EDP – Introduction to Entrepreneurship Development Programme
Entrepreneurship Development Programme is primarily meant for developing those first generation entrepreneurs who on their own cannot become successful entrepreneurs. It covers three major variables- location, target group and enterprise.
Any of these can become the focus or starting point for initiating and implementing an EDP.
EVALUATION THE PERFORMANCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Navneetyadav711
EVALUATION THE PERFORMANCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
EDP is a programme meant to develop entrepreneurial abilities among the people. In other words, it refers to inculcation, development, and polishing of entrepreneurial skills into a person needed to establish and successfully run his / her enterprise.
• The 'District Industries Centre' (DICs) programme was started by the central government in 1978 with the objective of providing a focal point for promoting small, tiny, cottage and village industries in a particular area and to make available to them all necessary services and facilities at one place.
• The District Industries Centre is the institution at the District level, which provides all the services and support facilities to the entrepreneur for setting up Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. This included identification of suitable schemes, preparation of feasibility reports, arrangements for credit facilities, machinery and equipments, provision of raw materials and development of industrial clusters etc.
• Established in 1940
• Vision is to be primary driving force of commercially sustainable industrial development .
• Industrial development Corporations are companies or agencies in India which were established at various times under the policy of Government of India for the promotion of small - scale industries.
• A Central Industrial Finance corporation was set up under the industrial Finance corporations Act, 1948 in order to provide medium and long term credit to industrial undertakings which fall outside normal activities of commercial banks.
• The State governments expressed their desire that similar corporations be set up in states to supplement the work of the Industrial financial corporation. State governments also expressed that the State corporations be established under a special statue in order to make it possible to incorporate in the constitutions necessary provisions in regard to majority control by the government, guaranteed by the State government in regard to the payment principal. In order to implement the views Expressed by the State governments the State Financial Corporation bill was introduced in the Parliament.
• Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), set up on April 2, 1990 under an Act of Indian Parliament, is the Principal Financial Institution for the Promotion, Financing and Development of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) sector and for Co-ordination of the functions of the institutions engaged in similar activities.
• It was incorporated initially as a wholly owned subsidiary of Industrial Development Bank of India.
• The purpose is to provide refinance facilities and short term lending to industries. Its headquarters is in Lucknow.
• Former Deputy Managing Director is Shri N.K. Maini. Dr. Kshatrapati Shivaji is the new Chairman and Managing Director of the organisation.
EVALUATION THE PERFORMANCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Navneetyadav711
EVALUATION THE PERFORMANCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
EDP is a programme meant to develop entrepreneurial abilities among the people. In other words, it refers to inculcation, development, and polishing of entrepreneurial skills into a person needed to establish and successfully run his / her enterprise.
• The 'District Industries Centre' (DICs) programme was started by the central government in 1978 with the objective of providing a focal point for promoting small, tiny, cottage and village industries in a particular area and to make available to them all necessary services and facilities at one place.
• The District Industries Centre is the institution at the District level, which provides all the services and support facilities to the entrepreneur for setting up Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. This included identification of suitable schemes, preparation of feasibility reports, arrangements for credit facilities, machinery and equipments, provision of raw materials and development of industrial clusters etc.
• Established in 1940
• Vision is to be primary driving force of commercially sustainable industrial development .
• Industrial development Corporations are companies or agencies in India which were established at various times under the policy of Government of India for the promotion of small - scale industries.
• A Central Industrial Finance corporation was set up under the industrial Finance corporations Act, 1948 in order to provide medium and long term credit to industrial undertakings which fall outside normal activities of commercial banks.
• The State governments expressed their desire that similar corporations be set up in states to supplement the work of the Industrial financial corporation. State governments also expressed that the State corporations be established under a special statue in order to make it possible to incorporate in the constitutions necessary provisions in regard to majority control by the government, guaranteed by the State government in regard to the payment principal. In order to implement the views Expressed by the State governments the State Financial Corporation bill was introduced in the Parliament.
• Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), set up on April 2, 1990 under an Act of Indian Parliament, is the Principal Financial Institution for the Promotion, Financing and Development of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) sector and for Co-ordination of the functions of the institutions engaged in similar activities.
• It was incorporated initially as a wholly owned subsidiary of Industrial Development Bank of India.
• The purpose is to provide refinance facilities and short term lending to industries. Its headquarters is in Lucknow.
• Former Deputy Managing Director is Shri N.K. Maini. Dr. Kshatrapati Shivaji is the new Chairman and Managing Director of the organisation.
Role Of Agencies assisting EntrepreneurshipAnubha Rastogi
Various agencies in India including DICs, NSICs, EDII, NIESBUD,NEDB and more are functioning to promote entrepreneurship. Several new initiatives have also been taken by the Government of India to promote the culture of entrepreneurship.
