Oil industry have developed technologies for benefiting from CO2 injection Enhanced oil Recovery (EOR). Drilling CO2 producers and injectors, transportation and compression of CO2 for injection into oil reservoirs, and separation of CO2 from the produced gas streams. These technologies are needed to separate CO2 from flue gas of fossil-powered power stations and disposal in saline aquifers. Then electrification of our cars, homes, offices and factories, where possible, would allow for a balanced energy mix with a low carbon foot print for the nation. A survey of other related technologies and pilot projects are also offered.

1. Eliminating Carbon Footprint in
Power Generation from Fossil Fuels
Future of Power Generation Summit
Oct 16th -18th 2017, Dallas, Texas, Campbell Center
Ghasem Bayat, PhD.
Senior Executive VP Exploration & Production,
New Dawn Energy, LLC.

2. There is no doubt that we can do better

3. This is not a dream, but a destination.
“A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step”
a Chinese proverb ascribed to Lao Tzu
Imagine a world with prosperous
people, living in pleasant environments,
served with abundant energy, breathing
clean air, drinking clean water,
surrounded by beautiful and verdant
parks, clear of any pollution,…

4. Imagine our children living in pleasant environments, …, breathing
clean air, drinking clean water, surrounded by beautiful and verdant
parks, clear of any pollution,…

5. The debate on the impact of the
anthropogenic carbon dioxide on the Global
Warming is not for this forum.
In this conference, I look at what the scientific
community in the coal, oil and gas industry
are doing, and can do, to minimize the impact
of our operations on our environment.

6. Increasing dedicated groups of scientists,
who are conscious of the impact of CO2 on
Global Warming, backed by many
businesses, including the coal, oil and gas
and chemical and utility companies,
national agencies and universities around
the world, have been investing money and
investigating ways and means of
minimizing carbon footprints of our
industries.

7. In 1992 over 250 scientists and engineers
from 23 countries held the First International
Conference on Carbon Dioxide Removal
(ICCDR-1).
Today, there is a large international research
community, backed by agencies such as US
Department of Energy and major businesses,
dedicated to developing Carbon Capture and
Storage (CCS) technologies, targeting the
CO2 from fossil energy use.

8. The scale of fossil fuel usage in the US:
Some 85% of our energy needs in the US is imported.
In addition to 7 million barrels of oil a day, and all the
gas and coal that is produced in the US, we also import
10 million barrels a day of oil from around the world.
Some put this figures as 25% of the world energy that
is used in the US.
So the removal of a large portion of this massive
amount of CO2 emission into the atmosphere could be
material in this effort.

9. The technology with the most promise and most
impact for the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is:
• Removal of CO2 gas directly from the exhaust gas of
the power generation plants and other large industrial
units,
• storing them in deep underground saline formations, or
oil reservoirs for enhanced oil recovery, or depleted oil
and gas reservoirs for thousands of years to come.
• The cost is high as the volumes are large, and the CO2
concentrations in the flu gases are as low as 3-5% in gas
plants and 13-15% in coal plants.

10. Our experience in the oil and gas industry
For the past 60 years we have been separating large quantities of
CO2 and H2S from produced gas using various separation
techniques by:
• Absorption Processes using MEA, DEA an MDEA
solutions for very low residual CO2 in the purified
stream, but disposal of the used Amine causes
environmental hazards.
• Adsorption Processes using molecular sieve (if purity is
not intended). These include activate carbons, charcoal,
activated clays, silica gel, activated alumina and
alumino-silicate zeolites, by using pressure or
temperature swings. Pressure swing adsorption is used
in bulk separation of CO2.

11. Our experience in the oil and gas industry
For over 60 years we have been separating large quantities of
CO2 and H2S from produced gas using various separation
techniques by:
• Cryogenic condensation that is not suitable for
capturing CO2 from flu gas due to low concentration
of CO2.
• Membrane technology is now a mature technology
being used for separation of CO2 from natural gas for
a few million scfpd to 250 million scfpd and even
larger. These membranes consist of polymeric and
ceramic types.

