The economic value of seaweed G. verrucosa depends on the content of the agar it has. Cultivation Gracilaria verrucosa generally use inorganic fertilizers that are not environmentally friendly, inorganic fertilizer is not a wise step considering the recent increase in consumers who want a product that is free of pesticide residues. The purpose of this study was to analyze the optimal dose of vermicompost fertilizer to produce high quality of agar rendement, viscosity and gel strength seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa. From the result of the research, it was found that the quality of agar rendement, viscosity and gel strength were normal and homogeneous distribution (p>0,05). Then the ANOVA test showed that the fertilizer treatment gave a significant effect on the quality of agar rendement and viscosity (p <0,05), while the quality of agar gel strength did not give significant effect (p> 0,05). The highest level of viscosity and rendement of Gracilaria verrucosa seaweed was found in treatment A and the lowest in treatment F (control). The highest level quality of agar gel strength Gracilaria verrucosa was found in treatment F compared with other treatment.
Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Cashew and Mango Extracts on the Rheol...IJERA Editor
Comparative analysis of the effects of cashew and mango extracts on the rheological properties of water based mud is presented. To control corrosion of drilling materials, corrosion inhibitor is usually used as one of the drilling mud additives. Such inhibitive substance can only be applied when it improves the rheological properties of the drilling mud. In this work, the mud samples were formulated in the absence and presence of various concentrations of cashew and mango extracts. The production method of the mud and the determination of its rheological and allied properties were carried out based on the mud production standards of American Petroleum Institute. From the analysis of the experimental results, cashew and mango leaves extracts are suitable additives for the production of water based mud. Mango leaves extract shows higher improvement of the rheological properties of the drilling mud. Use of plant leaves extracts as drilling mud additives will encourage local content development.
Flow time analysis of blended mixes using Marsh cone apparatusAbdulRazakBH
Abstract -Admixture-Cement interaction in concrete is a complex blend of chemical and physical mechanism that are independent. Every admixture at optimum dosage gives better results when used with cement. The proposed research is aimed to study the compatibility of super plasticizer with different types of blended cements by investigatingflow time value. The present work is to study the behaviour of blended mixes (OPC+GGBS+ALCCOFINE) with the PCE (poly carboxylic ether) based admixtures at various dosages of both GGB,ALCCOFINE and chemical admixture. It was observed that most of the blended mixes were compatible with PCE based admixtures at dosages of around 3%. Increase in flow time has been observed with the addition of ALCCOFINE.
Key Words: GGBS, ALCCOFINE, PCE based admixture, Compatibility
THE POTENTIAL OF EDIBLE COATING OF BETEL LEAF ON THE QUALITY OF GIANT GOURAMI...IAEME Publication
Fresh fish has several disadvantages if left for a long time, namely damage and
deterioration in quality. If it is not inhibited, the fish will experience continuous
deterioration of quality. Therefore, fresh fish such as gourami, which are popular
within consumers, need a special care to reduce damage and maintain quality to stay
fresh for a long time. The author tried to examine the use of edible coating on gourami
with additional essential oils with betel leaf (Piper betel) to sensory quality, and shelf
life of gourami fillets (Osphronemus Gouramy). This study used a Randomized Block
Design (RBD) method with three groups. Each group has six replications with total of
18 (eighteen) samples. Organoleptic test, TPC, and pH tests are the main parameters
in this study. Edible coat of 4% chelelatin with 1% betel leaf essential oil affecting the
sensory quality and shelf life of gourami. It was able to maintain fillets for 12 hours
with room temperature. As well as edible coat of 4% gelatin with 1% betel leaf essential
oil were able to maintain the total number of bacteria according to SNI standard until
the 12th hour of shelf life with room temperature that is equal to 4.9x10. In conclusion,
the addition of gelatin with betel essential oil had significant influence towards the
sensory quality and shelf life of gourami fillets. In addition, it is also able to maintain
the shelf life of gourami for 12 hours of storage with room temperature
Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Cashew and Mango Extracts on the Rheol...IJERA Editor
Comparative analysis of the effects of cashew and mango extracts on the rheological properties of water based mud is presented. To control corrosion of drilling materials, corrosion inhibitor is usually used as one of the drilling mud additives. Such inhibitive substance can only be applied when it improves the rheological properties of the drilling mud. In this work, the mud samples were formulated in the absence and presence of various concentrations of cashew and mango extracts. The production method of the mud and the determination of its rheological and allied properties were carried out based on the mud production standards of American Petroleum Institute. From the analysis of the experimental results, cashew and mango leaves extracts are suitable additives for the production of water based mud. Mango leaves extract shows higher improvement of the rheological properties of the drilling mud. Use of plant leaves extracts as drilling mud additives will encourage local content development.
Flow time analysis of blended mixes using Marsh cone apparatusAbdulRazakBH
Abstract -Admixture-Cement interaction in concrete is a complex blend of chemical and physical mechanism that are independent. Every admixture at optimum dosage gives better results when used with cement. The proposed research is aimed to study the compatibility of super plasticizer with different types of blended cements by investigatingflow time value. The present work is to study the behaviour of blended mixes (OPC+GGBS+ALCCOFINE) with the PCE (poly carboxylic ether) based admixtures at various dosages of both GGB,ALCCOFINE and chemical admixture. It was observed that most of the blended mixes were compatible with PCE based admixtures at dosages of around 3%. Increase in flow time has been observed with the addition of ALCCOFINE.
