This document provides an introduction to phonetics, the study of speech sounds. It discusses how phonetics aims to describe all the sounds of the world's languages. It explains that we are able to segment speech into distinct sounds and recognize these sounds in other words. The document also introduces the International Phonetic Alphabet, which represents each sound with a unique symbol, allowing unambiguous representation of pronunciation. Finally, it describes some of the key concepts in articulatory phonetics, including places and manners of articulation for different consonant sounds.
Hi. This is Marvin Morales, i hope this slide will help you in your studies in as an Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English. i just want to share.
Phonology is the study of sound systems in languages. It has four branches: segmental phonology which analyzes speech into discrete segments like phonemes; suprasegmental phonology which analyzes features over multiple segments like intonation and stress; diachronic phonology which studies sound patterns through a language's history; and synchronic phonology which studies sound patterns regardless of historical change. Phonology also examines phones which are minimal speech units, phonemes which are distinctive minimal units, and allophones which are variants of phonemes that occur in different phonetic environments. A syllable contains a sonority peak like a vowel with optional onset and coda consonants. Syllable structure and distinctive features are also
SOCIOLINGUISTICS:Language Maintenance, Shift and DeathJholy Quintan
This document discusses several topics related to language contact, borrowing, maintenance, shift, and death. It defines key terms like borrowing, language maintenance, and language shift. It also identifies several factors that can influence language shift, such as demographic, attitude/value, economic, social/political factors. Finally, it discusses different types of language death like gradual, sudden, radical, and bottom-to-top death and identifies several causes of rapid language loss and endangerment on a global scale, including natural/environmental causes, political/military causes, social causes, language policy causes, cultural/religious causes, and linguistic causes.
This document provides an introduction to the field of linguistics. It defines linguistics as the scientific study of language and discusses how it differs from traditional grammar in being descriptive rather than prescriptive. The document outlines the scope of linguistics, dividing it into micro- and macrolinguistics. Microlinguistics includes the study of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Macrolinguistics encompasses sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics and other fields. It also discusses the usefulness of linguistics for students of language, teachers and researchers.
Traditional grammar provides a framework for analyzing the structure of language based on Latin concepts. It describes parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, subjects, predicates, objects, clauses, sentences, and conjunctions. While traditional grammar is prescriptive and based on written language rather than contemporary usage, it remains an important basic framework for understanding English grammar.
This document provides an introduction to the study of linguistics. It defines language as a system of symbols used for communication that is learned through cultural transmission rather than instinct. Experts define language as a human method of communicating ideas through a voluntary system of symbols. Key characteristics of human language include interchangeability, productivity, and cultural transmission. Linguistics is the scientific study of language, including areas like phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax.
Morphology # Productivity in Word-FormationAni Istiana
This document discusses word formation processes and productivity in morphology. It defines productivity as the generality of a word formation process, considering both its degree of application to potential word bases and how it may change over time. Productivity exists on a spectrum from fully productive to semi-productive to unproductive. Semi-productive processes like suffixation with -ist or -ant are constrained by factors like the origin of the base word. Creativity in word formation can be rule-governed, following regular morphological patterns, or rule-bending, where new words are formed idiomatically without conscious rules.
Sociolinguistics is the study of how social factors such as ethnicity, gender, age, and socioeconomic class influence language. It examines how language differs between social groups and how these differences can categorize individuals. Sociolinguists study how grammar, vocabulary, and other language aspects vary depending on social context, in contrast to dialectology which focuses on language's effect on society. Key concepts in sociolinguistics include speech communities, prestige varieties, social networks, and differences in language according to class, age, gender, geography, and politeness.
Hi. This is Marvin Morales, i hope this slide will help you in your studies in as an Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English. i just want to share.
Phonology is the study of sound systems in languages. It has four branches: segmental phonology which analyzes speech into discrete segments like phonemes; suprasegmental phonology which analyzes features over multiple segments like intonation and stress; diachronic phonology which studies sound patterns through a language's history; and synchronic phonology which studies sound patterns regardless of historical change. Phonology also examines phones which are minimal speech units, phonemes which are distinctive minimal units, and allophones which are variants of phonemes that occur in different phonetic environments. A syllable contains a sonority peak like a vowel with optional onset and coda consonants. Syllable structure and distinctive features are also
SOCIOLINGUISTICS:Language Maintenance, Shift and DeathJholy Quintan
This document discusses several topics related to language contact, borrowing, maintenance, shift, and death. It defines key terms like borrowing, language maintenance, and language shift. It also identifies several factors that can influence language shift, such as demographic, attitude/value, economic, social/political factors. Finally, it discusses different types of language death like gradual, sudden, radical, and bottom-to-top death and identifies several causes of rapid language loss and endangerment on a global scale, including natural/environmental causes, political/military causes, social causes, language policy causes, cultural/religious causes, and linguistic causes.
This document provides an introduction to the field of linguistics. It defines linguistics as the scientific study of language and discusses how it differs from traditional grammar in being descriptive rather than prescriptive. The document outlines the scope of linguistics, dividing it into micro- and macrolinguistics. Microlinguistics includes the study of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Macrolinguistics encompasses sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics and other fields. It also discusses the usefulness of linguistics for students of language, teachers and researchers.
Traditional grammar provides a framework for analyzing the structure of language based on Latin concepts. It describes parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, subjects, predicates, objects, clauses, sentences, and conjunctions. While traditional grammar is prescriptive and based on written language rather than contemporary usage, it remains an important basic framework for understanding English grammar.
This document provides an introduction to the study of linguistics. It defines language as a system of symbols used for communication that is learned through cultural transmission rather than instinct. Experts define language as a human method of communicating ideas through a voluntary system of symbols. Key characteristics of human language include interchangeability, productivity, and cultural transmission. Linguistics is the scientific study of language, including areas like phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax.