Women Entrepreneurship - Types & Functionsuma reur
1.Chance Entrepreneurs
2.Created Entrepreneurs
3.Benami Entrepreneurs
4.Natural Entrepreneurs
5. Forced Entrepreneurs
Women Entrepreneur is not different from the concept of Entrepreneur, all the concept characteristics & functions are applicable to Women Entrepreneur. The role of women in family & society is changing very fast. Those days are gone where typically women are expected to look after household activities change in various social aspect like equal treatment to women, no discrimination among male & females availability of equal opportunities to work in any field slowly these changes have forced her to become more competitive & also encouraged into business operations.
• The 'District Industries Centre' (DICs) programme was started by the central government in 1978 with the objective of providing a focal point for promoting small, tiny, cottage and village industries in a particular area and to make available to them all necessary services and facilities at one place.
• The District Industries Centre is the institution at the District level, which provides all the services and support facilities to the entrepreneur for setting up Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. This included identification of suitable schemes, preparation of feasibility reports, arrangements for credit facilities, machinery and equipments, provision of raw materials and development of industrial clusters etc.
• Established in 1940
• Vision is to be primary driving force of commercially sustainable industrial development .
• Industrial development Corporations are companies or agencies in India which were established at various times under the policy of Government of India for the promotion of small - scale industries.
• A Central Industrial Finance corporation was set up under the industrial Finance corporations Act, 1948 in order to provide medium and long term credit to industrial undertakings which fall outside normal activities of commercial banks.
• The State governments expressed their desire that similar corporations be set up in states to supplement the work of the Industrial financial corporation. State governments also expressed that the State corporations be established under a special statue in order to make it possible to incorporate in the constitutions necessary provisions in regard to majority control by the government, guaranteed by the State government in regard to the payment principal. In order to implement the views Expressed by the State governments the State Financial Corporation bill was introduced in the Parliament.
• Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), set up on April 2, 1990 under an Act of Indian Parliament, is the Principal Financial Institution for the Promotion, Financing and Development of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) sector and for Co-ordination of the functions of the institutions engaged in similar activities.
• It was incorporated initially as a wholly owned subsidiary of Industrial Development Bank of India.
• The purpose is to provide refinance facilities and short term lending to industries. Its headquarters is in Lucknow.
• Former Deputy Managing Director is Shri N.K. Maini. Dr. Kshatrapati Shivaji is the new Chairman and Managing Director of the organisation.
Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (EDII)uma reur
EDI has been spearheading entrepreneurship movement throughout the nation with a belief that entrepreneurs need not necessarily be born, but can be developed through well-conceived and well-directed activities.
In consonance with this belief, EDI aims at:
Creating a multiplier effect on opportunities for self-employment,
Augmenting the supply of competent entrepreneurs through training,
Augmenting the supply of entrepreneur trainer-motivators,
Participating in institution building efforts,
Role Of Agencies assisting EntrepreneurshipAnubha Rastogi
Various agencies in India including DICs, NSICs, EDII, NIESBUD,NEDB and more are functioning to promote entrepreneurship. Several new initiatives have also been taken by the Government of India to promote the culture of entrepreneurship.
Women Entrepreneurship - Types & Functionsuma reur
1.Chance Entrepreneurs
2.Created Entrepreneurs
3.Benami Entrepreneurs
4.Natural Entrepreneurs
5. Forced Entrepreneurs
Women Entrepreneur is not different from the concept of Entrepreneur, all the concept characteristics & functions are applicable to Women Entrepreneur. The role of women in family & society is changing very fast. Those days are gone where typically women are expected to look after household activities change in various social aspect like equal treatment to women, no discrimination among male & females availability of equal opportunities to work in any field slowly these changes have forced her to become more competitive & also encouraged into business operations.
• The 'District Industries Centre' (DICs) programme was started by the central government in 1978 with the objective of providing a focal point for promoting small, tiny, cottage and village industries in a particular area and to make available to them all necessary services and facilities at one place.
• The District Industries Centre is the institution at the District level, which provides all the services and support facilities to the entrepreneur for setting up Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. This included identification of suitable schemes, preparation of feasibility reports, arrangements for credit facilities, machinery and equipments, provision of raw materials and development of industrial clusters etc.
• Established in 1940
• Vision is to be primary driving force of commercially sustainable industrial development .
• Industrial development Corporations are companies or agencies in India which were established at various times under the policy of Government of India for the promotion of small - scale industries.
• A Central Industrial Finance corporation was set up under the industrial Finance corporations Act, 1948 in order to provide medium and long term credit to industrial undertakings which fall outside normal activities of commercial banks.
• The State governments expressed their desire that similar corporations be set up in states to supplement the work of the Industrial financial corporation. State governments also expressed that the State corporations be established under a special statue in order to make it possible to incorporate in the constitutions necessary provisions in regard to majority control by the government, guaranteed by the State government in regard to the payment principal. In order to implement the views Expressed by the State governments the State Financial Corporation bill was introduced in the Parliament.
• Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), set up on April 2, 1990 under an Act of Indian Parliament, is the Principal Financial Institution for the Promotion, Financing and Development of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) sector and for Co-ordination of the functions of the institutions engaged in similar activities.
