution, it defines it and provides sources such as sewage, waste heat, agrochemicals, and industrial effluents. It lists ways to control water pollution like judicious use of agrochemicals and planting trees.
4. It discusses noise pollution, its sources from transportation
This document provides an overview of a geography lesson plan on causes of pollution. The 90-minute to 2-lesson plan is for 9th grade students. It aims to teach students to identify different types of pollution, their sources, and the importance of a pollution-free environment. The four main types of pollution covered are air, water, land, and noise pollution. The lesson will use materials like vocabulary cards, photographs, and posters to engage students in the topic.
The document discusses air pollution in India. It defines air pollution and explains that it can be classified as visible or invisible. It then lists the ideal composition of clean air and various air pollutants such as dust, soot, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide. The sources of air pollution are categorized as natural sources like volcanoes and fires or man-made sources such as vehicles, industries, power plants, and agriculture. The effects of air pollution on health, global warming, acid rain, and wildlife are outlined. Finally, solutions to curb air pollution are proposed, including using clean energy, public transportation, and planting trees.
Environmental conservation refers to protecting the natural environment from harmful human impacts. It is important for human and planetary health. When the environment is polluted or degraded, it damages ecosystems and human lives through problems like increased disease, worsening climate change, and loss of biodiversity. Some ways to conserve the environment include reducing waste and pollution, choosing more sustainable transportation options, recycling, composting, consuming less meat, and engaging in community environmental projects like tree planting. Protecting the natural world benefits both people and nature long into the future.
This document discusses environmental pollution in Bangladesh. It begins by defining pollution and environmental pollution, noting that pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate the natural surroundings and disrupt ecosystems. The major causes of environmental pollution are identified as industries, transportation, agricultural activities, trading activities, and residences. The effects of environmental pollution are outlined, including impacts on humans, animals, plants, and ecosystems. Bangladesh is ranked among the worst countries for urban air quality. The document concludes by outlining some governmental steps taken in Bangladesh to control pollution, such as establishing environmental laws and banning certain pollutants.
The document discusses various types and causes of pollution including air, water, land, noise, and discusses their effects. It provides details on key pollutants like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and their sources. Major sources of air pollution identified are burning of fossil fuels, carbon monoxide from fuel burning appliances, and emissions from vehicles. Water pollution sources listed are untreated sewage, agricultural and industrial runoff. Land pollution results from waste dumping, construction, and farming practices. Noise pollution comes mainly from vehicles, industries, and appliances. The effects of pollution discussed are health impacts, environmental damage, and harm to ecosystems.
A small project on pollution . This might be helpful for u . In this one u may be able to know what is pollution, about its types , effects of pollution on humans ; environment ; global warming etc . so i think this project may help u all ......
The document discusses several human activities that endanger ecosystems, including deforestation, burning, farming, industrialization, and urbanization. It provides details on the impacts of these activities, such as soil erosion, landslides, flash floods, pollution, and extinction of plant and animal species. The greenhouse effect is explained as a process where greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb and transfer heat energy, warming the planet's surface. Key figures in discovering the greenhouse effect are mentioned.
This document discusses various topics related to pollution including the definition of pollution, types of pollutants, effects of pollution, and nature's mechanisms for treating pollutants. It focuses specifically on air pollution, describing its history, sources, types of air pollutants, effects on living organisms, and control measures. Pollution occurs due to undesirable contamination of the environment from human activities. Air pollution can be controlled through preventive techniques like installing equipment to remove particles and treating gaseous pollutants, as well as through effluent control measures.
The document discusses various topics related to environmental pollution and management. It defines different types of pollution like air, water, land, noise, and plastic pollution. It outlines key causes and sources of each type of pollution such as vehicular emissions, industrial waste, fertilizers, construction etc. The document also discusses solutions to pollution like waste management, regulations, and public awareness campaigns. Air quality is measured using the Air Quality Index which categorizes levels based on certain pollutants that can impact human health.