Morphology # Productivity in Word-FormationAni Istiana
This document discusses word formation processes and productivity in morphology. It defines productivity as the generality of a word formation process, considering both its degree of application to potential word bases and how it may change over time. Productivity exists on a spectrum from fully productive to semi-productive to unproductive. Semi-productive processes like suffixation with -ist or -ant are constrained by factors like the origin of the base word. Creativity in word formation can be rule-governed, following regular morphological patterns, or rule-bending, where new words are formed idiomatically without conscious rules.
Sociolinguistics is the study of how social factors such as ethnicity, gender, age, and socioeconomic class influence language. It examines how language differs between social groups and how these differences can categorize individuals. Sociolinguists study how grammar, vocabulary, and other language aspects vary depending on social context, in contrast to dialectology which focuses on language's effect on society. Key concepts in sociolinguistics include speech communities, prestige varieties, social networks, and differences in language according to class, age, gender, geography, and politeness.
This document discusses key concepts in phonology:
- Phonology is the scientific study of the sound system and patterns of a language. It examines phonemes, phones, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables, clusters, co-articulation, assimilation, and elision.
- Phonemes are the minimal meaningful units of sound that distinguish one word from another. Phones are phonetic units that can vary allophonically. Phonotactics govern permissible sound combinations.
- Other concepts covered include minimal pairs, which differ in one phoneme; minimal sets, which vary a single phoneme; assimilation, where sounds influence each other; and elision, the non-pronunciation
Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in languages. It examines an inventory of sounds and rules for how they interact, and analyzes sound patterns to determine which sounds are significant for a language. Phonetics studies speech sound production, while phonology analyzes sound patterns and interpretations in a particular language. A phoneme is the smallest meaningful sound unit that distinguishes word meanings. Generative phonology assigns phonetic representations to utterances based on a speaker's internal grammar. Non-linear models like autosegmental and metrical phonology treat representations as multi-dimensional. Lexical phonology accounts for interactions of morphology and phonology in word formation through ordered levels.
1) Phonological processes are sound changes that occur in spoken language. This document discusses several English phonological processes including aspiration of consonants, flapping of /t/ and /d/, vowel lengthening before voiced consonants, and assimilation which causes sounds to become more similar to neighboring sounds.
2) The document also covers sound changes involving insertion, deletion, or modification of sounds within words through processes like epenthesis, metathesis, apocope, syncope, and apophony which involve internal changes to indicate grammatical information.
3) Examples of sound changes from other languages like Spanish and Tagalog are provided to illustrate how these phonological processes can vary across languages.
This document provides an overview of language change from both a historical and sociological perspective. It discusses the different types and levels of language change, including sound changes, lexical changes, semantic changes, and syntactic changes. Several theories of language change are presented, such as functional theory, random fluctuation theory, substratum theory, and the S-curve theory. The document also examines the routes language change can take, such as through language learning, contact, social differentiation, and natural usage processes. Finally, it outlines the major levels of language change - phonological, syntactic, semantic, and lexical - providing examples of sound changes like assimilation, dissimilation, and the Great Vowel Shift.
There are several theories about the origins of human language:
1) Onomatopoeic theories propose that early sounds imitated environmental noises like animal calls.
2) Instinctive sound theories suggest language emerged from instinctive noises people made.
3) Symbolism theories postulate language developed from reacting to one's surroundings.
4) Physical need theories claim communal grunts from tasks evolved into chants.
5) Romantic theories argue language originated from the romantic aspects of human life.
Scientific approaches study language formation through glossogenetics and paleontological evidence. Comparisons of ancient human fossils show physiological capacity for speech in early humans.
This document provides information about phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and their production, combination, and description, while phonology is concerned with how patterns of speech sounds create meaning. It discusses the branches of phonetics including articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. It also explains that phonetics studies the physical properties of sounds, while phonology studies abstract sound patterns and systems. The document provides the definition of key terms like phoneme and includes examples of a phonemic chart and International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) chart.
Phonological rules are part of a speaker's knowledge of their language. They describe predictable changes in sounds and allow for more concise representations. Some key rules discussed include assimilation rules, which make sounds more similar to neighbors; vowel nasalization before nasal consonants; addition of features like aspiration; deletion or insertion of segments; and metathesis, or reordering of sounds. Phonological rules function to derive the phonetic form from an underlying phonemic representation. Speech errors provide evidence that these rules operate in language production.
This document discusses neurofunctional theories of language, including brain lateralization and the roles of Broca's and Wernicke's areas in language processing. It describes different types of aphasia that can result from damage to these language areas. Theories around brain equipotentiality vs invariance in language acquisition are presented. Evidence from sign language, split-brain patients, and bilingualism research is discussed.
Applied linguistics is the interdisciplinary study of language and its applications in real world contexts. It draws on linguistic theories and research to solve practical language-related problems. Key areas include second language acquisition, teaching methodology, testing, and the relationships between language and society, technology, and other fields. Throughout the 20th century, applied linguistics influenced the development of language teaching methods, shifting the focus from grammar translation to more communicative, meaning-based approaches grounded in theories of language acquisition and use.
The document discusses Roman Jakobson's theory of distinctive features, which proposes a universal set of features that define phonological contrasts in all languages. It describes the major classes of features - consonantal, sonorant, syllabic - that define major sound classes like consonants and vowels. It also explains laryngeal features for voicing, place features for articulation point, manner features for production method, and height and backness features for vowels. The theory aims to classify all sounds of a language based on a minimal set of binary distinctive features.
This document provides an overview of pidgins and creoles. It defines pidgins as contact languages that arise between distinct linguistic groups for communication, featuring reduced grammar and vocabulary. Creoles develop from pidgins when a new generation acquires the contact language as its native tongue, expanding its structure. The document outlines the processes of pidginization and creolization, and notes that creoles may decreolize over time to resemble the standard language. It provides examples of pidgins and creoles, and a model of their life cycle from jargon to creole and possible convergence with the standard form.