• It was incorporated initially as a wholly owned subsidiary of Industrial Development Bank of India.
• The purpose is to provide refinance facilities and short term lending to industries. Its headquarters is in Lucknow.
• Former Deputy Managing Director is Shri N.K. Maini. Dr. Kshatrapati Shivaji is the new Chairman and Managing Director of the organisation.
Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (EDII)uma reur
EDI has been spearheading entrepreneurship movement throughout the nation with a belief that entrepreneurs need not necessarily be born, but can be developed through well-conceived and well-directed activities.
In consonance with this belief, EDI aims at:
Creating a multiplier effect on opportunities for self-employment,
Augmenting the supply of competent entrepreneurs through training,
Augmenting the supply of entrepreneur trainer-motivators,
Participating in institution building efforts,
Role of financial institutions in support of women entrepreneurial activities...uma reur
The ‘District Industries Centre’ (DICs) programme was started by the central government in 1978 with the objective of providing a focal point for promoting small, tiny, cottage and village industries in a particular area and to make available to them all necessary services and facilities at one place. The finances for setting up DICs in a state are contributed equally by the particular State Government and the Central Government.
To facilitate the process of small enterprise development, DICs have been entrusted with most of the administrative and financial powers. For purpose of allotment of land, work sheds, raw materials etc., DICs functions under the ‘Directorate of Industries’. Each DIC is headed by a General Manager who is assisted by four functional managers and three project managers to look after the following activities :
The important objectives of DICs are as follow :
i. Accelerate the overall efforts for industrialisation of the district.
ii. Rural industrialisation and development of rural industries and handicrafts.
iii. Attainment of economic equality in various regions of the district.
iv. Providing the benefit of the government schemes to the new entrepreneurs.
v. Centralisation of procedures required to start a new industrial unit and minimisation- of the efforts and time required to obtain various permissions, licenses, registrations, subsidies etc.
CEDOK Established in 1992 is a Government of Karnataka Organisation promoted by the Department of Industries and Commerce with the support of State level industrial developmental agencies such as :
Karnataka State Small Industries Development Corporation (KSSIDC),
Karnataka State Financial Corporation (KSFC),
Karnataka State Industrial Investment Development Corporation (KSIIDC),
Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board (KIADB),
and national level financial institutions such as
Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI),
Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI),
Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) and
Government of India through Development Commissioner (SSI), New Delhi
with a objective to contribute to the development and dispersal of entrepreneurship by undertaking various entrepreneurship development and skill development / upgradation training programmes thus expand the social and economical base of entrepreneurial class
Institutional efforts and role of government in developing enterprenuership -...sksbatish
Entrepreneurial development programmes - as conducted by government and the governmental role in developing future entrepreneur
includes the various institutions started by govt. for development and conduct of EDP's with the aim of developing self employed to help in the progress of the country.
Entrepreneurship development programmesDaksh Goyal
As the term itself denotes, EDP is a programme meant to develop entrepreneurial abilities among the people. In other words, it refers to inculcation, development, and polishing of entrepreneurial skills into a person needed to establish and successfully run his / her enterprise. Thus, the concept of entrepreneurship development programme involves equipping a person with the required skills and knowledge needed for starting and running the enterprise.
Entrepreneurship and project managementchumantrakali
role of govt in entrepreneurship,role of financial institutions in entrepreneurship,entrepreneurial development programmes,entrepreneural development institutions across india, some other institu\tions
Sources of Funds:
Transactions which result in an increase in the amount of fund or working capital are called sources of fund.
The following are the sources of funds:
Funds from operations, operating profit or trading profit.
Non operating incomes.
Refund of Income Tax (received).
Issue of Shares for cash or for any other current asset.
Issue of debentures for cash or for any other current asset.
Long term and medium term loans borrowed.
Long term or medium term deposits accepted.
Sale of long term investments for cash or for any other current asset.
Sale of fixed assets for cash or for any other current asset.
Preparation of Funds from Operations
The term Operation means the day to day affairs of the business.
It refers to trading.
Non operating items should not be treated as operational, while ascertaining funds from operations.
Examples of Non Operating expenses:
Depreciation
Loss on sale of fixed assets.
Writing-Off of fictious assets like Goodwill
Preliminary expenses, discount or loss on issue of shares and debentures
FFA- Statement of Schedule of Changes in Working Capitaluma reur
Statement Of Schedule Of Changes In Working Capital
This statement is prepared with the help of current assets and current liabilities relating to two different periods.
An increase or decrease in respect of each of such items should be recorded to ascertain the net increase or decrease in the working capital.
An increase in the value of current assets between two different periods indicates an increase in the working capital. It is an application of funds.
An increase in the value of current liabilities between two different periods indicates decrease in the working capital. It is sources of funds.
Investment:
Relationship between profit and investment is shown by computing “Rate of Return ratios”.