Human & Social Biology - Sample Project on 'The Impact of Heath Practices on ...Raheme Matthie
H.S.B research that was carried out on The Impact of Heath Practices on the Environment. This will help to guide you as to how you should go about doing this assignment.
This document provides an introduction to air pollution presented by Capt. Adib Bin Rashid. It defines air pollution and discusses the types and sources, including the burning of fossil fuels, agricultural activities, exhaust from factories and industries, mining operations, and indoor air pollution. Major air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and effects like respiratory and heart problems, global warming, acid rain, and depletion of the ozone layer are explained. Solutions to air pollution like using public transportation and conserving energy are also provided.
The document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, soil, and noise pollution. It provides details on the causes and effects of various forms of pollution. Major points made include that air pollution causes millions of deaths worldwide annually, water pollution contaminates water bodies and ecosystems, soil pollution stems from industrial and agricultural activities and impacts health, and noise pollution arises from machines, transportation, and certain human activities. The document also provides recommendations for reducing different types of pollution at their sources, blocking their transmission, increasing their path lengths, and protecting recipients.
Environmental Pollution can be defined as any undesirable change in physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of any component of the environment i.e. air, water, soil which can cause harmful effects on various forms of life or property.
This document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, sound, soil, radioactive, light, and thermal pollution. It describes the causes and effects of various pollutions and provides solutions to address pollution issues. The document focuses on pollution in India specifically, noting that population growth and vehicles have increased pollution levels. Both long-term effects like pulmonary disease and short-term effects are described. Solutions proposed include reducing greenhouse gases, afforestation, and increasing public awareness.
Pollution harms human health and the environment. Air pollution alone causes over 14,000 deaths per day, while water pollution from untreated sewage in developing countries causes 700 million people to lack access to clean water and 1000 children to die of diarrhea daily. Pollution comes from various sources like factories, vehicles, sewage, farms, and can contaminate air, water, soil, and cause problems like cancer, birth defects, and acid rain. Reducing pollution requires efforts like recycling waste, treating sewage, implementing industrial wastewater treatment, and prioritizing public transportation to improve air quality.
IMPERIALISM AND TERRITORIAL DIVISION OF THE WORLD (COLONIZATION OF AFRICA)shahzadebaujiti
This document discusses the rise of European imperialism and nationalism in the 19th century and their impacts. It covers:
1) The development of different types of capitalism that drove imperial expansion.
2) How German and Italian unification movements overcame obstacles to create unified nation-states.
3) The effects of European nationalism within Europe, including new alliances and rivalry, and globally through increased colonialism in Africa and Asia.
The document discusses the rise of democracy in Europe. It begins with defining democracy and noting its origins in ancient Greece. It then discusses how democracy spread from Greece to other parts of Europe through revolutions, with the English and French revolutions playing a key role. Before these revolutions, European politics were dominated by absolutism, the divine right of kings, feudalism, and an inseparable church and state. The English revolution from 1640-1689 weakened these systems and established principles like parliamentary control over taxes and free elections. This revolution helped pave the way for capitalism in England by introducing free trade, empowering merchants politically, unifying the country, abolishing serfdom, and consolidating land ownership.
The document discusses the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Europe through the rise of merchantilism and the agrarian revolution in Britain. It describes how feudalism was based on a system of lords and serfs tied to the land. The agrarian revolution introduced new farming techniques like crop rotation that increased agricultural productivity and helped provide food for growing urban populations. It also discusses the enclosure movement that consolidated land and displaced peasant farmers. These changes helped supply labor, raw materials, and markets that facilitated the rise of merchantilism and capitalism in Europe.
This document provides information about climatology and weather elements. It discusses how weather is the short-term atmospheric conditions in an area, while climate describes conditions over 30+ years. Climatology studies the distribution of atmospheric phenomena. Key weather elements discussed include temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind systems, solar radiation, and air masses. Temperature is influenced by factors like the sun's angle, cloud cover, elevation, distance from bodies of water, and ocean currents. Atmospheric pressure varies with altitude, temperature, latitude, and the Earth's rotation. Local winds include land/sea breezes and anabatic/katabatic winds, while global winds are trade winds, westerlies, and polar winds.