This document provides an introduction to stylistics as a branch of linguistics. It defines key concepts such as style, defines stylistics as the scientific study of styles of language use, and outlines the main levels of linguistic description used in stylistic analysis such as phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics. It also discusses the scope of stylistics in literary versus general texts and its development over time.
The document summarizes the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which proposes that the language we speak influences our worldview. It discusses early thinkers on this idea like Sapir and Whorf and divides the hypothesis into linguistic determinism, where language determines thought, and linguistic relativity, where language influences thought. It provides examples used by Whorf to support this idea and later criticism of his work from thinkers like Pinker and Fromkin for not providing sufficient evidence and misunderstanding concepts like the Hopi language and time.
This document discusses the key differences between phonetics and phonology. Phonetics deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology examines how sounds are organized into systems within languages. It defines phonology as the description of sound patterns in a language, focusing on abstract mental representations rather than physical sounds. The document introduces important phonological concepts like phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables, and co-articulation effects like assimilation and elision.
Roman Jakobson was one of the most influential linguists of the 20th century. He was born in Russia and helped develop structural linguistics and revolutionary techniques for analyzing linguistic systems. Jakobson defined six key functions of language: referential, emotive, conative, poetic, metalingual, and phatic. He taught at universities including Harvard and MIT, and made significant contributions to structuralism, semiotics, and poetics through his analysis of linguistic sounds and communication functions. Jakobson had a prolific career influencing the fields of linguistics, semiotics and literary theory.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics, the study of speech sounds. It discusses how phonetics aims to describe all the sounds of the world's languages. It explains that phonetics segments speech into distinct sounds and identifies sounds across different words. The document also introduces the International Phonetic Alphabet and describes how it represents each sound with a unique symbol. Finally, it discusses several phonetic concepts for classifying sounds, including place and manner of articulation.
This document discusses the work of Australian linguist Michael Halliday and his theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). [Halliday identified seven language functions that children acquire: instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, heuristic, imaginative, and representational.] Halliday's approach analyzes language in terms of context (field, tenor, mode), semantics, and lexico-grammar. Central to SFL is the use of "system networks" to represent linguistic choices. According to Halliday, language is a functional system organized to express three primary meanings: ideational, interpersonal, and textual.
This document provides an overview of stylistics as an academic field of study. It discusses the historical development of stylistics from the study of elocution in the early 20th century to its modern conceptualization. Stylistics is described as the linguistic study of style in texts and draws on various subfields of linguistics. The document outlines several branches of stylistics including functional, individual style study, stylistics of decoding, and literary stylistics. It also defines key concepts in stylistics including the notion of norm, stylistic function, stylistic coloring, context, and expressive and imaginative means of language.
This document provides an overview of phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds. It discusses how sounds are segmented in speech and the identity of speech sounds across languages. There are three branches of phonetics: acoustic, auditory, and articulatory. Articulatory phonetics focuses on how the vocal tract produces sounds. Consonants and vowels are classified based on their place and manner of articulation. The International Phonetic Alphabet was developed to represent sounds in a one-to-one correspondence. The document examines consonants and vowels in more detail, including their articulation and major phonetic classes. It also briefly mentions prosodic features of sounds.
The document provides an overview of phonetics, the scientific study of speech sounds. It discusses the three main branches of phonetics: acoustic, auditory, and articulatory. It then describes the International Phonetic Alphabet and how it represents speech sounds unambiguously. The rest of the document analyzes speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation (stops, fricatives, etc.), place of articulation (bilabial, alveolar, etc.), vowels, prosodic features like stress and tone, and the phonetics of signed languages.
This document discusses key concepts in phonology:
- Phonology is the scientific study of the sound system and patterns of a language. It examines phonemes, phones, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables, clusters, co-articulation, assimilation, and elision.
- Phonemes are the minimal meaningful units of sound that distinguish one word from another. Phones are phonetic units that can vary allophonically. Phonotactics govern permissible sound combinations.
- Other concepts covered include minimal pairs, which differ in one phoneme; minimal sets, which vary a single phoneme; assimilation, where sounds influence each other; and elision, the non-pronunciation
Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in languages. It examines an inventory of sounds and rules for how they interact, and analyzes sound patterns to determine which sounds are significant for a language. Phonetics studies speech sound production, while phonology analyzes sound patterns and interpretations in a particular language. A phoneme is the smallest meaningful sound unit that distinguishes word meanings. Generative phonology assigns phonetic representations to utterances based on a speaker's internal grammar. Non-linear models like autosegmental and metrical phonology treat representations as multi-dimensional. Lexical phonology accounts for interactions of morphology and phonology in word formation through ordered levels.
1) Phonological processes are sound changes that occur in spoken language. This document discusses several English phonological processes including aspiration of consonants, flapping of /t/ and /d/, vowel lengthening before voiced consonants, and assimilation which causes sounds to become more similar to neighboring sounds.
2) The document also covers sound changes involving insertion, deletion, or modification of sounds within words through processes like epenthesis, metathesis, apocope, syncope, and apophony which involve internal changes to indicate grammatical information.
3) Examples of sound changes from other languages like Spanish and Tagalog are provided to illustrate how these phonological processes can vary across languages.
This document provides an overview of language change from both a historical and sociological perspective. It discusses the different types and levels of language change, including sound changes, lexical changes, semantic changes, and syntactic changes. Several theories of language change are presented, such as functional theory, random fluctuation theory, substratum theory, and the S-curve theory. The document also examines the routes language change can take, such as through language learning, contact, social differentiation, and natural usage processes. Finally, it outlines the major levels of language change - phonological, syntactic, semantic, and lexical - providing examples of sound changes like assimilation, dissimilation, and the Great Vowel Shift.