12. The worldwide capacity of
potential CO2 storage reservoirs
Ocean and land-based sites together contain an enormous capacity for storage
of CO2. The world’s oceans have by far the largest capacity for carbon
storage.
Sequestration option Worldwide capacityb
Ocean 1000s GtC
Deep saline formations 100s–1000s GtC
Depleted oil and gas reservoirs 100s GtC
Coal seams 10s–100s GtC
Terrestrial 10s GtC
Utilization <1 GtC/yr
a Worldwide total anthropogenic carbon emissions are ~7 GtC per year (1 GtC = 1 billion metric tons of carbon
equivalent).
b Orders of magnitude estimates. (from April 1, 2001 Environmental Science & Technology, Howard J Herzog (New
technologies could reduce carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere while allowing the use of fossil fuels).

13. Recent projects for CO2 sequestration
SACROC Unit
Discovered in 1948, the SACROC unit with 50,000 acres
in the Permian Basin, Texas, is one of the largest and
oldest oil fields in the US, using carbon dioxide flooding
technology.
Kinder Morgan expanded the development of the carbon
dioxide project initiated by previous owners (Chevron &
Pennzoil) increased production over the last several
years.
In 2016, SACROC produced approximately 29,000 barrels
of oil per day, and 21,000 barrels per day of NGL.

14. Evolution of CO2 projects and oil prices in the U.S. (From Oil &
Gas Journal EOR Surveys 1980–2010 and U.S. EIA 2010).

15. Response of SACROC to modified CO2 Flood

16. Carbon Capture & Storage Technologies
In 2014, electricity production accounted for more than 2 billion metric
tons of CO2. Technologies are being developed now that capture the
carbon emissions before reaching the atmosphere.
In post-combustion, fuel is burnt as usual and CO2 is captured by some
kind of filtering to separate the CO2 from the other byproducts.
In Oxyfuel combustion, fuel burns with pure CO2 that produces a
mixture of water vapor and CO2 that can be easily separated.
Currently available technologies can reduce a power plant's emissions
output by 80–90%, according to the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA).

17. The captured CO2 can be stored for ever in
deep saline formations where the saline water
is produced for cooling and other uses.
Four Companies to Cash in on Capturing Carbon

18. According to the
EPA:
Carbon is stored
in porous rock
formations,
covered by less
permeable layers
of rock, a mile or
more
underground.
Four Companies to Cash in on Capturing Carbon

19. Quest - A large Canadian CCS project, (commissioned in
2015), operated by Shell Canada, with participation of
Chevron, and Marathon, called Quest, has a capacity of more
than 1 million tonnes of CO2 per year. This cuts emissions
from the Athabasca, Canada oil sands, by about one-third. A
64-mile pipeline transports the CO2 for disposal in a saline
formation, about 2 kilometers underground.
Recent Projects in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS Technology)
Gorgon - Chevron has built a CCS plant offshore Australia
(commissioned in 2017) that extract 3 – 4 million tonnes of
CO2 from LNG processing plants and injects it about 2
kilometers deep into a large saline formation.
Chevron plans to commission two more projects such as
Gorgon that are located in the southern U.S.
Abbreviated from an article by Green Chip Review, Angel Publishing LLC.
www.greenchipstocks.com

20. Kemper County Energy Facility - Mississippi Power is building a
pre-combustion CCS facility that will use a kind of coal called lignite, or
brown coal. This project (first in its kind) takes lignite from the nearby
Liberty Fuels mine, put the substance through a gasification process,
and separate the CO2 from there. This captures about 3 million tonnes
of CO2 per year, and Mississippi Power will sell that gas for optimization
of production from oil fields in Mississippi.
Petra Nova Carbon Capture project - NRG Energy operates the WA Parish
power plant that is of the largest energy plants in the U.S. This plant is fitted
with four coal units and four natural gas units. NRG expects its Petra Nova
Carbon Capture project to reduce the power plant's emissions by 90%, or about
1.4 million tonnes of CO2 per year.
The carbon will be transferred via pipeline and used to optimize production in
the West Ranch oil field, in which NRG has a partial partnership.
Abbreviated from an article by Green Chip Review, Angel Publishing LLC.
www.greenchipstocks.com
Recent Projects in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS Technology)

21. Key CCS project developments & milestones
(Taken from Global CCS Institute Website -
http://status.globalccsinstitute.com/)

22. Imagine, most of our energy usage comes from electricity that is
generated by a combination of technologies with low carbon
footprint.
Imagine, most of our cars and transportation vehicles are electric.
Imagine electricity runs most of our energy intensive industries.
Imagine our offices and homes are heated by electricity.
Imagine our industries are not spoiling our environment.
Imagine …
Imagine …

23. Thank you for your leadership.