Coal is a non-renewable energy resource that has been important for power generation and industry. However, coal use is declining due to several factors:
- Coal has a lower calorific value and causes more environmental problems than alternatives.
- Production costs are higher as coal deposits lie deeper, requiring more expensive extraction methods.
- Coal is heavy and bulky, making transportation costly.
- Coal faces increasing competition from more efficient and environmentally-friendly alternative energy sources like hydropower.
This document discusses the key differences between weather and climate. Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions, while climate describes average conditions over a longer period of 30-40 years. Weather is influenced by temperature, precipitation, humidity, pressure, winds, cloud cover, sunshine, altitude, and ocean currents. These elements are measured at weather stations. The document then goes on to describe in detail several elements of weather including temperature, atmospheric pressure, sunshine, and humidity. It discusses how each of these elements is measured and recorded, and the various factors that influence them.
This document provides definitions and explanations of soil and the processes involved in soil formation. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Soil is defined in multiple ways by soil scientists, but generally refers to the loose upper layer of the earth's surface where plants grow and is made up of organic and inorganic materials.
2. Soil formation, or pedogenesis, is the development of a soil from parent rocks through weathering and other physical, chemical, and biological processes over time.
3. The key processes involved in soil formation include weathering, leaching, and humification, which break down rocks, remove soluble materials, and decompose organic matter respectively.
This document discusses groundwater and lakes. It begins by explaining the water cycle and how water infiltrates the ground to become groundwater. There are different sources and types of groundwater classified based on their origin, such as meteoric, juvenile, connate, and oceanic water. Factors like climate, slope, vegetation and rock permeability affect the distribution and flow of groundwater. Springs, wells, and artesian basins are also described. Karst landscapes are formed by the dissolution of limestone and features like sinkholes, caves and underground rivers are discussed. Finally, lakes are classified based on their formation from earth movements, erosion, deposition, volcanism, or other processes.
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Manufacturing industries play an important role in the world economy by providing employment, contributing to foreign currency earnings, stimulating other sectors, and leading to self-sufficiency. However, they also negatively impact the environment through air, water, soil, and noise pollution. Gaseous pollutants from industries contribute to issues like acid rain, global warming, and health problems for nearby residents. Proper policies and practices around industrial siting, waste recycling, and emissions controls can help reduce pollution.
River basin development projects aim to control floods, provide water for irrigation, industry, and domestic use, and enable navigation. They involve constructing dams, dredging rivers, widening channels, clearing vegetation, and installing canals and pipes. Examples discussed include the Tennessee Valley project in the US, Indus River project in Pakistan, and Ganges project in India. Challenges include unreliable rainfall, silt accumulation, water pollution, lack of funds/technology, and soil exhaustion. Benefits are flood control, improved navigation, fishing/agriculture expansion, hydroelectric power, and job creation. Case studies on the Tennessee River Valley, St. Lawrence River, Rhine River, and Chinese river basins are also provided.
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- Kenya and Tanzania have both successfully developed their tourism industries due to natural attractions like wildlife, beaches, and mountains, as well as government support. Kenya benefits from its proximity to Europe and Tanzania promotes cultural and adventure tourism alongside safaris.
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Population studies involve acquiring knowledge about factors influencing population and its distribution. Population refers to the number of people in a given area. Population geography studies the distribution of human populations in a location. Population dynamics examines changes in population numbers due to factors like fertility, mortality, and migration. Population is both impacted by development processes and environmental factors, and influences development as a resource that transforms the environment. Key population terms include aging population, life expectancy, child and infant mortality rates, fertility rates, and dependency ratios. Physical factors like climate and terrain, and human factors like economic opportunities and transportation influence population distribution and density.
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
1. ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
DEFINITION;
-Environmental economics refers to as a form of progressive economics trying to account for
various forms of market failure to better market in the future and lead to more widespread forms
among people.