Key Words: GGBS, ALCCOFINE, PCE based admixture, Compatibility
THE POTENTIAL OF EDIBLE COATING OF BETEL LEAF ON THE QUALITY OF GIANT GOURAMI...IAEME Publication
Fresh fish has several disadvantages if left for a long time, namely damage and
deterioration in quality. If it is not inhibited, the fish will experience continuous
deterioration of quality. Therefore, fresh fish such as gourami, which are popular
within consumers, need a special care to reduce damage and maintain quality to stay
fresh for a long time. The author tried to examine the use of edible coating on gourami
with additional essential oils with betel leaf (Piper betel) to sensory quality, and shelf
life of gourami fillets (Osphronemus Gouramy). This study used a Randomized Block
Design (RBD) method with three groups. Each group has six replications with total of
18 (eighteen) samples. Organoleptic test, TPC, and pH tests are the main parameters
in this study. Edible coat of 4% chelelatin with 1% betel leaf essential oil affecting the
sensory quality and shelf life of gourami. It was able to maintain fillets for 12 hours
with room temperature. As well as edible coat of 4% gelatin with 1% betel leaf essential
oil were able to maintain the total number of bacteria according to SNI standard until
the 12th hour of shelf life with room temperature that is equal to 4.9x10. In conclusion,
the addition of gelatin with betel essential oil had significant influence towards the
sensory quality and shelf life of gourami fillets. In addition, it is also able to maintain
the shelf life of gourami for 12 hours of storage with room temperature
Effect of activator solution on compressive strength of flyash geopolymer ble...IJERA Editor
The influence of the composition of activator solution on the strength of fly ash geopolymer blended with slag was investigated. The research variable include % Na2O and sodium silicate under typical controlled parameters like curing profile, water content, base material and supplementary material. In this study, the monitoring response variable was compressive strength. Finding suggests that activator solution combination has a significant effect on the properties of the GP (non-blended geopolymer) and GB (geopolymer blended with 15% slag). The experiment concludes that higher percentage of Na2O gives lower strength for GB specimens but corresponding higher strength for GP specimens. Silicate modulus has similar impact on GP and GB. Both for GP and GB specimens compressive strength is increase with higher silicate modulus.
EFFECT OF ACTIVATOR RATIO ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objective: To examine the impact of activator ratio on strength properties of Geo Polymer concrete, activator solution, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3, time of curing. Method: The mix is designed for 12 Molarity. The Activator solution used in the present study is a combination of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution and Sodium silicate solution (Na2SiO3) with the varying ratios 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3. The total number of specimens 81 is being cast. The Geo Polymer specimens are tested for the Compressive, Flexural and Tensile strength at the ages of 3, 7, 28 days. Finding: As there is an increment in the activator ratio the compression, tensile and flexural strengths of geopolymer concrete specimens have increased and with the increment in a time of ambient curing of GPC specimens, the strength parameters were increased. Applications/Improvements: Geopolymer concrete can be widely used in precast girders, beams, electricity poles, railway sleepers. Geo-polymer offers good resistance to fire and permeability.
Soil lixiviation and slow release pattern of starch-nano sliver particles-enc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Preparation and properties of calcium-silicate filled resins for dental restoration. Part I: Chemical-physical characterization and apatite-forming ability.
Profeta AC.