Return on Investment (ROI)
Return on Total Resources
Return on Equity (ROE)
Earning Per Share Ratio (EPS)
Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio
Debt to Total Fund Ratio
The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)uma reur
The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) is a statutory body formed in April 1957 (During 2nd Five Year plan) by the Government of India, under the Act of Parliament, 'Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act of 1956'. It is an apex organisation under the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, with regard to khadi and village industries within India, which seeks to - "plan, promote, facilitate, organise and assist in the establishment and development of khadi and village industries in the rural areas in coordination with other agencies engaged in rural development wherever necessary.“
KVIC also helps in building up reserve of raw materials for supply to producers.
The commission focuses in creation of common service facilities for processing of raw materials, such as semi-finished goods.
KVIC has also helped in creation of employment in Khadi industry.
Schemes Under Khadi and Village Industries Commission
Under the Khadi and Village Industries Commission, you can avail the following schemes:
PMEGP or Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme
The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises introduced this credit linked subsidy scheme for the creation of employment in both rural and urban areas of the nation. This scheme replaced the previous Rural Employment Generation Programme or in short the REGP.
Under the PMEGP scheme the applicants from the general category are given a 15% to 25% subsidy on the interest rates. Applicants from other categories than general as well as woman applicants, former service members, physically disabled and applicants from the hill or border areas are provided with a subsidy of 20% to 35%.
Long-Term Financing
Long-term financing is usually needed for acquiring new equipment, R&D, cash flow enhancement, and company expansion. Some of the major methods for long-term financing are discussed below.
Equity Financing
Equity financing includes preferred stocks and common stocks. This method is less risky in respect to cash flow commitments. However, equity financing often results in dissolution of share ownership and it also decreases earnings.
The cost associated with equity is generally higher than the cost associated with debt, which is again a deductible expense. Therefore, equity financing can also result in an enhanced hurdle rate that may cancel any reduction in the cash flow risk.
Sales:
Relationship between profit and sales is shown by computing “Profit margin ratios”.
Gross Profit Ratio
Operating Ratio
Expenses Ratio
Operating Profit Ratio
Net Profit Ratio
From the following information calculate Debtors turnover ratio (DTR) and Average collection period (ACP).
Total Sales Rs.3,80,000, Cash sales Rs. 2,40,000, Opening Debtors Rs. 12,000, Closing Debtors Rs. 16,800. Opening balance of Bills receivable Rs. 9,600 and Closing balance of Bills receivable Rs.14,400.
Creditor’s Turnover Ratio is also known as Payables Turnover Ratio, Creditor’s Velocity and Trade Payables Ratio. It is an activity ratio that finds out the relationship between net credit purchases and average trade payables of a business.
It finds out how efficiently the assets are employed by a firm and indicates the average speed with which the payments are made to the trade creditors.
It is calculated by the following formula:
Role of financial institutions in support of women entrepreneurial activities...uma reur
The RUDSETI type of Institutions aided by GoI will, therefore, have the following objectives:
The trainings offered will be demand driven
Rural BPL youth will be given priority
Area in which training will be provided to a particular rural BPL youth will be decided after assessment of the aptitude of the candidate
Hand holding will be provided for assured credit linkage with Banks
Escort services will be provided for ensuring at least a two year follow up to ensure sustainability of micro enterprise undertaken by the rural BPL youth.
Provide intensive short-term residential self-employment training programmes with free food and accommodation to rural youth for taking up self employment initiatives and skill up gradation for running their micro-enterprises successfully.
Empower rural youth and economically backward sections leading to the development of rural enterprises and entrepreneurship.
Identify, orient, motivate, train and assist rural youth including tribal communities to attain sustainability and economic well being through rural entrepreneurship.
Upgrade technical, agricultural, managerial and service delivery skills.
Promote and train self-help groups.
Identify, develop and transfer appropriate and sustainable rural technologies.
Personality development for school and college students.
Promote awareness and trigger use of non-conventional and energy efficient technologies.
Identification & selection of right candidate for the right course.
Campus and practical approach.
Use of simulation exercises, group discussions, role plays during training period.
Field visits & experience sharing with role models.
Interactions with Bankers /Govt. Officials.
Turnover Ratios or Activity Ratios or Performance Ratios
Turnover ratios are used to determine how efficiently the financial assets and liabilities of an organization have been used for the purpose of generating revenues. These ratios measure the operating efficiency of an enterprise.
The types of Turnover ratios are: –
Inventory Turnover Ratio or Stock Turnover Ratio.
Debtors Turnover Ratio.
Creditors Turnover Ratio.
Cash Turnover Ratio.
Working Capital Turnover Ratio.
Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio.
Capital Turnover Ratio or Sales to Net Worth Ratio.
It is also referred as the stock turnover ratio which is used to measure the number of sales generated from its inventory and how efficiently the inventories in a company is used.
This ratio reveals the number of times stock is replaced during a given accounting period.
It is calculated by the following formula:
Illustration 1:
From the following information calculate stock turnover ratio. Opening stock 30,000, purchases 90,000, carriage inward 7500, sales 1,50,000, closing stock 15,000, gross profit 37,500.