-Environmental economics looks a lot of environmental policies in a country and how they
impact the local and global economics either positively or negatively.
-One major corner stone of environmental economics is examining on ‘’market failure’’
MARKET FAILURE
This refers to the situation in which a market fails to generate the greatest social welfare mostly
due to imperfect knowledge among the members of market.
Market failure exists due to the man made between what private person does given market price
and what a society might want him/her to do protect environment. This implies wastefulness or
inefficiency.E.g externalizes and failure to produce welfare goods.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
POLLUTION; is the contamination or additional of destructive/ Unrequited material on the
environment which may make environment not useful or less useful for human use.
Or
-Is the addition of pollutant to the environment which may destruct the environment.
POLLUTION
These are materials which are in liquid, solid, or gaseous form that pollute the environment by
lowering or reducing its usefulness value or quality.
Generally pollutant can be grouped into four types which are solid, liquid, gaseous and
radioactive materials. However all these are grouped into persistent and non persistent pollutant.
TYPES OF POLLUTANT
At national level pollution categorized into four main types these are;
1. Land pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Air pollution
2. 4. Noise pollution
LAND POLLUTION
This refers to the disposal or introduction of unwanted substance on the soil which may term
land less usefulness for supporting living organism both vegetation and animals. Soil can be
polluted by liquid,soil,gaseous or radioactive materials.
CAUSES OF LAND POLLUTION
1. Introduction or disposal of industrial wastes from industrial activities.
2. Disposal of domestic wastes or the land this waste includes garbage and other waste
products.
3. Excessive use of chemical sprays and industrial fertilizers in agricultural activities.
4. Falling of acidic rain on the land which adds acidic gases on the soil.
5. Natural calamities such as soil erosion, earth quakes, mass wasting and weathering.
EFFECTS OF LAND POLLUTION
1. Land pollution may cause death of soil living organisms which may cause poor soil,
decomposition and low fertility
2. Land pollution may cause water pollution if there is surface run off in polluted soil to the
water bodies.
3. Excessive land pollution may cause eruption of diseases such as cholera which may kill
many people.
4. Sometimes it may cause migration of people because people may abandon the polluted
soil.
5. Emission of bad smell which reduce comfort to the people.
WATER POLLUTION
This is the disposal or discharge or contamination of water by undesirable solid, liquid, gaseous
or radioactive materials into water bodies like sea, ocean, rivers, swamp, ponds and springs.
CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION
1. Discharge of industrial wastes into water bodies due to industrial activities, this mostly
occurs in urban area like Dar-es-salaam,due to the presence of many industries affected
much by this factor
2. Disposal of domestic waste in water bodies.This occurs in water bodies surrounded by
human settlement,so people of that area may pollute water bodies.
3. Oil spillage in water bodies like oceans, due to leakage of oil ship (tanker) and leakage of
oil tank and pipe near or in the water bodies.
4. Illegal and excessive fishing activities in water bodies,for example fishing method like
use of poisons or explosive in getting fish.
3. 5. Disposal of radioactive and other chemical in water bodies due to testing of atomic
bombs.
EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
1. It may kill aquatic living organisms like fish and vegetation.
2. It may cause occurrence of diseases and death of many people in an area, due to the use
of contaminated water e.g. cholera
3. It may cause irritation of human skin due to skin cancer by washing their bodies in
polluted water and reduce comfort ability to the people.
4. It may cause decline of tourism activities e.g beach tourism
AIR POLLUTION
This is the pollution caused by introduction or emission of unwanted substance in atmosphere
which occurs mostly in urban areas.
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
1. Emission of gases in atmosphere due to excessive use of fossil fuel such as charcoal,
firewood which lead to emission of oxidized carbon dioxide, Nitrogen oxide in
atmosphere.
2. Emission of dust and soot from mining activities which may pollute atmosphere
3. Emission of smoke and gases from volcanic eruption this means volcanically may emit
gases and other waste in atmosphere which may cause air pollution.