There are several theories about the origins of human language:
1) Onomatopoeic theories propose that early sounds imitated environmental noises like animal calls.
2) Instinctive sound theories suggest language emerged from instinctive noises people made.
3) Symbolism theories postulate language developed from reacting to one's surroundings.
4) Physical need theories claim communal grunts from tasks evolved into chants.
5) Romantic theories argue language originated from the romantic aspects of human life.
Scientific approaches study language formation through glossogenetics and paleontological evidence. Comparisons of ancient human fossils show physiological capacity for speech in early humans.
This document provides information about phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and their production, combination, and description, while phonology is concerned with how patterns of speech sounds create meaning. It discusses the branches of phonetics including articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. It also explains that phonetics studies the physical properties of sounds, while phonology studies abstract sound patterns and systems. The document provides the definition of key terms like phoneme and includes examples of a phonemic chart and International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) chart.
Phonological rules are part of a speaker's knowledge of their language. They describe predictable changes in sounds and allow for more concise representations. Some key rules discussed include assimilation rules, which make sounds more similar to neighbors; vowel nasalization before nasal consonants; addition of features like aspiration; deletion or insertion of segments; and metathesis, or reordering of sounds. Phonological rules function to derive the phonetic form from an underlying phonemic representation. Speech errors provide evidence that these rules operate in language production.
This document discusses neurofunctional theories of language, including brain lateralization and the roles of Broca's and Wernicke's areas in language processing. It describes different types of aphasia that can result from damage to these language areas. Theories around brain equipotentiality vs invariance in language acquisition are presented. Evidence from sign language, split-brain patients, and bilingualism research is discussed.
Applied linguistics is the interdisciplinary study of language and its applications in real world contexts. It draws on linguistic theories and research to solve practical language-related problems. Key areas include second language acquisition, teaching methodology, testing, and the relationships between language and society, technology, and other fields. Throughout the 20th century, applied linguistics influenced the development of language teaching methods, shifting the focus from grammar translation to more communicative, meaning-based approaches grounded in theories of language acquisition and use.
The document discusses Roman Jakobson's theory of distinctive features, which proposes a universal set of features that define phonological contrasts in all languages. It describes the major classes of features - consonantal, sonorant, syllabic - that define major sound classes like consonants and vowels. It also explains laryngeal features for voicing, place features for articulation point, manner features for production method, and height and backness features for vowels. The theory aims to classify all sounds of a language based on a minimal set of binary distinctive features.
This document provides an overview of pidgins and creoles. It defines pidgins as contact languages that arise between distinct linguistic groups for communication, featuring reduced grammar and vocabulary. Creoles develop from pidgins when a new generation acquires the contact language as its native tongue, expanding its structure. The document outlines the processes of pidginization and creolization, and notes that creoles may decreolize over time to resemble the standard language. It provides examples of pidgins and creoles, and a model of their life cycle from jargon to creole and possible convergence with the standard form.
This document provides an introduction to stylistics as a branch of linguistics. It defines key concepts such as style, defines stylistics as the scientific study of styles of language use, and outlines the main levels of linguistic description used in stylistic analysis such as phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics. It also discusses the scope of stylistics in literary versus general texts and its development over time.
The document summarizes the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which proposes that the language we speak influences our worldview. It discusses early thinkers on this idea like Sapir and Whorf and divides the hypothesis into linguistic determinism, where language determines thought, and linguistic relativity, where language influences thought. It provides examples used by Whorf to support this idea and later criticism of his work from thinkers like Pinker and Fromkin for not providing sufficient evidence and misunderstanding concepts like the Hopi language and time.
This document discusses the key differences between phonetics and phonology. Phonetics deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology examines how sounds are organized into systems within languages. It defines phonology as the description of sound patterns in a language, focusing on abstract mental representations rather than physical sounds. The document introduces important phonological concepts like phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables, and co-articulation effects like assimilation and elision.
Roman Jakobson was one of the most influential linguists of the 20th century. He was born in Russia and helped develop structural linguistics and revolutionary techniques for analyzing linguistic systems. Jakobson defined six key functions of language: referential, emotive, conative, poetic, metalingual, and phatic. He taught at universities including Harvard and MIT, and made significant contributions to structuralism, semiotics, and poetics through his analysis of linguistic sounds and communication functions. Jakobson had a prolific career influencing the fields of linguistics, semiotics and literary theory.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics, the study of speech sounds. It discusses how phonetics aims to describe all the sounds of the world's languages. It explains that phonetics segments speech into distinct sounds and identifies sounds across different words. The document also introduces the International Phonetic Alphabet and describes how it represents each sound with a unique symbol. Finally, it discusses several phonetic concepts for classifying sounds, including place and manner of articulation.
This document discusses the work of Australian linguist Michael Halliday and his theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). [Halliday identified seven language functions that children acquire: instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, heuristic, imaginative, and representational.] Halliday's approach analyzes language in terms of context (field, tenor, mode), semantics, and lexico-grammar. Central to SFL is the use of "system networks" to represent linguistic choices. According to Halliday, language is a functional system organized to express three primary meanings: ideational, interpersonal, and textual.
This document provides an overview of stylistics as an academic field of study. It discusses the historical development of stylistics from the study of elocution in the early 20th century to its modern conceptualization. Stylistics is described as the linguistic study of style in texts and draws on various subfields of linguistics. The document outlines several branches of stylistics including functional, individual style study, stylistics of decoding, and literary stylistics. It also defines key concepts in stylistics including the notion of norm, stylistic function, stylistic coloring, context, and expressive and imaginative means of language.
This document provides an overview of phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds. It discusses how sounds are segmented in speech and the identity of speech sounds across languages. There are three branches of phonetics: acoustic, auditory, and articulatory. Articulatory phonetics focuses on how the vocal tract produces sounds. Consonants and vowels are classified based on their place and manner of articulation. The International Phonetic Alphabet was developed to represent sounds in a one-to-one correspondence. The document examines consonants and vowels in more detail, including their articulation and major phonetic classes. It also briefly mentions prosodic features of sounds.
The document provides an overview of phonetics, the scientific study of speech sounds. It discusses the three main branches of phonetics: acoustic, auditory, and articulatory. It then describes the International Phonetic Alphabet and how it represents speech sounds unambiguously. The rest of the document analyzes speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation (stops, fricatives, etc.), place of articulation (bilabial, alveolar, etc.), vowels, prosodic features like stress and tone, and the phonetics of signed languages.
The document provides an overview of phonetics, the scientific study of speech sounds. It discusses the three main branches of phonetics: acoustic, auditory, and articulatory. It then describes the International Phonetic Alphabet and how it represents speech sounds unambiguously. The rest of the document analyzes speech sounds in detail based on their place and manner of articulation, distinguishing between consonants, vowels, prosodic features, and the phonetics of signed languages. It provides examples to illustrate phonetic concepts like voicing, nasality, stress, tone, and intonation.
The document discusses phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds. It covers several key topics:
- Phonetics aims to describe all the sounds of the world's languages, including their physical properties, how listeners perceive them, and how they are produced by the vocal tract.
- The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) was developed to represent each sound with a unique symbol and allow unambiguous transcription of words.
- Consonants are classified based on their place and manner of articulation. Vowels are distinguished by tongue height and frontness.
- English speech sounds can be analyzed and described in detail using the concepts of phonetics.
This document provides an overview of phonetics and the sounds of language. It discusses sound segments and the identity of speech sounds. It describes the phonetic alphabet and how it is used to represent sounds. The document then focuses on articulatory phonetics, explaining places and manners of articulation for consonants. It discusses voiced and voiceless sounds, as well as nasal and oral sounds. Various ways of classifying consonants are presented. The document also covers vowels, including dimensions like tongue position and lip rounding. It describes concepts like tense/lax vowels, nasalization of vowels, and prosodic features. Tone and intonation are briefly discussed at the end.
PPT PHONETICS(Place of Articulation).pptxLenlyPMoya
Phonetics is the study of the sounds of language, including how sounds are produced and perceived. It describes all the sounds of the world's languages using the International Phonetic Alphabet. The place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract airflow is restricted when producing consonant sounds, such as at the lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, palate, velum, uvula, or glottis.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics, the study of speech sounds, including their articulation and acoustic properties. It describes the distinction between voiced and voiceless sounds, which depend on whether the vocal cords are vibrating. It then discusses different places of articulation for consonant sounds, including bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, alveo-palatal, palatal, velar, and glottal sounds. It also covers different manners of articulation such as stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, and glides. Finally, it introduces vowels and diphthongs, noting that vowels involve a relatively free airflow compared to consonants.
This document discusses the classification of consonant sounds according to their place of articulation in the vocal tract. It explains that consonants are sounds produced with some restriction of airflow, as opposed to vowels. The main places of articulation described are bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, and glottal sounds. Each place is defined by where in the mouth the air flow is obstructed, such as with the lips or tongue touching different areas like the teeth, hard palate, soft palate or uvula.
3- The sounds of language Chapter 3.pptxRabarAzad2
This document discusses the key concepts of phonetics and the classification of speech sounds. It explains that phonetics is the study of speech sounds and is divided into articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. Sounds are classified as consonants or vowels. Consonants are further classified by their voicing, place of articulation in the mouth, and manner of articulation. Vowels are classified by their position in the mouth as front/back and high/low. The document provides examples to illustrate each type of speech sound.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics. It defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and notes there are three types: acoustic, auditory, and articulatory. It describes vowels as sounds with an open air passage and consonants as sounds where the air stream is restricted. It discusses place and manner of articulation for different consonant sounds. It also outlines the organs of speech involved in sound production and the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent speech sounds.
The document provides an introduction to phonetics and phonology. It discusses key concepts such as phonemes, allophones, places and manners of articulation for consonants and vowels in English. It explains the classification of different types of consonant sounds such as plosives, fricatives, nasals, and approximants. It also discusses phonological concepts like fortis and lenis sounds, as well as broad and narrow transcription. The main goal is to define foundational terms and describe the production of English speech sounds.
Fricatives are consonant sounds produced by narrowing the vocal tract and causing friction as air passes through. There are nine English fricative sounds distinguished by their place and manner of articulation. The document describes each of the nine fricative sounds in terms of their place of articulation (labiodental, dental, alveolar, post-alveolar, glottal), voicing (fortis or lenis), and provides example words to illustrate each sound.
This document discusses speech production and the vocal tract. It covers three key processes: initiation, phonation, and articulation. Initiation refers to the creation of airflow from the lungs. Phonation involves the vocal folds and whether sounds are voiced or voiceless. Articulation is the shaping of sound by structures like the lips and tongue. The vocal tract contains important chambers like the pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity. Consonant sounds are described in terms of their voicing, place of articulation in the vocal tract, and manner of production such as stops, fricatives, and approximants. The IPA is introduced as a systematic way to represent sounds.
This document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology. It defines phonetics as the scientific study of human speech sounds, and notes it has three branches: articulatory, auditory, and acoustic phonetics. Phonology is presented as the study of how sounds are organized in a particular language. Key concepts covered include the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), English speech organs and their functions, manner and place of articulation for English consonants and vowels, and phonetic transcription.
This document discusses phonetics and provides information on various phonetic concepts. It begins by defining phonetics as the study of speech sounds, their production and acoustic qualities. It then covers topics like the phonetic alphabet, articulatory phonetics which focuses on how sounds are produced, different consonant and vowel classifications, and prosodic features of speech. The document provides detailed explanations, examples, and diagrams to illustrate phonetic concepts.
This document provides an overview of phonology and phonetic transcription. It begins with background on speech sounds and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) system for transcribing sounds. It then describes the classification of English consonants according to place of articulation (where in the vocal tract the sound is made), manner of articulation (how air flow is affected), and voicing (whether vocal folds vibrate). It provides details on different places of articulation like bilabial, alveolar, velar, and others. It explains manners of articulation such as stops, fricatives, approximants, affricates, and laterals. Finally, it discusses voicing and how sounds are produced
English consonant sounds by Monir Hossen Monir Hossen
This document discusses places and manners of articulation for English consonants. It defines place of articulation as where in the vocal tract a consonant's narrowing occurs, such as bilabial, labiodental, dental, etc. Manner of articulation refers to how the airstream is affected, including stops, fricatives, approximants, affricates, and laterals. It also discusses voicing, whether vocal folds vibrate. The document provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of each place and manner of articulation to classify English consonant sounds.
This document provides information on pronunciation in English, including the classification of vowel and consonant sounds. It discusses how sounds are made using the speech mechanism and key parts of the mouth. The document also demonstrates pronunciation of some common English sounds like th, l-n, v, l-r-w, s-sh, and provides references for further information.
This document discusses speech organs and the three dimensions of articulation. It defines speech organs as the parts of the body involved in sound production, including passive organs like the lips and alveolar ridge, as well as active organs like the tongue. It then explains the three dimensions of articulation - voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation. Voicing refers to whether vocal cords vibrate during sound production. Place of articulation is where in the mouth a sound is made. Manner of articulation describes how the air stream is modified, such as stops, fricatives, nasals, etc.
Similar to English Phonetics Phonology and Morphology in aspects of language (20)
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Mr. Brainwash ❤️ Beautiful Girl _ FRANK FLUEGEL GALERIE.pdfFrank Fluegel
Mr. Brainwash Beautiful Girl / Mixed Media / signed / Unique
Year: 2023
Format: 96,5 x 127 cm / 37.8 x 50 inch
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Method: Mixed Media, Stencil, Spray Paint.
Edition: Unique
Other: handsigned by Mr. Brainwash front and verso.
Beautiful Girl by Mr. Brainwash is a mixed media artwork on paper done in 2023. It is unique and of course signed by Mr. Brainwash. The picture is a tribute to his own most successful work of art, the Balloon Girl. In this new creation, however, the theme of the little girl is slightly modified.
In Mr. Brainwash’s mixed media artwork titled “Beautiful Girl,” we are presented with a captivating depiction of a little girl adorned in a summer dress, with two playful pigtails framing her face. The artwork exudes a sense of innocence and whimsy, as the girl is shown in a dreamy state, lifting one end of her skirt and looking down as if she were about to dance. Through the use of mixed media, Mr. Brainwash skillfully combines different artistic elements to create a visually striking composition. The vibrant colors and bold brushstrokes bring the artwork to life, evoking a sense of joy and happiness. The attention to detail in the girl’s expression and body language adds depth and character to the piece, allowing viewers to connect with the young protagonist on a personal and emotional level. “Beautiful Girl” is a testament to Mr. Brainwash’s unique artistic style, blending elements of street art, pop art, and contemporary art to create a visually captivating and emotionally resonant artwork.
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English Phonetics Phonology and Morphology in aspects of language
1. Phonetics:
The Sounds of Language
01:615:201
Introduction to Linguistic
Theory
Adam Szczegielniak
Copyright in part : Cengage learning
2. Sound Segments
• Knowing a language includes knowing the sounds of that
language
• Phonetics is the study of speech sounds
• We are able to segment a continuous stream of speech
into distinct parts and recognize the parts in other words
• Everyone who knows a language knows how to segment
sentences into words and words into sounds
3. Identity of Speech Sounds
• Our linguistic knowledge allows us to ignore
nonlinguistic differences in speech (such as
individual pitch levels, rates of speed, coughs)
• We are capable of making sounds that are not
speech sounds in English but are in other
languages
– The click tsk that signals disapproval in English is a
speech sound in languages such as Xhosa and Zulu
where it is combined with other sounds just like t or k
is in English
4. Identity of Speech Sounds
• The science of phonetics aims to describe all the
sounds of all the world’s languages
– Acoustic phonetics: focuses on the physical
properties of the sounds of language
– Auditory phonetics: focuses on how listeners
perceive the sounds of language
– Articulatory phonetics: focuses on how the vocal
tract produces the sounds of language
5. The Phonetic Alphabet
• Spelling, or orthography, does not consistently represent the
sounds of language
• Some problems with ordinary spelling:
– 1. The same sound may be represented by many letters or combination
of letters:
he people key
believe seize machine
Caesar seas
see amoeba
– 2. The same letter may represent a variety of sounds:
father village
badly made
many
6. The Phonetic Alphabet
– 3. A combination of letters may represent a
single sound
shoot character Thomas
either physics rough
coat deal
– 4. A single letter may represent a combination
of sounds
xerox
7. The Phonetic Alphabet
– 4. Some letters in a word may not be
pronounced at all
autumn sword resign
pterodactyl lamb corps
psychology write knot
– 5. There may be no letter to represent a
sound that occurs in a word
cute
use
8. The Phonetic Alphabet
• In 1888 the International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA) was invented in order to
have a system in which there was a one-
to-one correspondence between each
sound in language and each phonetic
symbol
• Someone who knows the IPA knows how
to pronounce any word in any language
9. The Phonetic Alphabet
• Dialectal and individual differences affect
pronunciation, but the sounds of English
are:
10. The Phonetic Alphabet
• Using IPA symbols, we can now represent
the pronunciation of words
unambiguously:
11. Articulatory Phonetics
• Most speech sounds are produced by pushing air
through the vocal cords
– Glottis = the opening between the vocal cords
– Larynx = ‘voice box’
– Pharynx = tubular part of the throat above the larynx
– Oral cavity = mouth
– Nasal cavity = nose and the passages connecting it to the throat
and sinuses
12. Consonants: Place of Articulation
• Consonants are sounds produced with some
restriction or closure in the vocal tract
• Consonants are classified based in part on
where in the vocal tract the airflow is being
restricted (the place of articulation)
• The major places of articulation are:
bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal,
velar, uvular, and glottal
14. Consonants:
Place
of
Ar0cula0on
• Bilabials:
[p]
[b]
[m]
– Produced
by
bringing
both
lips
together
• Labiodentals:
[f]
[v]
– Produced
by
touching
the
bo=om
lip
to
the
upper
teeth
• Interdentals
[θ]
[ð]
– Produced
by
pu@ng
the
0p
of
the
tongue
between
the
teeth
15. Consonants: Place of Articulation
• Alveolars: [t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]
– All of these are produced by raising the tongue to the alveolar
ridge in some way
• [t, d, n]: produced by the tip of the tongue touching the alveolar
ridge (or just in front of it)
• [s, z]: produced with the sides of the front of the tongue raised but
the tip lowered to allow air to escape
• [l]: the tongue tip is raised while the rest of the tongue remains down
so air can escape over the sides of the tongue (thus [l] is a lateral
sound)
• [r]: air escapes through the central part of the mouth; either the tip
of the tongue is curled back behind the alveolar ridge or the top of
the tongue is bunched up behind the alveolar ridge
16. Consonants:
Place
of
Ar0cula0on
• Palatals:
[ʃ]
[ʒ]
[ʧ]
[ʤ][ʝ]
– Produced
by
raising
the
front
part
of
the
tongue
to
the
palate
• Velars:
[k]
[g]
[ŋ]
– Produced
by
raising
the
back
of
the
tongue
to
the
soI
palate
or
velum
• Uvulars:
[ʀ]
[q]
[ɢ]
– Produced
by
raising
the
back
of
the
tongue
to
the
uvula
• Glo5als:
[h]
[Ɂ]
– Produced
by
restric0ng
the
airflow
through
the
open
glo@s
([h])
or
by
stopping
the
air
completely
at
the
glo@s
(a
glo5al
stop:
[Ɂ])
17. Consonants: Manner of Articulation
• The manner of articulation is the way the
airstream is affected as it flows from the lungs
and out of the mouth and nose
• Voiceless sounds are those produced with the
vocal cords apart so the air flows freely through
the glottis
• Voiced sounds are those produced when the
vocal cords are together and vibrate as air
passes through
18. Consonants:
Manner
of
Ar0cula0on
• The
voiced/voiceless
dis0nc0on
is
important
in
English
because
it
helps
us
dis0nguish
words
like:
rope/robe
fine/vine
seal/zeal
[rop]/[rob]
[faɪn]/[vaɪn]
[sil]/[zil]
• But
some
voiceless
sounds
can
be
further
dis0nguished
as
aspirated
or
unaspirated
aspirated
unaspirated
pool
[phul]
spool
[spul]
tale
[thel]
stale
[stel]
kale
[khel]
scale
[skel]
19. Consonants: Manner of Articulation
• Oral sounds are those produced with the velum raised
to prevent air from escaping out the nose
• Nasal sounds are those produced with the velum
lowered to allow air to escape out the nose
• So far we have three ways of classifying sounds based
on phonetic features: by voicing, by place of
articulation, and by nasalization
– [p] is a voiceless, bilabial, oral sound
– [n] is a voiced, alveolar, nasal sound
20. Consonants:
Manner
of
Ar0cula0on
• Stops:
[p]
[b]
[m]
[t]
[d]
[n]
[k]
[g]
[ŋ]
[ʧ][ʤ]
[Ɂ]
– Produced
by
completely
stopping
the
air
flow
in
the
oral
cavity
for
a
frac0on
of
a
second
• All
other
sounds
are
con;nuants,
meaning
that
the
airflow
is
con0nuous
through
the
oral
cavity
• Frica;ves:
[f]
[v]
[θ]
[ð]
[s]
[z]
[ʃ]
[ʒ]
[x]
[ɣ]
[h]
– Produced
by
severely
obstruc0ng
the
airflow
so
as
to
cause
fric0on
21. Consonants:
Manner
of
Ar0cula0on
• Affricates:
[ʧ]
[ʤ]
– Produced
by
a
stop
closure
that
is
released
with
a
lot
of
fric0on
• Liquids:
[l]
[r]
– Produced
by
causing
some
obstruc0on
of
the
airstream
in
the
mouth,
but
not
enough
to
cause
any
real
fric0on
• Glides:
[j]
[w]
– Produced
with
very
li=le
obstruc0on
of
the
airstream
and
are
always
followed
by
a
vowel
22. Consonants:
Manner
of
Ar0cula0on
• Approximants:
[w]
[j]
[r]
[l]
– Some0mes
liquids
and
glides
are
put
together
into
one
category
because
the
ar0culators
approximate
a
fric0onal
closeness
but
do
not
actually
cause
fric0on
• Trills
and
flaps:
[r]*
[ɾ]
– Trills
are
produced
by
rapidly
vibra0ng
an
ar0culator
– Flaps
are
produced
by
a
flick
of
the
tongue
against
the
alveolar
ridge
• Clicks:
– Produced
by
moving
air
in
the
mouth
between
various
ar0culators
– The
disapproving
sound
tsk
in
English
is
a
consonant
in
Zulu
and
some
other
southern
African
languages
– The
lateral
click
used
to
encourage
a
horse
in
English
is
a
consonant
in
Xhosa
*The textbook uses [r] to represent the central liquid as in the word ready rather than as
a trill
23.
24.
25. Vowels
• Vowels
are
classified
by
how
high
or
low
the
tongue
is,
if
the
tongue
is
in
the
front
or
back
of
the
mouth,
and
whether
or
not
the
lips
are
rounded
• High
vowels:
[i] [ɪ] [u] [ʊ]
• Mid
vowels:
[e]
[ɛ]
[o]
[ə]
[ʌ]
[ɔ]
• Low
vowels:
[æ]
[a]
• Front
vowels:
[i]
[ɪ]
[e]
[ɛ]
[æ]
• Central
vowels:
[ə]
[ʌ]
• Back
vowels:
[u]
[ɔ]
[o]
[æ]
[a]
27. Vowels
• Round
vowels:
[u]
[ʊ]
[o]
[ɔ]
– Produced
by
rounding
the
lips
– English
has
only
back
round
vowels,
but
other
languages
such
as
French
and
Swedish
have
front
round
vowels
• Diphthongs:
[aɪ]
[aʊ]
[ɔɪ]
– A
sequence
of
two
vowel
sounds
(as
opposed
to
the
monophthongs
we
have
looked
at
so
far)
• Nasaliza;on:
– Vowels
can
also
be
pronounced
with
a
lowered
velum,
allowing
air
to
pass
through
the
nose
– In
English,
speakers
nasalize
vowels
before
a
nasal
sound,
such
as
in
the
words
beam,
bean,
and
bingo
– The
nasaliza0on
is
represented
by
a
diacri0c,
an
extra
mark
placed
with
the
symbol:
28. Vowels
• Tense vowels:
– Are produced with
greater tension in the
tongue
– May occur at the end of
words
• Lax vowels:
– Are produced with less
tongue tension
– May not occur at the end
of words
30. Major Phonetic Classes
• Noncontinuants: the airstream is totally obstructed in
the oral cavity
– Stops and affricates
• Continuants: the airstream flows continuously out of the
mouth
– All other consonants and vowels
• Obstruents: the airstream has partial or full obstruction
– Non-nasal stops, fricatives, and affricates
• Sonorants: air resonates in the nasal or oral cavities
– Vowels, nasal stops, liquids, and glides
31. Major
Phone0c
Classes:
Consonantal
• Consonantal:
there
is
some
restric0on
of
the
airflow
during
ar0cula0on
– All
consonants
except
glides
• Consonantal
sounds
can
be
further
subdivided:
– Labials:
[p]
[b]
[m]
[f]
[v]
[w]
[ʍ]
• Ar0culated
with
the
lips
– Coronals:
[θ]
[ð]
[t]
[d]
[n]
[s]
[z]
[ʃ]
[ʒ]
[ʧ][ʤ]
[l]
[r]
• Ar0culated
by
raising
the
tongue
blade
32. Major
Phone0c
Classes
• Consonantal
categories
cont.:
– Anteriors:
[p]
[b]
[m]
[f]
[v]
[θ]
[ð]
[t]
[d]
[n]
[s]
[z]
• Produced
in
the
front
part
of
the
mouth
(from
the
alveolar
area
forward)
– Sibilants:
[s]
[z]
]
[ʃ]
[ʒ]
[ʧ][ʤ]
• Produced
with
a
lot
of
fric0on
that
causes
a
hissing
sound,
which
is
a
mixture
of
high-‐frequency
sounds
• Syllabic
Sounds:
sounds
that
can
func0on
as
the
core
of
a
syllable
– Vowels,
liquids,
and
nasals
33. Prosodic
Features
• Prosodic,
or
suprasegmental
features
of
sounds,
such
as
length,
stress
and
pitch,
are
features
above
the
segmental
values
such
as
place
and
manner
of
ar0cula0on
• Length:
in
some
languages,
such
as
Japanese,
the
length
of
a
consonant
or
a
vowel
can
change
the
meaning
of
a
word:
– biru
[biru]
“building”
biiru
[biːru]
“beer”
– saki
[saki]
“ahead”
sakki
[sakːi]
“before”
34. Prosodic Features
• Stress: stressed syllables are louder, slightly
higher in pitch, and somewhat longer than
unstressed syllables
– The noun digest has the stress on the first syllable
– The verb digest has the stress on the second syllable
– English is a stress-timed language, meaning that at
least one syllable is stressed in an English word
• French functions differently, so when English speakers learn
French they put stress on certain syllables which contributes
to their foreign accent
35. Tone
and
Intona0on
• Tone
languages
are
languages
that
use
pitch
to
contrast
the
meaning
of
words
• For
example,
in
Thai,
the
string
of
sounds
[naː]
can
be
said
with
5
different
pitches
and
can
thus
have
5
different
meanings:
36. Tone and Intonation
• Intonation languages (like English) have
varied pitch contour across an utterance,
but pitch is not used to distinguish words
– However, intonation may affect the meaning of a
whole sentence:
• John is here said with falling intonation is a statement
• John is here said with rising intonation is a question
37. Phonetics of Signed Languages
• Signs can be broken down into segmental
features similar to the phonetic features of
speech sounds (such as place and manner of
articulation)
– And just like spoken languages, signed languages of
the world vary in these features
– Signs are formed by three major features:
• 1. The configuration of the hand (handshape)
• 2. The movement of the hand and arm towards or away from
the body
• 3. The location of the hand in signing space
38. Phonetics of Signed Languages
• The configuration of the hand (handshape)
• The movement of the hand and arm
• The location of the hand in signing space