The Debtors Turnover Ratio also called as Receivables Turnover Ratio or Debtors velocity shows how quickly the credit sales are converted into the cash. This ratio measures the efficiency of a firm in managing and collecting the credit issued to the customers.
It is calculated by the following formula:
De퐛퐭퐨퐫퐬 퐓퐮퐫퐧퐨퐯퐞퐫 퐑퐚퐭퐢퐨=(퐍퐞퐭 퐂퐫퐞퐝퐢퐭 퐒퐚퐥퐞퐬)/(퐀퐯퐞퐫퐚퐠퐞 퐃퐞퐛퐭퐨퐫퐬)
Interpretation:
Standard credit period is 30 days
If the credit period is more than 30 days it indicates that the concern is not efficient.
If the credit period is less than 30 days it indicates that the concern is efficient.
The Average Collection Period, also called as Debt Collection Period, shows how much time business takes to realize the credit sales. Simply, how long will it take to recover payments from the debtors against the credit sales?
It is calculated by dividing the number of months or days or weeks by the debtors turnover ratio.
Leverage Ratios or Solvency Ratios or Capital Structure Ratios
Leverage or Solvency ratios can be defined as a type of ratio that is used to evaluate whether a company is solvent and well capable of paying off its debt obligations or not. These ratios are used to measure the long term financial position as a test of solvency of an organisation.
The types of Leverage ratios are: –
Proprietary Ratio or Equity Ratio
Equity to Fixed Asset Ratio
Equity to Current Assets Ratio
Current Liabilities to Shareholders Funds Ratio
Debt Equity Ratio
Capital Gearing or Leverage Ratio
Liquidity Ratios
This type of ratio helps in measuring the ability of a company to take care of its short-term debt obligations. A higher liquidity ratio represents that the company is highly rich in cash.
The types of liquidity ratios are: –
Current Ratio or Working Capital Ratio
Quick Ratio or Liquidity Ratio or Acid Test Ratio
Absolute Liquid Ratio or Cash Ratio
Stock to Working Capital Ratio
Current Ratio: The current ratio is the ratio between the current assets and current liabilities of a company. The current ratio is used to indicate the liquidity of an organization in being able to meet its debt obligations in the upcoming twelve months. A higher current ratio will indicate that the organization is highly capable of repaying its short-term debt obligations.
Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
Current Assets:
Current Assets means cash and those assets which can be converted into cash within one year in ordinary course of business.
Current Liabilities:
Current Liabilities are those which are to be paid by the firm in one year.
Quick Ratio or Liquidity Ratio or Acid Test Ratio :
The quick ratio is used to ascertain information pertaining to the capability of a company in paying off its current liabilities on an immediate basis.
The formula used for the calculation of a quick ratio is-
Quick Ratio = (Cash and Cash Equivalents + Marketable Securities + Accounts Receivables) / Current Liabilities
. Absolute Liquid Ratio or Cash Ratio:
The cash ratio measures a company’s ability to pay off short-term liabilities with cash and cash equivalents:
Cash ratio = Cash and Cash equivalents / Current Liabilities
Stock to Working Capital Ratio:
It is calculated by dividing the value of stock (or inventories such as raw materials, work in progress, finished goods, stores and packing materials) by the Working capital.
Role of financial institutions in support of women entrepreneurial activities...uma reur
Origin of SIDBI
In order to promote small scale industries in the country, a special Act was passed in Parliament in April 1990 for starting of Small Industries Development Bank of India. SIDBI is a wholly owned subsidiary of IDBI. It is providing assistance to all those institutions which are promoting small scale industries.
Capital of SIDBI
SIDBI has an authorised capital of Rs. 1000 crores. The RBI has also allocated INR 10,000 Crores to SIDBI for various venture capital activities and company startups in 2015. The entire operations of IDBI connected with small scale industries are now handed over to SIDBI.
Objectives of SIDBI:
To promote marketing of products of small scale sector.
To upgrade technology and also undertaking modernization of small scale units.
To provide more financial assistance to small scale ancillary and tiny sector.
To encourage employment oriented industries.
To coordinate all the other institutions involved in the promotion of small scale industries.
Financial ratios are created with the use of numerical values taken from financial statements to gain meaningful information about a company. The numbers found on a company’s financial statements – balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement – are used to perform quantitative analysis and assess a company’s liquidity, leverage, growth, margins, profitability, rates of return, valuation, and more.
Modes of Expression of Ratios:
Ratios may be expressed in any one or more of the following ways:
(a) Proportion,
(b) Rate or times
(c) Percentage.
Advantages of Ratio Analysis:
The information shown in financial statements does not signify anything individually because the facts shown are inter-related. Hence it is necessary to establish relationships between various items to reveal significant details and throw light on all notable financial and operational aspects. Ratio analysis caters to the needs of various parties interested in financial statements. The basic objective of ratio analysis is to help management in interpretation of financial statements to enable it to perform the managerial functions efficiently.