4. Construction activities which may cause emission of dust in the air.
5. Emission of fumes and gases like Nitrogen gases from a moving vehicle such as
aeroplanes, cars, train due to burning of fuel
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
1. Air pollution may cause destruction of ozone layer due to the emission of gases such as
chlorofluorocarbon(CFFC’S) and Nitrogen oxide which may cause depletion of ozone
layer.
2. Air pollution may cause global warming in an area. This is an increase in average
temperature on the earth’s surface due to ozone layer depletion and green house effects
which may cause sun rays to penetrate direct on the earth’s surface but protected be
reflected back.
3. It may cause occurrence of acidic rain. This occurs when the emitted gases in
atmosphere(acidic gas) mix with water droplets which may cause acidic rainfall.
4. It may cause death of both plants and animals due to excessive rise in temperature(global
warming) and acidic rainfall which may cause death of living organisms.
NOISE POLLUTION
Noise is any disorganized sound or unpleasant sound to people’s ear.
4. Noise pollution is the emission of unpleasant sound or undesirable noise in the atmosphere which
may harm people by causing trouble in people’s ears.
CAUSES OF NOISE POLLUTION
1. Excessive or unpleasant noise from industrial activities such as iron and steel industries.
2. Noise emission from quarrying and mining activities,this noise emitted from machine and
explosive.
3. Noise emission from music halls. This occurs for those halls which has no sound proof
mechanism.
4. Excessive noise from moving vehicles. These vehicles include motorcycles, cars and an
aeroplane.
5. Noise emitted from natural disasters like thunderstorms.
6. Construction activities which cause eruption of unpleasant sound like road construction.
EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION
Noise pollution may cause the following effects in a country;-
1. It may affect human health e.g. destruction of eardrums to the people
2. It may affect people’s comfort,for example people may fail to sleep at night or day due to
unpleasant sound.
3. It may disturb wild animals’ habitats which may cause the migration of animals and birds
from one place to another.
4. Excessive noise may cause skin irritation and headache to the people.
METHODS OF DEALING WITH POLLUTION AT NATIONAL LEVEL
There are several methods used by local or national government in controlling pollution and
effects of pollution. All these approach grouped into;
Pollution taxes
Quartos on pollution ‘’Tradable emission allowance’’
Direct control
Other measures
1. Pollution taxes on tariffs
-These are special taxes imposed to those who pollute environment this tax imposed on
production or consumption which cause pollution or products if considered as a source of
pollution in environment.
-A pollution tax which is considered as an advantage is that it reduces pollution to the socially
‘’optimal’’ level would be set at a such level that pollution occurs at the level where it benefits to
the society (greater production) exceeds the cost.
5. b.)Quartos on pollution ''trad able emission allowance’’
-It is advocated that pollution reductions should be achieved by way of trad able emissions
permits which freely traded may ensure reduction in pollution are achieved at least cost in theory
trad able quotas are allowed, then firms would reduce cost and its own pollution load only if
doing so would reduce cost, less than paying someone else to make same reduction therefore
firms may change technique or inputs which may be able to reduce cost.
c.)Direct control
- This is the total ban policy where by government use direct method of controlling
environmental pollution by establishing strict laws and policy which restricts environmental
pollution.
d.)Provision of environmental education to the people on the importance/significance of
environment and ways of environment at conservation.
e.)Government should establish laws and policies which completely ban and control pollution
and source of pollution.In these methods government may restrict raw materials which cause
pollution e.g the use of firewood and use of soft plastic bags.
f.)Introduction and the use of methods of conserving environment like the use of recycling of
wastes and Anti pollution equipments i.e production process such as sound proof, coal burning
power station, desulphunsation plants.
g.)Government and NGO’s should advice producers to produce and market environmental
friendly products and making assessment on impact of product/production on environment so as
to make right decision on either to allow or
restrict investment
h.)The use of improved state of technology in production. This means producers should use
efficient technology and technique which minimize pollution on the environment.