Compressibility Behaviour of Peat Stabilized with Fly Ash Using DMM An Experi...ijtsrd
Peat is a type of soil made up of partially decomposed plant matters and contains high amount of pores. Therefore, it has high compressibility and low shear strength, which makes it as a geotechnically problematic soil. Two main methods of ground improvement include mechanical and chemical methods. In this research, chemical stabilization was used as ground improvement techniques and this method stabilizes the soil through the addition of chemical admixtures such as ordinary Portland cement OPC , fly ash, lime etc. Major aim of this research was to study the compressibility characteristics of peat stabilized with ASTM class F fly ash FA using deep mixing method DMM , and an experimental and numerical based study was adapted to achieve the aim. As part of the experimental study, testing including index properties test, direct shear test and consolidation test using Rowe cell apparatus were conducted, while PLAXIS 2D numerical package was used to simulate the laboratory Row Cell consolidation test to predict the consolidation characteristics of peat and FA stabilized peat. A FA dosage of 10 by weight was used to prepare the stabilized peat sample. Based on the experimental findings, peat used was classified as sapric amorphous peat. Addition of 10 FA increases the cohesion c and decreases angle of friction F . Further compressibility parameters coefficient of consolidation Cv , coefficient of secondary compression Ca and compression index Cc decrease with the addition of 10 FA and it is due to the chemical reaction between FA and water in the peat, producing a stiffer peat FA stabilized matrix. Percentage reduction in Cv and Ca are 12.7 33.4 and 7.1 25.93 depending on the normal stress, while the percentage reduction in Cc is 10.5 . In addition, it was observed that PLAXIS can predict the consolidation behaviour of peat reasonably well. M. Nithurshan | R. Nitharshan | M. C. M. Nasvi ""Compressibility Behaviour of Peat Stabilized with Fly Ash Using DMM: An Experimental and Numerical Study"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22904.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22904/compressibility-behaviour-of-peat-stabilized-with-fly-ash-using-dmm-an-experimental-and-numerical-study/m-nithurshan
A STUDY ON THE ABRASION RESISTANCE, COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND HARDNESS OF BANA...IAEME Publication
The abundance of natural fibres, particularly banana fibres in India as an agricultural waste and the good properties offered by them like tensile strength, wear resistance, hardness, bio-degradability and eco-friendliness make it a good substitute to the non-biodegradable, toxic and costly synthetic fibres in many engineering applications. India is a lead producer of Banana fibre. The main challenge faced by researchers in the development of natural fibre composites is the attainment of a good interfacial bonding, so as to transfer the load effectively from matrix to fibre. To achieve the desired level of fibre-matrix interphase strength, the fibres are given four different surface treatments- alkalization, benzoylation, permanganate treatment and fibre surface impregnation with rubber.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hydroxyapatite with Agar-Agar Bio-PolymerIJERA Editor
Hydroxyapatite used for bone replacement is one of the most active areas of ceramic biomaterials research currently. It is a desirable implant material due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties. Agar agar is a biological polymer frequently used in tissue engineering and pharmaceutical for potential use in bone replacement. Nano hydroxyapatite was successfully synthesized by wet chemical precipitation method . In this work nHAp/agar composite were synthesized and characterization of the compound were done by using characterization Fourier transform infrared(FTIR), X-ray diffract ration (XRD), Transmission electron microscope(TEM) and Energy dispersive analysis of X-ray spectrum(EDAX).
Behaviour of bituminous concrete modified with polyethylene glycol for blade ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Aggregates are the principle material in pavement construction. Conventional road aggregates in India are natural aggregates obtained by crushing rocks. Aggregate characteristics such as particle size, shape, and texture etc.., influence the performance and serviceability of pavement. Pavements laid with polymer modified bitumen exhibits greater resistance to rutting, thermal cracking and fatigue damages and hence these were used at locations of higher stress. The present work concentrates on aggregate characteristics which include the shape indices. The particle shapes namely Blade and Disk are being used in the study. The study shows the behavior of the two shapes of aggregate in terms of Penetration, Ductility, Softening Point and Marshall Stability tests with varying percentages of bitumen and also with varying the percentages of PEG. The results of unmodified bitumen mix are compared with the modified bitumen mix against some critical Marshall Mix parameters. Keywords: Shape of the aggregates, Bitumen modified with polymers, PEG, Stability and Flow of bitumen.
Behaviour of bituminous concrete modified with polyethylene glycol for blade ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Metsulfuron Methyl - Effect On Soil Microfloratheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
The present study was carried on Abelmoschus esculentus (A. esculentus) by using the vermicompost. The decoction tea powder is wasted wet garbage and discarded on the dumping ground. It generally creates environmental pollution. This wet garbage can used as a good source of nutrients to the vegetable crop plants. The research is carried out by preparing vermicompost using 75% decoction tea powder and 25% mixture of black soil, cow dung, leaf litter and little vermicompost. The compost prepared by using decoction tea powder has increased concentration of necessary nutrients such as pH, minerals, organic carbon (O.C.), total phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium required for vegetable crop plants for its development. In present investigation by applying this compost, Electrical conductivity was decreased by 9.51%, O.C. 89.30%, total phosphorus 26.09%, potassium 1.0%, Mg and Na by 43.17% shows a significant increase in absorption. It is also observed that germination period decreases whereas height of stem, leaf area, flowering and fruits were developed earlier than control soil. Key-words- Decoction tea powder, Vermicompost, A. esculentus, Green revolution, Biological resistance
Effect of activator solution on compressive strength of flyash geopolymer ble...IJERA Editor
The influence of the composition of activator solution on the strength of fly ash geopolymer blended with slag was investigated. The research variable include % Na2O and sodium silicate under typical controlled parameters like curing profile, water content, base material and supplementary material. In this study, the monitoring response variable was compressive strength. Finding suggests that activator solution combination has a significant effect on the properties of the GP (non-blended geopolymer) and GB (geopolymer blended with 15% slag). The experiment concludes that higher percentage of Na2O gives lower strength for GB specimens but corresponding higher strength for GP specimens. Silicate modulus has similar impact on GP and GB. Both for GP and GB specimens compressive strength is increase with higher silicate modulus.