Limitations of Ratio Analysis:
Ratios are precious tools in the hands of management but the utility lies in the proper utilisation of ratios. Mishandling or misuse of ratios and using them without proper context may lead the management to a wrong direction. The financial analyst should be well versed in computing ratios and proper utilization of ratios. Like all techniques of control, ratio analysis also suffers from several ‘ifs and buts’ and for proper computation and utilization of ratios the analyst should be aware of the limitations of ratio analysis.
Uses and Users of Financial Ratio Analysis
Analysis of financial ratios serves two main purposes:
1. Track company performance
Determining individual financial ratios per period and tracking the change in their values over time is done to spot trends that may be developing in a company. For example, an increasing debt-to-asset ratio may indicate that a company is overburdened with debt and may eventually be facing default risk.
2. Make comparative judgments regarding company performance
Comparing financial ratios with that of major competitors is done to identify whether a company is performing better or worse than the industry average. For example, comparing the return on assets between companies helps an analyst or investor to determine which company is making the most efficient use of its assets.
Users of financial ratios include parties external and internal to the company:
External users: Financial analysts, retail investors, creditors, competitors, tax authorities, regulatory authorities, and industry observers
Internal users: Management team, employees, and owners
Management Accounting - Trend Analysis - Income Statementuma reur
Meaning of Trend Analysis:
Comparison of past data over a period of time with a base year is Trend Analysis.
It computes the changes in percentage for different variables over a long period and then makes a comparative study of them.
Each item in the base year is taken as 100 and on that basis, trend analysis for the corresponding items in the other years are calculated.
Compute the trend percentage from the following data taking 2010 as the base year.
Compute the trend percentage from the following data taking 2010 as the base year.
Common Size Statement of Assets & Liabilitiesuma reur
Common Size Balance Sheet
A common size balance sheet shows the percentage in relation to each item of assets to total assets and each item of liabilities to total liabilities and capital.
A comparative common size balance sheet for different periods helps to understand the trends and reasons for changes in different items.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
1. B COM 2ND SEM
KSAWU SYLLABUS
WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
ROLE OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN
SUPPORT OF WOMEN
ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITIES
EDP
Smt. Uma Minajigi Reur
Head, Dept. of Commerce &
Management
Smt. V G Degree College for Women,
Kalaburagi
2. B.COM SYLLABUS SECOND SEMESTER
2.6: WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Objectives: To acquaint students with the concepts of women entrepreneurship and to familiarize
the entrepreneurial development process. Pedagogy: Classroom lecture, Assignments and Field Visit.
Unit 1: Introduction: Concept, meaning and definition of Women entrepreneur and Women
entrepreneurship, Characteristics and Types of entrepreneurs, Functions of Women entrepreneur,
evolution of Women Entrepreneurship in India, Entrepreneurial skills and competency requirements
for women entrepreneur, Role of Women entrepreneurship in economic development. (15 Hours)
Unit 2: Opportunities and challenges faced by women entrepreneurs: Challenges faced by Women
entrepreneurs, Opportunities for an entrepreneurial career, measure to improve women
entrepreneurship, factors influencing the women entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial motivation
concept. (10 Hours)
Unit 3: Role of financial institution in support of women entrepreneurial activities: SIDBI, DIC, CEDOK,
RUDSETI, SFC, EDII, KVIC, (objectives and functions), Long term and Short term financing. Women
empowerment through Entrepreneurship Development Programmes. (15 Hours)
Unit 4: Government Schemes and Institutional support to Promote Women Entrepreneur: Trade
Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD) scheme for Women, AWAKE,
NAYE, Mahila Coir Yojana, Mahila Udyam Nidhi, Stand-up India, Annapurna Scheme, Stree Shakti
Package For Women Entrepreneurs, Bharatiya Mahila Bank Business Loan, Dena Shakti Scheme,
Udyogini Scheme, Cent Kalyani Scheme, Mahila Udyam Nidhi Scheme, Mudra Yojana Scheme For
Women, Orient Mahila Vikas Yojana Scheme, etc. (20 Hours)
Unit 5: Project Identification and Formulation: Meaning of project, project identification, project
selection, project formulation: meaning, significance, contents, formulation steps, Planning
Commission’s Guidelines for formulating a Project report, Specimen of a project report. (10 Hours)
3. Unit 3:
Role of financial institutions in support of women
entrepreneurial activities:
1. Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)
2. District Industries Centre (DIC)
3. Centre for Entrepreneurship Development of Karnataka (CEDOK)
4. Rural Development and Self Employment Training Institute (RUDSETI)
5. State Financial Corporation (SFC)
6. Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (EDII)
7. The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC)
8. Long term and short term financing.
9. Women Empowerment through Entrepreneurial Development Programmes.
5. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
EDP – Introduction to Entrepreneurship Development
Programme
Entrepreneurship Development Programme is primarily meant for
developing those first generation entrepreneurs who on their own
cannot become successful entrepreneurs. It covers three major
variables- location, target group and enterprise.