i.)Population control policy, government and NGO’s should promote on reduction of population
because rapid population growth is the main cause of pollution especially in urban areas like
Dar-es-salaam.
j.)Efficient town planning with good sewage system and dumping areas and provision of
incentives schemes i.e government should provide incentives and awards to those who make
proper environmental conservation so as to
encourage others.
k.)Better defined property rights
-According to coarse theorem state that assigning property right will lead to an optimal solution,
regardless of who receive them if transaction costs are retrieval and the nudes negotiating are
6. limited because property rights identify who has a right to clean the environment or factory has
a right to pollute, then either factory could pay factory not to pollute environment.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable development refers to pattern of resources use that aimed to meet human needs while
preserving the environment so that these needs be met not only in the present but also for
generations to come.
Or
Sustainable development also defined as ‘’development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
The concept of sustainable development can be conceptional broken into three parts/types;
1. Environmental sustainability
2. Economic sustainability
3. Sociology-political sustainability
Environmental sustainability
-This is the situation/process of making sure current process of interaction with environment
(economic activities) acting environment re perused with the idea of keeping or protecting
environment as pristine as naturally possible.
Economic sustainability
-This emphasizes people to change from old sector centered ways of doing business to new
approach that involves gross sectoral coordination and integration of environmental and social
concerned all development process in short it deals with balanced economic growth and
performance
Social sustainability
-This emphasizes integration and interaction between economic activities and environment so as
to bring both environmental and economic sustainability in association with creating social
equity. Therefore social sustainability achieved by creating equitable economic growth with
arable environmental situation.
Generally sustainable development deal with the methods of economic growth and development
that does not adversely affects future growth potential.
MEASUREMENTS /INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
7. Generally sustainable development measured by looking into four main indicators either in local,
regional, national even internationally. These indicators are;
i.) Economic performance
-Economic performance include things like increase in GNP, balanced trade and balanced of
payment, and other economic aspects, therefore a country with sustainable development
experience high growth of GNP and good position of balance of trade and payment.
ii.) Social equity/ Justice
-This relate with things like level of poverty, literacy rate, life expectancy, availability of social
services and income equity in an economy. Country with sustainable development has lowest
level of poverty, high literacy rate and life expectancy, there is improved social services and
equal income distribution and development.
iii.) Environmental protection
-This indicator include things like environmental degradation, water pollution, forest reserve and
other environmental issues. Country which experience sustainable development has high level of
environmental protection and minimum environmental problems
iv.) Institutional capacity
-This includes International cooperation and integration, research and development, sustainable
development, sustainable development of institution like financial institutions.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPING.(AFRICAN.) COUNTRIES
LIKE TANZANIA (APPLICATIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT)
Sustainable development integrate a multidisciplinary capacities and interprets socially,
economically and environmentally, it emphasize that healthy environment is essential to support
a growing economy therefore economic activities and decisions on use of resources should be
done to create continued economic development without affecting the environment negatively.
Research shows that economic growth is the best that may help developing countries to conserve
their National resources and environment in general since economic growth is associated with
technological advancement that may create a catalyst for large scale production improvement of
social services at minimum environment problem i.e low pollution.
The following are applications of sustainable development in Tanzania;
1. Sustainable development applied in fishing and water bodies management. This concept
used in creating fishing laws and regulations that prohibit fishing of immature fishes and
the use of bad fishing methods such as use of explosives, small nets, gunpowder and
8. other methods that has impact to resources in water bodies(fish.) that will limit
availability of resources for the coming generation.
2. It is applied in formation of economic growth and development strategies. When
government formulates growth strategies it considers environmental protection and long
run benefits as sustainable development needs. Under this government formulate
regulatory standards like environmental act i.e laws of protecting environment and
NEMC as a strategy of reducing pollution, social cost and other environmental effects.
3. Sustainable development applied in tourism and wild life management- Government use
the concept of sustainable development in establishing laws and regulations in tourism
activities and wild life management such as Afforestation and restrict deforestation and
massive tourism that may cause environmental problems avoiding illegal hunting, so as
to protect plants and animals and possibility of experiencing drought, which may bring
negative impact for the future generation.