EFFECT OF ACTIVATOR RATIO ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Objective: To examine the impact of activator ratio on strength properties of Geo Polymer concrete, activator solution, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3, time of curing. Method: The mix is designed for 12 Molarity. The Activator solution used in the present study is a combination of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution and Sodium silicate solution (Na2SiO3) with the varying ratios 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3. The total number of specimens 81 is being cast. The Geo Polymer specimens are tested for the Compressive, Flexural and Tensile strength at the ages of 3, 7, 28 days. Finding: As there is an increment in the activator ratio the compression, tensile and flexural strengths of geopolymer concrete specimens have increased and with the increment in a time of ambient curing of GPC specimens, the strength parameters were increased. Applications/Improvements: Geopolymer concrete can be widely used in precast girders, beams, electricity poles, railway sleepers. Geo-polymer offers good resistance to fire and permeability.
Soil lixiviation and slow release pattern of starch-nano sliver particles-enc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Preparation and properties of calcium-silicate filled resins for dental restoration. Part I: Chemical-physical characterization and apatite-forming ability.
Profeta AC.
Compressibility Behaviour of Peat Stabilized with Fly Ash Using DMM An Experi...ijtsrd
Peat is a type of soil made up of partially decomposed plant matters and contains high amount of pores. Therefore, it has high compressibility and low shear strength, which makes it as a geotechnically problematic soil. Two main methods of ground improvement include mechanical and chemical methods. In this research, chemical stabilization was used as ground improvement techniques and this method stabilizes the soil through the addition of chemical admixtures such as ordinary Portland cement OPC , fly ash, lime etc. Major aim of this research was to study the compressibility characteristics of peat stabilized with ASTM class F fly ash FA using deep mixing method DMM , and an experimental and numerical based study was adapted to achieve the aim. As part of the experimental study, testing including index properties test, direct shear test and consolidation test using Rowe cell apparatus were conducted, while PLAXIS 2D numerical package was used to simulate the laboratory Row Cell consolidation test to predict the consolidation characteristics of peat and FA stabilized peat. A FA dosage of 10 by weight was used to prepare the stabilized peat sample. Based on the experimental findings, peat used was classified as sapric amorphous peat. Addition of 10 FA increases the cohesion c and decreases angle of friction F . Further compressibility parameters coefficient of consolidation Cv , coefficient of secondary compression Ca and compression index Cc decrease with the addition of 10 FA and it is due to the chemical reaction between FA and water in the peat, producing a stiffer peat FA stabilized matrix. Percentage reduction in Cv and Ca are 12.7 33.4 and 7.1 25.93 depending on the normal stress, while the percentage reduction in Cc is 10.5 . In addition, it was observed that PLAXIS can predict the consolidation behaviour of peat reasonably well. M. Nithurshan | R. Nitharshan | M. C. M. Nasvi ""Compressibility Behaviour of Peat Stabilized with Fly Ash Using DMM: An Experimental and Numerical Study"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22904.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/22904/compressibility-behaviour-of-peat-stabilized-with-fly-ash-using-dmm-an-experimental-and-numerical-study/m-nithurshan
A STUDY ON THE ABRASION RESISTANCE, COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND HARDNESS OF BANA...IAEME Publication
The abundance of natural fibres, particularly banana fibres in India as an agricultural waste and the good properties offered by them like tensile strength, wear resistance, hardness, bio-degradability and eco-friendliness make it a good substitute to the non-biodegradable, toxic and costly synthetic fibres in many engineering applications. India is a lead producer of Banana fibre. The main challenge faced by researchers in the development of natural fibre composites is the attainment of a good interfacial bonding, so as to transfer the load effectively from matrix to fibre. To achieve the desired level of fibre-matrix interphase strength, the fibres are given four different surface treatments- alkalization, benzoylation, permanganate treatment and fibre surface impregnation with rubber.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hydroxyapatite with Agar-Agar Bio-PolymerIJERA Editor
Hydroxyapatite used for bone replacement is one of the most active areas of ceramic biomaterials research currently. It is a desirable implant material due to its biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties. Agar agar is a biological polymer frequently used in tissue engineering and pharmaceutical for potential use in bone replacement. Nano hydroxyapatite was successfully synthesized by wet chemical precipitation method . In this work nHAp/agar composite were synthesized and characterization of the compound were done by using characterization Fourier transform infrared(FTIR), X-ray diffract ration (XRD), Transmission electron microscope(TEM) and Energy dispersive analysis of X-ray spectrum(EDAX).
Behaviour of bituminous concrete modified with polyethylene glycol for blade ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Aggregates are the principle material in pavement construction. Conventional road aggregates in India are natural aggregates obtained by crushing rocks. Aggregate characteristics such as particle size, shape, and texture etc.., influence the performance and serviceability of pavement. Pavements laid with polymer modified bitumen exhibits greater resistance to rutting, thermal cracking and fatigue damages and hence these were used at locations of higher stress. The present work concentrates on aggregate characteristics which include the shape indices. The particle shapes namely Blade and Disk are being used in the study. The study shows the behavior of the two shapes of aggregate in terms of Penetration, Ductility, Softening Point and Marshall Stability tests with varying percentages of bitumen and also with varying the percentages of PEG. The results of unmodified bitumen mix are compared with the modified bitumen mix against some critical Marshall Mix parameters. Keywords: Shape of the aggregates, Bitumen modified with polymers, PEG, Stability and Flow of bitumen.
Behaviour of bituminous concrete modified with polyethylene glycol for blade ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Metsulfuron Methyl - Effect On Soil Microfloratheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
The present study was carried on Abelmoschus esculentus (A. esculentus) by using the vermicompost. The decoction tea powder is wasted wet garbage and discarded on the dumping ground. It generally creates environmental pollution. This wet garbage can used as a good source of nutrients to the vegetable crop plants. The research is carried out by preparing vermicompost using 75% decoction tea powder and 25% mixture of black soil, cow dung, leaf litter and little vermicompost. The compost prepared by using decoction tea powder has increased concentration of necessary nutrients such as pH, minerals, organic carbon (O.C.), total phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium required for vegetable crop plants for its development. In present investigation by applying this compost, Electrical conductivity was decreased by 9.51%, O.C. 89.30%, total phosphorus 26.09%, potassium 1.0%, Mg and Na by 43.17% shows a significant increase in absorption. It is also observed that germination period decreases whereas height of stem, leaf area, flowering and fruits were developed earlier than control soil. Key-words- Decoction tea powder, Vermicompost, A. esculentus, Green revolution, Biological resistance
There is a great contamination of water, soil, air, soil erosion, pest resistance
and extensive use of chemical fertilizers cause a turn to induce agriculture for
producing safe and clean products. For this purpose, by using natural materials like
algae on the beach, organic and environmentally friendly fertilizer was prepared. In
this investigation effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF) of Ulva fasciata at
concentrations of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% on some parameters of wheat
(Triticum aestivum var. chamran) has been investigated. Based on the results, above
algae can be used as a food supplement solution in the form of foliar spray at 2.5%
concentration with a significant increase in morphological and biochemical indices.
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soilijtsrd
In-vivo experiment was conducted for toxicity evaluation of Imidacloprid on soil enzyme activities arylsulphatase, acid-phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the treated soil under control condition for 60 days at different application rate 3.97µg mL FR , 7.94µg mL 2FR and 39.7µg mL 10FR . Imidacloprid has significant toxic at 2FR and 10FR doses but not on the recommended field rate FR . Acid phosphatase activity was stimulated at FR rate, whereas at higher dose 10FR inhibited the activity. A significant drop of dehydrogenase activity was observed irrespective of doses at 30 days of application and after that the enzymatic activity slowly increased. Application of Imidacloprid at FR to agriculture soil of Tripura is not likely to show any detrimental effects on soil acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities but at higher elevated doses there appear some harmful effects which was also very much transient. Aloke Purkait | Dipak Kumar Hazra | Pabitra Kumar Biswas | Ashim Chowdhury "Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21406.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/21406/studies-the-effects-of-imidacloprid-on-enzymatic-activities-in-clay-loam-soil/aloke-purkait
Production performance of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei at different s...UniversitasGadjahMada
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The Content of Agar Seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa Fertilized with Vermicompost
1. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.51 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1879
The Content of Agar Seaweed Gracilaria
verrucosa Fertilized with Vermicompost
Andi Rahmad Rahim
Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muhammadiyah, Gresik, East Java, Indonesia.
Abstract— The economic value of seaweed G. verrucosa
depends on the content of the agar it has. Cultivation
Gracilaria verrucosa generally use inorganic fertilizers
that are not environmentally friendly, inorganic fertilizer
is not a wise step considering the recent increase in
consumers who want a product that is free of pesticide
residues. The purpose of this study was to analyze the
optimal dose of vermicompost fertilizer to produce high
quality of agar rendement, viscosity and gel strength
seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa. From the result of the
research, it was found that the quality of agar rendement,
viscosity and gel strength were normal and homogeneous
distribution (p>0,05). Then the ANOVA test showed that
the fertilizer treatment gave a significant effect on the
quality of agar rendement and viscosity (p <0,05), while
the quality of agar gel strength did not give significant
effect (p> 0,05). The highest level of viscosity and
rendement of Gracilaria verrucosa seaweed was found in
treatment A and the lowest in treatment F (control). The
highest level quality of agar gel strength Gracilaria
verrucosa was found in treatment F compared with other
treatment.
Keywords— G. verrucosa, vermicompost fertilizer,
rendement, viscosity and gel strength.
I. INTRODUCTION
Gracilaria verrucosa is a plant widely distributed in
tropical waters, can produce agar extracts (a commercial
name for natural gelatin polymers containing
carbohydrate and sulfate groups). The quantity and
quality of agar derived from seaweed cultivation vary, not
only by variety but also the age of the plant, rays,
nutrients, temperature, and salinity [1], [2], [3].
Vermicompost is a 100% quality organic fertilizer and
environmentally friendly derived from worm dung
(vermics). Vermicompost contains various nutrients
needed by seaweed and plays an important role in the
process of photosynthesis. It also plays a role in preparing
plasma cells and the formation of carbohydrates and
proteins. During the vermicomposting process, essential
plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus required
by plants, which are present in the diet are converted
through the activity of microorganisms into a form that is
more easily absorbed by plants [4]. Improving the quality
of crops on farms by extensive testing of vermicompost
fertilizers has been done by Ohio State University,
Cornell University in America, and SIRO in Australia.
The tests show an increase in the size and quality of the
plant, by 15-57% [5].
Vermicompost is a source of nutrients for nitrifying
bacteria. With the existence of these nutrients microbes
decomposing organic materials will continue to grow and
decompose organic materials more quickly. Therefore, in
addition to improving the quality of seaweed,
vermicompost can also help the process of destruction of
organic waste [6]. But there is no research data that
provides the use of vermicompost to levels for seaweed,
especially G. verrucosa. Thus, a study is needed to find
out the optimal dose of vermicompost fertilizer to produce
the high content of agar rendement, viscosity and gel
strength G. verrucosa.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Study site and sampling design
This research was conducted in open space in the pond
area of Maliwowo Village, Angkona District, East Luwu
Regency, South Sulawesi Province, April to July 2016 for
42 days. The experimental design used in this study was a
complete randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and
repetition 3 times so that there were 18 units of
experiments, while the treatment performed was a dose of
vermicompost fertilizer that was different from the
treatment A dose of vermicompost fertilizer 300 g/m2
,
Treatment B dose of vermicompost fertilizer 250 g/m2
,
treatment C dose of vermicompost fertilizer 200 g/m2
,
treatment D dose of vermicompost fertilizer 150 g/m2
,
treatment E dose of vermicompost fertilizer 100 g/m2
and
F control treatment (without fertilizer).
2.2 The method of collecting data
Seaweed that was analyzed for quality of agar rendement
by isopropanol (SNI, 01-26-1998), viscosity using a
measuring instrument viscosimeter Brookfield [7] and gel
strength using a measuring instrument Curd Meter [8].
Samples were analyzed kelp seaweed is wet, then dried
and taken simultaneously for each treatment on the base
or its branches. Water quality data collection for
temperature, salinity and water pH is done every 7 days in
2. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.51 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1880
the morning (09.00 am) and afternoon (15.00 pm).
Measurements of soil pH, nutrient content of water and
soil in the form of nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate
were carried out at the beginning and end of the study.
The temperature is measured with a thermometer, salinity
using a hand-refractometer and pH of the water using Fix
pH 0-14, then to the pH soil laboratory test that was
extracted using the H2O ratio of 1:2.5. Analysis of
nutrient content of water in the form of nitrate (NO3) were
analyzed with sulfuric acid phenol [9], while phosphate
(PO4) were analyzed by digested sulfuric acid-nitrate and
ammonium (NH4) was measured using a
spectrophotometer [10], analysis of nutrient content of the
soil in the form of nitrate (NO3) were analyzed with
sulfuric acid phenol with AAS method (Atomic
Absorbance Spectrophotometer), the content of soil
phosphate (PO4) were analyzed with HCl solution AAS
method, determination of ammonium (NH4) were
analyzed using a standard solution of H2SO4 and
distillation Semi-micro Kjeldahl [11].
2.3 Data analysis
Each parameter of rendement, viscosity, and gel strength
was evaluated using two statistical analysis. First, test the
normality of Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) and Shapiro-
Wilk (S-W), then test homogeneity using Levene test.
Second, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test if the
data is normally distributed and homogeneous if the real
effect is further tested by using the Tukey test. Data that is
not normally distributed and homogeneous is transformed
x = log 10(y). While the nutrient content of water and soil
is analyzed descriptively based on the life eligibility for
G. verrucosa seaweed.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Quality of Agar Rendement
From the calculation of variance analysis that the
application of vermicompost fertilizer gave a real effect
(p<0,05) to the quality of agar rendement seaweed
Gracilaria verrucosa. From Tukey's further test results
that the different rendement between treatment F (control)
and A (dose 300 g/m2
). But from the results obtained that
the treatment of fertilizer provides quality of agar
rendement is higher than the treatment without the
provision of fertilizer (Table 1). [12] stated that factors
affecting the quality of seaweed rendement are nutrients
and water quality, both of which have a close relationship
to the content of seaweed for 56.2%, while 43.8% is
influenced by other factors. Other factors cause the high
quality of agar rendement to be influenced by species,
cultivation location and climate of their life [13].
3.2 Quality of Agar Viscosity
The variance analysis that vermicompost fertilizer gave a
significant effect (p<0.05) on the quality of agar viscosity
Gracilaria verrucosa, meaning that the application of
vermicompost fertilizer had an effect on the increase of
viscosity. From Tukey's test results, the viscosity of
seaweed gave a difference (p <0.05) between treatment F
(control) and treatment A (dose of 300 g/m2
), B (dose 250
g/ m2
), C (dose 200 g/m2
), D (treatment 150 g/m2
) (Table
2). [14] stated seaweed viscosity ranges from 5 to 800
cps. The highest viscosity content was obtained at
treatment A (dose 300 g/m2
) and treatment B (dose 250
g/m2
) high viscosity level followed by the high level of
agar rendement in treatment A that is 25,81% and B that
is 23,51%. The lowest seaweed viscosity was obtained in
F (control/ without fertilizer) treatment with 8.58% of the
agar rendement content (Table 2). This is in accordance
with the opinion of [15] the higher of rendement followed
by increased viscosity. This is due to the high rendement
causing the breaking of the agarose and agaropectin
structures in G. verrucosa which causes molecular chains
to tighten and envelop the water-immobilized molecules
causing the solution to be viscous, which means the
viscosity of the high solution. Other factors causing high
viscosity are treatment, temperature, SO4 content,
concentration, dispersion level, the presence of electrolyte
and nonelectrolyte [16].
3.3 Quality of Agar Gel strength
The result of verbal analysis with vermicompost fertilizer
did not give statistically significant effect on gel strength
Gracilaria verrucosa (p>0,05), so no further Tukey test
was done. The highest gel strength was obtained at
treatment F (control) of 79.0 g/cm2
(Table 3). Gravity gel
is the maximum load required to solve the polymer matrix
in the burdened region [17]. High sulfate levels cause
increased viscosity and decreased gel consistency. While
on G. verrucosa, the higher viscosity will break down
agarose and agaropectin structure of seaweed which is a
factor to produce high gel strength. This shows that the
viscosity value is inversely proportional to the gel
strength value, if the viscosity is high then the gel strength
tends to be low, and vice versa if the obtained viscosity
value is low then the gel strength will be high [18].
3.4 Nutrient Water
Water quality is one of the important factors for seaweed
quality. Temperature is an important physical factor, for
the growth of seaweed. Temperatures directly affect
seaweed in the process of photosynthesis, metabolic
processes, and reproductive cycle [19] water temperature
in the cultivation container ranges from 28-30o
C which is
still in the range that is suitable for seaweed growth
(Table 4).
3. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.51 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1881
Low water quality range of salinity can cause seaweed
growth to be abnormal. Water salinity during the study
ranged from 14 to 16 ppt (Table 4). The results suggest
that seaweed can still grow at a low salinity range,
proving that Gracilaria verrucosa are a type of seaweed
that can live on a wide salinity. According to [20] salinity
range for seaweed cultivation ranges from 15-30 ppt and
optimal for seaweed growth ranges from 20-25 ppt.
Pondus Hydrogen (pH) is a measure of the hydrogen ion
concentration and shows the acid or base properties of
water [21]. Pondus Hydrogen (pH) of water during the
study was 7 (Table 4). [22] stated that the optimum pH for
seaweed cultivation ranged from 6.8 to 8.2. pH of water
in this research was 7 hence container where the research
belongs to waters with high productivity [23].
Phosphate (PO4) water obtained during the study was 0.27
- 0.61 ppm (Table 4). From the concentration of
phosphate obtained, belong to a high fertility rate.
According to [24] states that the low fertility levels of
phosphate levels range from 0 to 0.02 ppm, moderate
fertility rates ranging from 0.021 to 0.05 ppm and high
fertility above 0.05 ppm. According to [25], good
phosphate values for seaweed growth range from 0.09 -
1.80 ppm. Seaweed also requires a nitrogen element,
nitrogen is absorbed by seaweed in the form of nitrite,
nitrate, and ammonium. Nitrogen serves to help the
process of forming chlorophyll, photosynthesis, protein,
fat and other organic compounds [26]. The range of
ammonium (NH4) water content was 0.15 – 0.90 ppm and
nitrate (NO3) water was 0.03 - 0.57 ppm (Table 4). The
value is feasible for seaweed cultivation. According to
[27], the concentration of nitrate and ammonium is good
for seaweed ranged from 0.01-3.50 ppm.
3.5 Soil Nutrients
Soil pH range obtained during this study was 4.54 - 5.71
(Table 5), low pH in the soil showed that the soil is acidic.
According to [28] states that the nitrification process can
still occur at soil pH 3.8. With optimal growth obtained
with a soil pH range of 5 - 8.5.
Phosphate (PO4) of soil obtained during the study ranged
from 10.98 to 20.25 ppm (Table 5). Based on soil fertility
value of phosphate classified not appropriate with limiting
factor of soil fertility. However, the phosphate content in
the soil can be increased by providing basic fertilizer with
fertilizer application at the time the water has not been
filled in the cultivation container, so it will be marginal or
suitable enough and even very suitable [29].
The soil NH4 in this study ranged from 0.59 to 8.99 ppm
whereas for NO3 the soil ranged from 6.45 to 14.61 ppm
(Table 5). An increase in soil NH4 content during the
study. NH4 is an ion of NH3 or ammonia that is toxic, this
is related to low soil pH in this study which has an effect
on the increase of NH4 on the soil. While the soil NO3
content decreased during the study. The decrease of NO3
content is caused because soil pH becomes acid so that
macro nutrient content decreases in the soil which has the
function to stabilize soil pH into the base. If the soil pH
acid, then SO4 in the form of H2S will increase in the
waters so that nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphor and
other macro nutrients will be bound and micro nutrients
will increase [30].
IV. CONCLUSION
The research conducted the highest level of viscosity and
rendement of Gracilaria verrucosa seaweed was obtained
at treatment A (300 g/m2
) and the lowest in treatment F
(Control). The highest level of G. verrucosa seaweed gel
strength was found in the treatment F (Control). This
proved the gel strength inversely proportional to viscosity
and rendement. The nutrient content of water is within a
reasonable range of seaweed cultivation activities of
G.verrucosa. Water temperature in the cultivation
container ranges from 28-30o
C, salinity ranged from 14
to 16 ppt, (pH) was 7, phosphate (PO4) was 0.27 - 0.61
ppm, ammonium (NH4) was 0.15 – 0.90 ppm and nitrate
(NO3) was 0.03 - 0.57 ppm. Then the nutrient content of
the soil is categorized as less fertile for cultivation
activities, but from research conducted, that seaweed G.
verrucosa can still grow well. Soil pH range obtained
during this study was 4.54 - 5.71, phosphate (PO4)
obtained ranged from 10.98 to 20.25 ppm, NH4 in ranged
from 0.59 to 8.99 ppm whereas for NO3 from 6.45 to
14.61 ppm.
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5. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.51 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1883
Table.1: Average Quality of Agar rendement Gracilaria verrucosa was fertilized with different doses of vermicompost.
Dose of Vermicompost Fertilizer
(g/m2
)
Rendement
(%)
Production Agar
(g)
(A) 300 25,81±5,54a
5,9
(B) 250 23,51±4,74ab
4,9
(C) 200 18,81±2,06ab
3,6
(D) 150 16,74±9,34ab
3,1
(E) 100 14,56±4,62ab
2,6
(F) Control 8,58±5,26b
1,2
Description: Different letters in the same column show significant differences between treatments at 5% level (p<0.05), ±
(distance of minimum and maximum values). (Source꞉ Rahmad, 2016)
Table.2: Average Quality of agar viscosity Gracilaria verrucosa was fertilized with different doses of vermicompost.
Dose of Vermicompost
Fertilizer
(g/m2
)
Viscosity (cps)
(A) 300 90,00±10,00a
(B) 250 90,00±10,00a
(C) 200 83,33±5,77a
(D) 150 83,33±15,27a
(E) 100 76,67±5,77ab
(F) Control 46,67±20,82b
Description: Different letters in the same column show significant differences between treatments at 5% level (p<0.05), ±
(distance of minimum and maximum values). (Source꞉ Rahmad, 2016)
Table.3: Average Quality of Agar Gel strength Gracilaria verrucosa was fertilized with different doses of vermicompost.
Dose of Vermicompost
Fertilizer
(g/m2
)
Gel strength (g/cm2
)
(A) 300 56,6±6,96a
(B) 250 46,1±5,60a
(C) 200 41,9±8,61a
(D) 150 41,7±2,80a
(E) 100 40,0±6,61a
(F) Control 79,0±34,33a
Description: Different letters in the same column show significant differences between treatments at 5% level (p<0.05), ± (
the distance of minimum and maximum values). (Source꞉ Rahmad, 2016)
Table.4: Water nutrient ranges during the study
Dose of
Vermicompost
Fertilizer
(g/m2
)
Temperature
range
(o
C)
Salinity
range
(ppt)
pH
range
PO4
early
(ppm)
PO4
end
(ppm)
NH4
early
(ppm)
NH4
end
(ppm)
NO3
early
(ppm)
NO3
end
(ppm)
A (300) 28 - 30 14 - 16 7 0,55 0,27 0,62 0,17 0,57 0,03
B (250) 28 - 30 14 - 16 7 0,46 0,28 0,67 0,15 0,56 0,03
C (200) 28 - 30 14 - 16 7 0,61 0,31 0,90 0,38 0,54 0,04
D (150) 28 - 30 14 - 16 7 0,45 0,28 0,43 0,16 0,06 0,03
E (100) 28 - 30 14 - 16 7 0,47 0,27 0,39 0,24 0,37 0,03
F (Control) 28 - 30 14 - 16 7 0,41 0,27 0,63 0,27 0,05 0,03
6. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.51 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1884
(Source꞉ Rahmad, 2016)
Table.5: The range of soil nutrients during the study
Dose of
Vermicompost
Fertilizer
(g/m2
)
pH of
Soil
(H2O)
early
pH of
Soil
(H2O)
end
PO4
early
(ppm)
PO4 end
(ppm)
NH4
early
(ppm)
NH4 end
(ppm)
NO3
early
(ppm)
NO3 end
(ppm)
A (300) 5,71 5,02 12,35 11,98 0,92 8,3 10,28 6,59
B (250) 5,68 5,03 14,65 17,14 1,82 6,69 12,24 7,25
C (200) 5,63 4,92 16,02 19,32 1,96 8,99 13,05 9,95
D (150) 5,35 4,9 16,55 20,25 2,13 6,99 14,15 9
E (100) 5,44 4,54 18,08 17,99 1,94 7,28 14,61 8,58
F (Control) 5,65 4,94 12,22 19,49 0,59 7,3 9,76 6,45
(Source꞉ Rahmad, 2016)