Any of these can become the focus or starting point for initiating and
implementing an EDP.
6. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
Entrepreneurship development programme is a programme meant to
develop entrepreneurial abilities among the people. The concept of
entrepreneurship development programme involves equipping a person
with the required skills and knowledge needed for starting and running the
enterprise.
EDP is an effective way to develop entrepreneurs which can help in
accelerating the pace of socio-economic development, balanced regional
growth, and exploitation of locally available resources. It takes care of all
the constraints and therefore it is proved to be one of the most effective
tools for developing new entrepreneurs.
EDPs are planned programmes developed to identify, inculcate,
cultivate, develop, and polish the capabilities and skills as the prerequisites
of a person to become an entrepreneur. The EDPs focus on training,
education, reorientation and creation of conducive and healthy
environment for the growth of entrepreneurship.
7. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
These programmes broadly envisage a three tiered approach, developing
achievement motivation and sharpening of entrepreneurial traits and
behaviour, project planning and development and guidance on industrial
opportunities, incentives and facilities and rules and regulations, and
developing managerial and operational capabilities.
Various techniques and approaches have been developed and adopted to
achieve these objectives keeping in view the target groups and or to target
areas.
8. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
Small Industries Extension and Training Institute (SIET 1974),
now National Institute of Small Industry Extension Training
(NISIET), Hyderabad defined EDP as “an attempt to develop a
person as entrepreneur through structural training. The main
purpose of such entrepreneurship development programme is to
widen the base of entrepreneurship by development achievement
motivation and entrepreneurial skills among the less privileged
sections of the society.”
9. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
According to N. P. Singh (1985), “Entrepreneurship Development Programme
is designed to help an individual in strengthening his entrepreneurial motive
and in acquiring skills and capabilities necessary for playing his
entrepreneurial role effectively. It is necessary to promote this understanding
of motives and their impact on entrepreneurial values and behaviour for this
purpose.” Now, we can easily define EDP as a planned effort to identify,
inculcate, develop, and polish the capabilities and skills as the prerequisites of
a person to become and behave as an entrepreneur.
10. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
Till now, 12 State Governments have established state-level Centre for
Entrepreneurship Development (CED) or Institute of Entrepreneurship
Development (lED) to develop entrepreneurship by conducting EDPs.
Today, the EDP in India has proliferated to such a magnitude that it has
emerged as a national movement. It is worth mentioning that India operates
the oldest and largest programmes for entrepreneurship development in any
developing country.
The impact of India’s EDP movement is borne by the fact that the
Indian model of entrepreneurship development is being adopted by some of
the developing countries of Asia and Africa. Programmes similar to India’s
EDPs are conducted in other countries also, for example, ‘Junior
Achievement Programme’ based on the principle of ‘catch them young’ in
USA and ‘Young Enterprises’ in the U. K.
11. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
Entrepreneurship Development Programme –
Objectives
Entrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP) in India has many objectives.
(1) Develop and strengthen their entrepreneurial quality/motivation;
(2) Analyse environment related to small industry and small business;
(3) Select project/product;
(4) Formulate projects;
(5) Understand the process and procedure of setting up of small enterprise;
(6) Know and influence the source of help/support needed for launching the
enterprise;
12. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
(7) Acquire the basic management skills;
(8) Know the pros and cons of being an entrepreneur; and
(9) Acquaint and appreciate the needed social responsibility/entrepreneurial
disciplines.
Further some of the other important objectives of entrepreneurial training
are:
(i) To let the entrepreneur set or reset the objectives of his business and work
individually and along with his group for their realisation.
(ii) To prepare him for accepting totally unforeseen risks of business after such
training.
(iii) To enable him to take strategic decisions
13. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
(iv) To enable him to build an integrated team to fulfill the demands of
tomorrow.
(v) To communicate fast, clearly and effectively
(vi) To develop a broad vision to see the business as a whole and to integrate
his function with it.
(vii) To enable him to relate his product and industry to the total
environment, to find what is significant in it and to take it into account in his
decisions and actions.
(viii) To enable him to cope with and coordinate all relevant paper work,
most of which is statutorily obligatory.
(ix) To make him accept industrial democracy, that is, accepting workers as
partners in enterprise; and
(x) To strengthen his integrity, honesty, and compliance with law, the key to
success in the long run.
14. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
Entrepreneurship Development Programme – Features
The basic features of Entrepreneurship Development Programme have
gone through several modifications overtime as:
(a) Identification and careful selection of entrepreneurs for training;
(b) Developing the entrepreneurial capabilities of the trainee;
(c) Equipping the trainee with the basic managerial understanding and
strategies;
(d) Ensuring a viable industrial project for each potential entrepreneur;
15. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
Entrepreneurship Development Programme – Course Contents and
Curriculum of EDPs
The course contents of an EDP should be formulated as per the objectives of
the EDPs.