4. It is applied in agricultural activities- The concept of sustainable development used in
conducting agricultural activities which protect soil fertility and other natural resources
for future generation in implementing this, all bad farming method like cultivation along
slope, are avoided and crop rotation, application of fertilizers, terracing are applied also
avoiding overgrazing and nomadic pastoralism in order to protect soil and environment
for future generation (use).
Although sustainable development has application in developing economies like
Tanzania.Research shows that sustainable development is an indicator of developed
countries and not suitable for developing countries like Tanzania economists believe that
developed countries are polluted enough/ significantly during their development, so it is
suitable for them to emphasize and implement sustainable development because they now
maintain high level of development rather than struggling for growth and development
Sustainable development is said to set limits on growth and development strategies in
third world countries like Tanzania because sustainable development emphasize on
pollution reduction and environmental conservation for future generation. This
encourages developing countries like Tanzania to reduce pollution which sometimes
reduce growth because environmental protection means low production which is against
growth and development strategies which needs developing countries to produce and
invest more in order to stimulate economic growth that lead to environmental pollution
and unsustainable development.
Still other researchers view environmental and social challenges as opportunities for
development action. This idea is true because it may create individual enterprise and
global opportunities or needs for innovation and entrepreneurial solution.
Some economists consider that, implementation of sustainable development would mean
reversion to per-modern lifestyles and according to Mary Jo Anderson ‘’The real purpose
of sustainable development is to contain and limit economic development in developing
countries (like Tanzania) and in so doing control population.
9. EXTERNALIZES
In economics point of view externalizes are the costs or benefits not transmitted through the
prices incurred by a party who did not agree to the action.
Or
Externalize are those advantages or disadvantages people may get without involving in the
activities which result in that cost or benefits.
Externalize are alternatively called spillover. In this case in a competitive market price do not
reflect the full cost or benefits of producing or consuming products or services, producers and
consumers may either not bear all of the costs or benefits of the economic activities and too
much or too little of the goods will be produced or consumed in terms of overall cost or benefits
to the society
For example; manufacturing that cause pollution imposes cost on the whole society while fire
proofing a home improves the fire safety of neighbors considered as externalize.
TYPES OF EXTERNALIZES
There are two main types of externalize, these are;
1. Positive external
2. Negative external
POSITIVE EXTERNALITY
-These are benefits or advantages people enjoy without incurring any cost (payment). In
this case positive externalize increase utility of the third party at no cost to them.
In positive externalize social welfare increase but producers has no way of monitoring the
benefits. Positive externalize are also called external benefits or spill over benefits
Examples of positive externalize are education, health initiatives, law enforcement,
environmental conservation etc.
Illustrative example of positive externalize
1. When a person plant trees which results into conducive weather condition which make
people to enjoy such condition freely without any cost.
2. Factory located in a certain area may bring benefits to the people of that area through
enjoying improved infrastructure or getting employment.
NEGATIVE EXTERNALIZES
10. These are costs or disadvantages incurred by a party who did not agree to the action causing the
cost. Negative externalize are considered as disadvantages people incur without their will mostly
caused by a production process sometime even consumption.
Negative external is also called spill over cost or public bad.
Illustrative examples of negative external
1. When an industry cause pollution in production process,this is considered as negative
external because the pollution impose cost/disadvantage to whole society e.g disease
2. Another example of negative external is when there is discharge of polluted or unclean
water in water bodies from industries which results into the loss of living organism while
there is no compensation claimed for the loss occurred.
IMPLICATIONS OF EXTERNALIZES
Standard Economic theory state that’’ Any voluntary exchange is beneficial to both parties
involved in trade if it does not benefit both,however an exchange can cause an additional effects
on third parties from the perspective of those affected these effects may either be positive
(positive external) or negative(negative external) Welfare economics has shown that those who
suffer from externalize implies no voluntary exchange in an economy.