It should consist of the following:
1. General Approach to Entrepreneurship:
The participants should be given exposure about the conceptual framework of
entrepreneurship role, expectation, Entrepreneurial environment etc.
Innovative behaviour related issues should be focused to enlighten the
entrepreneurs about their future challenges and prospects. Besides,
development agencies should try to design appropriate strategies enabling the
potential entrepreneur to tackle different risk inherent in an innovation activity.
16. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
These risks are as follows:
(i) Technical risks – the risk of not knowing enough about the technical
processes, materials etc.
(ii) Economic Risks – the risk of market fluctuations and changes in relation to
raw materials etc.
(iii) Social Risks – the risk inherent in the development of new relationship.
(iv) Environmental Risks – risk which result from environmental changes in
the manager’s work as an outcome of the new activity.
Moreover, prospective entrepreneurs should be given a detailed information
with regard to facilities generally provided by the government and other
agencies involved in promotion of entrepreneurship.
17. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
2. Motivational Training:
Motivational training inputs are meant for developing the motivation of
potential entrepreneurs and their enterprise building skills. Besides,
motivational inputs also include psychological games, tests, goal setting
exercises, role play etc.
The motivational inputs will be aimed at increasing the participants,
understanding of the entrepreneurial personality and entrepreneurial
behaviour and bring about through self-study, changes in self-concept, value,
skills thereby leading to positive entrepreneurial behaviour.
The major motivational inputs may be given in the beginning of the training
programme on full time basis though the learning effected through them will
be reinforced and used throughout the training programme. The
understanding of the entrepreneurial personality and behaviour will be
supplemented through interface with one or two successful as well as not so
successful entrepreneurs.
18. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
3. Developing Management Skills:
Prospective entrepreneurs should be given exposure in different types of
management problems. It would sharpen their management skills. The
management problems take different forms and the management patterns are
peculiar to the situation. So, training for exposing managerial skills will be
arranged in keeping the situational requirements. However, managerial aspects
should include production planning, labour laws, cost analysis, financial
accounting, selling arrangements, taxation laws etc.
19. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
4. Training for Project Management:
Project inputs are required to help the potential entrepreneurs to develop
their project ideas into bankable projects. They should be given acquaintance
with the industrial opportunities in the area and also necessary guidance on
product selection. Necessary knowledge about project feasibility, viability and
implementation should also be given to the potential entrepreneurs.
Under project preparation, technical feasibility includes selection of
technology, availability of raw materials, selection of location and site,
availability of plant and machinery, infrastructure facilities, roads, transport,
power, manpower/personnel requirement.
Similarly, market analysis, level of competition, capital cost, working capital
requirement, estimated cost of production, projected sales volume, profitability
estimates, expected rate of return, projected cash flows and break even analysis
are different aspects that have to be incorporated in assessing the commercial
viability of the project.
20. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
5. Structural Arrangement:
Training inputs also aim at familiarising the participants about the proposed
structural arrangement for the business or industrial unit. They should be
given adequate familiarisation about government policy regarding
development of industries, especially with regard to small scale industries,
registration and licensing procedures, forms of organisation like proprietary,
partnership, private company and Joint Stock Company, institutional setup
etc.
21. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
6. Support System:
In most of the cases, participants are generally first generation
entrepreneurs and they do not know about the government and institutional
support system. Support system may also be used as motivational inputs to
encourage the participants about their future prospects. They should be
familiarised with the incentives/concessions available, tax-incentives, tax
holiday, backward/zero industries districts concessions, soft loan scheme,
special schemes for technicians etc.
This should be followed by acquainting them with procedure for
approaching government departments and agencies, applying for and
obtaining these concessions from them.
22. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
7. Factory Visits/In-Plant Training:
Practical exposure is also necessary. Depending upon their products the
potential entrepreneurs may feel the need to gain more knowledge about the
production process etc. by visiting some of the similar units in production.
For this purpose, factory visits may have to be arranged.
Similarly, entrepreneurs who select relatively sophisticated products will
be expected to have a good idea of the product and the process facilities
should be arranged for in-plant training or prototype development on
exceptional basis.
23. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
Entrepreneurship Development Programme – Need
Entrepreneurship Development Programme is very much essential for the
first generation entrepreneurs because proper training and guidance will help
them to get success. It is promoted to help alleviate the unemployment problem,
to overcome the problem of stagnation and to increase the competitiveness and
growth of business and industries.
The thrust of entrepreneurship development programme is to motivate
people to accept entrepreneurship as a career. Training and successful
entrepreneurs becomes ideal for other.
24. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (EDP)
Following are the various needs for EDPs:
(i) Eliminates Poverty and Unemployment:
(ii) Balanced Regional Development and Growth:
(iii) Prevents Industrial Slums:
(iv) Harnessing Locally Available Resources:
(v) Defuses Social Tension:
vi) Capital Formation:
(vii) Improvement in per Capita Income:
(viii) Facilitating Overall Development: